Effect Of Dual Modification Research Articles

Unveiling the synergistic effect of octenyl succinic anhydride and pulsed electric field on starch nanoparticles

In this study, guinea starch nanoparticles (GSNP) were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique and modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (3 %) and pulsed electric field (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 kV/cm). The effect of dual modification on the physicochemical, structural, morphological, thermo-pasting, and rheological properties of GSNP was investigated. The dual modification successfully incorporated octenyl groups into GSNP, as confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The degree of substitution increased from 0.0254 to 0.0347, with particle size ranging from 241.30 to 292.50 nm and zeta potential of −23.11 to −29.98 mV. TEM micrographs revealed that all SNP samples had self-aggregated granules with a mean size below 120 nm, and XRD confirmed a V-type crystalline structure. The amylose content and water absorption capacity decreased from 34.02 % to 24.63 % and from 2.45 to 1.91 g/g, respectively, while the oil absorption capacity and relative crystallinity increased from 3.42 to 4.01 g/g and from 17.82 % to 34.76 %, with modification. The gelatinization and degradation temperature of modified samples were higher while pasting properties exhibited variation with modification. The rheological properties of modified SNP samples exhibited more pronounced shear thinning, attributed to their weaker gel structure and fluid-like gel network. Overall, results suggested that modified GSNPs have potential for stabilizing Pickering emulsion and delivery of carrier materials for active functional substances.

Effect of dual modification on structural, functional and dielectric properties of cassava starch

The combined effect of hydrocolloid addition and microwave heating on the structural, physical and functional properties of cassava starch remains underexplored, despite individual studies on these modification methods. The dielectric properties, important for the microwave treatment of starch, have received little attention in recent studies. Cassava starch with and without addition of hydrocolloids (guar and xanthan gums) was modified by microwave heating for two different exposure times, and its structural, functional, and dielectric properties were studied. The dual modification enhanced the swelling power and oil holding capacity of the starch, reduced its gelatinization temperature, and did not alter its crystallinity. Notably, xanthan-modified starch microwaved for 6 min exhibited higher color variation (ΔE*) and increased granules agglomeration, while the microwave treatment alone roughened the surface of the starch granules. The mean diameters D[4,3] of starch increased with xanthan gum addition, microwave treatment (6 min), and their combination. The relative permittivity (ε’), loss factor (ε”) and penetration depth (Dp) were lower for samples modified by the combined method. Considering the type of hydrocolloid and the microwave exposure time, the combined modification significantly influenced the properties of starch, offering a promising approach to producing starch with enhanced functional properties.

Effects of dual modification by cationization and acetylation on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of glutinous rice starch

In this research, the effects of cationization, acetylation and dual modification by cationization and acetylation on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of glutinous rice starches were investigated. The rapid viscosity analyzer revealed a substantial increased paste viscosity post modification. Particularly, for dually modified starch, the peak viscosity increased from 3071.67 to 4082.00 cP. The freeze-thaw stability substantially enhanced, with both single cationic and dually-modified starches standing out by exhibiting no water syneresis even at 21 freeze-thaw cycles, while native starch exhibited higher syneresis, up to 74.55 %. Both single cationization and cationization-acetylation destroyed the starch granules, characterized by the roughness and cracks. But, for single acetylation, there was no notable changes on granules' morphology. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited notable shifts after modification, both acetylation and dual modification, resulting in a new peak at 1728 cm−1. 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra displayed new peaks at 52–55 and 19–22 ppm following cationization and acetylation, respectively. These structural alterations indicate the successful incorporation of functional groups during modification. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for the industrial utilization of these three modified glutinous rice starches.

The Effect of Dual-Modification by Heat-Moisture Treatment and Octenylsuccinylation on Physicochemical and Pasting Properties of Arrowroot Starch.

Starch is widely applied in various industrial sectors, including the food industry. Starch is used as a thickener, stabilizer, or emulsifier. However, arrowroot starch generally has weaknesses, such as unstable under heating and acidic conditions, which are generally applied to processing in the food industry. Modifications were applied to improve the characteristics of native arrowroot starch. In this study, arrowroot starch was modified by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), octenylsuccinylation (OSA), and dual modification between OSA and HMT in a different sequence--namely, HMT followed by OSA, and OSA followed by HMT. This study aims to determine the effect of different modification methods on the physicochemical and functional properties of native arrowroot starch. The result shows that both single HMT and dual modification caused damage to native starch granules, such as the formation of cracks and roughness. For single OSA treatment, especially, there is no significant change in granule morphology after modification. All modification treatments did not change the crystalline type of starch but reduced the RC of native starch. Both single HMT and dual modifications (HMT-OSA, OSA-HMT) increased pasting temperature and setback, but, conversely, decreased the peak and the breakdown viscosity of native starch, whereas single OSA had the opposite trend compared with the other modifications. HMT played a greater role in increasing the thermal stability and the retrogradation ability of arrowroot starch. Both single modifications (HMT and OSA) increased the hardness and gumminess of native starch, and the opposite was true for the dual modifications. HMT had a greater effect on color characteristics, where the lightness and whiteness index of native arrowroot starch decreased. Single OSA modification increased swelling volume higher than dual modification. Both single HMT and dual modifications increased water absorption capacity and decreased the oil absorption capacity of native arrowroot starch.

Effect of dual physical modifications on structural and functional properties of gluten and whey protein: Ultrasound and microwave.

In this study, the effect of dual modification using ultrasound (100 and 300 W for 5, 10, and 15 min) and microwave (600 W for 45 s) treatments on functional properties of wheat gluten protein (WGP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC), as two by-products of food industry with different primary functional properties, was investigated. Ultrasound treatment did not affect the solubility of both proteins significantly but the emulsion and foam properties were increased up to 10 min. Nevertheless, microwave treatment after ultrasound caused a significant decrease in the solubility of both proteins. However, the foam stability of the WPC and WGP was not significantly modified after microwave treatment. The obtained results showed a more positive effect of ultrasound at 100 W for 10 min than other ultrasound treatments on the functional and structural properties of both proteins. The zeta potential of both proteins was decreased after dual physical modifications, but thermal stability of proteins was improved after microwave treatment.

Effect of Dual Modification on the Properties of Native Pearl Millet Starch

Background: A combination of heat-moisture treatment and citric acid was used to modify pearl millet starch in this study. Changes in structural, thermal and in vitro digestibility of the treated starches were investigated. Methods: Native starch was isolated using alkaline steeping method. Native starch was dual modified (Heat moisture treatment and citric acid) used for further analysis. To examine the granular morphology of dual modified starch using SEM, DSC, RC and in vitro starch digestibility assay was assessed to quantify the proportion of digestive starch fractions, including rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). Result: Granules of the native starches of pearl millet varied from polygonal to circular or oval in shape. Indentations were observed on the surfaces of dual modified starch. Relative crystallinity was less than native starch. Profound increased gelatinization temperature was witnessed, meanwhile enthalpy of gelatinization was decreased. In the dual modified pearl millet starches, the percentage of RDS contents was significantly decreased. The resistant starch (RS) content of the treated starches, however, significantly increased from 11.48% in native starches to 19.40% in HMT starches and 28.3% in dual modified starches.

The effect of dual modification with annealing and Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) on physicochemical properties of jack bean starch (Canavalia ensiformis)

In this study, the effect of the dual modification with annealing and Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) on the physicochemical properties of jack bean starch was investigated. Native jack bean starch was modified by the annealing method with a moisture ratio of 1:2 and 1:3 at 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C for 24 hrs. Furthermore, the annealing method was combined with HMT at 30% moisture at 110°C for 16 hrs. The results showed that the dual modification process decreased the whiteness, amylose content, swelling power, solubility, setback viscosity, and breakdown viscosity of the jack bean starch. On the contrary, it led to an increase in the water adsorption, paste clarity, pasting temperature and stability ratio of the starch. The stability ratio of native jack bean starch, the sample treated by the single annealing, and the dual modification were 0.56, 0.62, and 0.86, respectively, indicating that the sample treated with dual modification was more stable at high temperature and shear stress. The dual modification did not affect the crystalline xray diffraction patterns. The findings emphasized the potential of using a dual modification to alternate the characteristic of jack bean starch.

Dual-modified starch micelles as a promising nanocarrier for doxorubicin

Natural amphiphilic polymer micelles have garnered considerable research attention as nanocarriers for delivering drugs. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of applying biocompatible dual-modified starch micelles as drug delivery vehicles. To this end, a dual-modified corn starch polymer (SCD) was synthesized with zwitterionic sulfobetaine and deoxycholic acid; spherical micelles with an average particle size of ~200 nm were prepared through the self-assembly of SCD. The effects of dual modification on the degree of substitution, molecular structure, and functional properties of SCD were investigated. Further, doxorubicin was successfully incorporated into the micelles, and an in vitro drug release study was performed to confirm that the drug-loaded micelles displayed pH-sensitive properties with controlled and sustained release. The dissolve-diffuse-erosion-degradation release process was described according to the dynamic models of drug release for SCD micelles. The results can be used as reference information for further studies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical domains.

Effect of dual modification on crystalline formation of resistant starch from cassava

Native starch (NS) was modified by single modification (SM) with 5% citric acid at 45 °C for 3 h, then single modified starch was further taken to dual modification (DM) for crystalline formation by autoclaving and cooling cycles and heat moisture treatment (HMT). Autoclaving and cooling cycle (starch/water ratio of 1:3.5) was performed at 120 °C for three times and HMT was done at 20% moisture at 100 °C for 16 h. Structural, functional properties and in vitro digestibility of NS, SM and DM starches were performed. The scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that DM starch granule exhibited fully eroded structure whereas SM starches had slight exfoliation in the outer surface of the granule and the NS showed oval truncated structure. The crystallinity (%) was calculated by X-ray diffraction and revealed that DM starch had higher crystallinity than SM and NS and the same result was also confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectrum. Onset and conclusion temperature was ranged from 41.46 to 42.59 °C and 104.26 to 119.65 °C respectively. Resistant starch was positively correlated with water absorption capacity (r = 0.99) and amylose (r = 0.95) and negatively correlated with rapidly digestible starch (r = − 0.99). Thus it was concluded that DM of cassava starch increased the crystalline formation and it enhances the resistant starch content.

Effect of dual modification with annealing, heat moisture treatment and cross-linking on the physico-chemical, rheological and in vitro digestibility of underutilised kithul (Caryota urens) starch

Kithul starch was subjected to annealing, heat moisture treatment, cross-linking, annealing after cross-linking and heat moisture treatment after cross-linking and its physico-chemical, functional properties and in vitro digestibility was studied. Moisture and amylose content significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced after modifications. Phosphorus content of kithul starch increased after cross-linking. X-ray diffraction pattern (type A) did not change and crystalline properties increased after modifications. HLS (cross-linked heat moisture treated kithul starch) showed highest relative crystallinity among the modified starches. Swelling index, solubility and light transmittance decreased after modifications. Single and dual modifications caused severe damages such as fissures and holes on the granular surface. Peak viscosity of ANS (annealed kithul starch), CLS (cross-linked kithul starch) and ALS (cross-linked annealed kithul starch) increased and HMS (heat moisture treated kithul starch) and HLS (cross-linked heat moisture treated kithul starch) decreased as compared with NS (native kithul starch). Modified kithul starches showed lower break down viscosity and higher set back and final viscosity. Rheological analysis showed higher hardness of modified starch gel (higher storage and loss modulus) as compared with NS gel. In vitro digestibility decreased after modifications and HLS showed higher resistant starch (RS). Gelatinization temperature varied after modifications. Enthalpy of gelatinization significantly increased after single and dual modifications.

Effect of dual modification with ultrasonic and electric field on potato starch

Applying high voltage electric fields to starch is a novel method. Very limited studies were done on high ultrasonic power. Native potato starch (NPS) was modified by ultrasonic (US), electric field (ES) and a combination of the two treatments: ultrasonic prior to the electric field (UES), electric field prior to the ultrasonic (EUS) and ultrasonic and electric field at the same time (UAES). Physicochemical properties, texture profile property and in vitro digestibility of potato starch were characterized. Compared to the NPS single and dual-modified potato starch granules displayed deep pitting on the surface and their shape was deformed. X-ray diffraction results suggested that the characteristic peaks were not changed, whereas the relative crystallinity increased for all treatments except for the ES treatment. The ES granule also showed a relatively high average size distribution. The UES showed a lower level of conclusion temperature and resistant starch content (10.56%). The EUS exhibited the most desirable properties such as high light transmission, high water absorption capacity, solubility (77.50%), swelling power (50.48%) and resistant starch content (79.98%).

The effects of dual modification on structure and performance of P2-type layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries

As the competitive cathode material of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 (NMO) possesses high theoretical specific capacity and high operating voltage. However, it suffers from severe capacity fading caused by the unfavorable P2–O2 phase transition during charge/discharge cycling process. Moreover, the HF formed by the reaction of electrolyte salts with trace water molecules causes the voltage decay of NMO. Herein, the dual-modification strategy of Mg substitution for transition metal in bulk structure and NaTi2(PO4)3 surface coating layer is designed to solve above defects. It has been found that Mg substitution can stabilize the bulk structure and enlarge the slab-spacing, while the NASICON-type NaTi2(PO4)3 coating layer can stabilize the interface, prevent the HF impact and facilitate the Na+ migration at the cathode-electrolyte interface. Additionally, the combination of Mg substitution and NaTi2(PO4)3 coating can restrain particle crack and exfoliation. The results show that the as-prepared material by dual-modification technology exhibits excellent cycling stability (77.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at a rate of 1 C) and good rate performance (106.8 mAh g−1 at a rate of 5 C). Accordingly, the dual-modification strategy provides a new horizon for design and development of the high-performance layered oxide cathode materials of SIBs.

Effects of dual modification on thermal, structural and pasting properties of taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) starch

In this study, organic taro starch was submitted to dual modification: the first modification was by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), which totalled nine treatments, combining three moisture levels (13, 19 and 25%), three time intervals (45, 60 and 75 min) and a temperature of 120 °C, and the second modification was by ultrasound (US), which was applied for 30 min at 60% amplitude (frequency of 20 kHz) for all the samples. The morphology of the granules did not show major changes; the relative crystallinity decreased after HMT and increased after the second treatment by US, varying between 26.9 and 32.7%. The Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) profile showed a decrease in all parameters, except for the pasting temperature. The gelatinisation showed an increase in enthalpy change for all the HMT-modified samples, up to 14.8 J g−1. Moreover, an extension of the gelatinisation range also occurred, suggesting a higher stability in relation to heating; the values ranged from 9.3 (native sample) to 16.7 J g−1 for the HMT-modified sample. The dual-modified samples resulted in a lower gelatinisation temperature range and a decrease in enthalpy change; 4.1 J g−1 was the lowest value. The chemometric approach resulted in a better understanding of the behaviour of the samples modified by dual modification.

Effect of dual modification on properties of biodegradable crosslinked-oxidized starch and oxidized-crosslinked starch films

Due to poor properties of biodegradable native starch (NS) film; in this work, dual-modified starch films i.e. crosslinked-oxidized starch (C-OS) and oxidized-crosslinked starch (O-CS) films were prepared and compared to single-modified starch i.e. crosslinked starch (CS) and oxidized starch (OS) films. All modified starch films were oxidized and crosslinked using hydrogen peroxide and boric acid by casting technique. Degree of crystallinity and swelling behavior of both dual-modified starch films were found to decrease. Moreover, O-CS film showed smoother fractured morphology than C-OS and NS films. Both C-OS and O-CS films presented not only high stress at maximum load and Young's modulus but also high strain at maximum load, as compared to single-modified film. Furthermore, water vapor permeability, thermal property and biodegradability of all modified films were also studied.

Effects of Dual Modification with Succinylation and Annealing on Physicochemical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Corn Starch.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of annealing, succinylation, and a dual modification process (succinylation–annealing) on the physicochemical, thermal, and morphological properties of corn starch. Specifically, the properties of interest were the water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling power, paste clarity, solubility, pasting properties, stability ratio, and thermal and morphological characteristics. The dual modification process increased the physicochemical properties (WBC, swelling power, peak viscosity, and paste clarity) and increased the gelatinization temperature and gelatinization enthalpy (∆H), but had no effect on the morphological properties and X-ray diffraction patterns. A comparison of samples, made using each of the processes, showed that dual modification increased the stability ratio (more stable viscosity under thermal and shear stress), which was 0.69 for dual modified starch, compared with 0.64, 0.58 and 0.44 for native, succinylated, and annealed starches, respectively. The findings of the present study are of potential use in the food industry.

A comparative study on dual modification of banana (Musa paradisiaca) starch by microwave irradiation and cross-linking

Effect of dual modification by cross-linking with POCl3 (0.05 and 0.1%) and microwave irradiation (90 and 180 s) on the properties of banana starch was investigated. The degree of cross-linking was increased with an increased concentration of phosphorous oxychloride and higher period of microwave irradiation. Dual modification had decreased the solubility, swelling index and water absorption capacity of the banana starch. With a higher degree of cross-linking the retrogradation properties and freeze–thaw stability found to be minimized in the modified starches. SEM micrographs displayed minor surface damages in the modified starches. FT-IR spectroscopy results indicate that the cross-linking reaction merely added some new groups to the starch chain and did not damage its underlying chemical structure. A type diffraction pattern was noticed in all starch samples and crystallinity of modified starches was reduced at higher microwave irradiation.

Effect of dual modification by annealing and ultrahigh pressure on properties of starches with different polymorphs.

The effects of dual modification by annealing (ANN) and ultrahigh pressure (UHP) on properties of wheat, yam, and potato starches were investigated. Compared with the single UHP treatment (400MPa), ANN-UHP (400MPa) treatment did not alter significantly the ordered structures of wheat starch, indicating that ANN treatment enhanced the stability and resistance of starch granules to the subsequent UHP treatment. In contrast, UHP (400MPa)-ANN treatment resulted in more severe disruption of ordered structures of wheat starch than did the single UHP treatment, showing that UHP-treated starch was more vulnerable to the subsequent ANN treatment. The dual modifications had little effect on granular structures of yam and potato starches. ANN-UHP (300 and 400MPa) and UHP (300MPa)-ANN treatments enhanced greatly the pasting viscosities of UHP-modified starches. Dual modifications altered greatly the pasting properties of yam and potato starches, as observed for the single ANN treatment. From this study, we proposed that ANN treatment enhanced stability of wheat starch by increasing interaction of starch chains in amorphous regions.

Effect of dual modification with hydroxypropylation and cross-linking on physicochemical properties of taro starch

Dual modification of taro starch by hydroxypropylation and cross-linking was carried out and the properties of the modified starches were investigated. Two different levels of hydroxypropylation (5 and 10%) and cross-linking (0.05 and 0.10%) were used in different sequences. The amylose contents of the starch decreased due to single and dual modification. For the dual-modified starches, the swelling, solubility and clarity was found to increase with level of hydroxypropylation and decrease with level of cross-linking. The freeze-thaw stability of the dual-modified starches was also affected by the sequence of modification. The viscosities of the cross-linked and dual-modified starches were more than native and hydroxypropylated starches. The firmness of the dual-modified starches was also higher than native and single modified starches. The dual-modified starches have benefits of both type of modifications and could be used for specific purposes e.g. food products requiring high viscosity as well as freeze-thaw stability.