Effect Of Dry Matter Research Articles

Biofertilizer and lighting as factors affecting tomato growth, development and biochemical composition

A comprehensive study of growth and biochemical composition of the Blagodatny variety tomato plants grown with the use of bacterial spores Bacillus cereus strain 96 under continuous LED lighting based on full spectrum photons in the proportion B: G: R: FR ~ 17: 23: 43: 17 was conducted. Plants grown with high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) without bacterial culture action were used as controls. A number of parameters reflecting plant growth and quality of tomato fruits were studied - the content of photosynthetic pigments, dry matter and organic acids. It was shown that during the growing season, tomato plants grown under LED illumination had a longer shoot length compared to the plants in the sodium variant. The action of the bacteria manifested itself during fruit ripening with significant differences under both sodium and LED lighting. The effect of dry matter under the influence of bacteria on the plants grown with sodium lighting did not differ from the control variant. The observed differences became more pronounced and reliably significant in the plants under LED lighting. Application of B. cereus bacterial culture increased the concentration of chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids compared to the control. When evaluating the effect of different types of lighting and the use of B. cereus bacteria on the accumulation of organic acids in fruits, it was found that LED lighting had a better effect on the synthesis of organic acids. Tomato plants treated with B. cereus were distinguished by the formation of fruits with a high content of succinic, malic and citric acids with a sodium type of lighting. When analyzing the fruits of tomato plants grown under LED lighting, a change in the accumulation of only succinic acid was noted. The use of different lighting sources and biofertilizers caused changes in the development of tomato plants under climate chamber conditions.

Pathways to increase maize yield in Northwest China: A multi-year, multi-variety analysis

Identifying methods to increase maize production is of great significance to ensuring food security. We here collected and analyzed data from 160 plots containing 134 maize varieties grown from 2010 to 2020. Plots were divided into three yield bands: < 15, 15–18, and > 18 t ha−1. The effects of dry matter (DM) accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), and growth period on yield were analyzed, and the contributions of individual yield components to the final yield were determined. The average yield was 16.62 t ha−1, with a range of 10.44–22.52 t ha−1. Increases in yield from < 15 to > 18 t ha−1 were associated with increases of 12.8%, 24.0%, 6.1%, 20.4%, 24.6%, and 13.8% in harvest ear number, kernel weight per ear (KWE), kernel number per ear (KNE), 1000 kernel weight (1000-KW), pre-silking DM, and total DM, respectively. LAI at the silking stage (R1) and at maturity (R6) also increased by 9.0% and 3.6%, respectively. Yield first increased, then decreased along with increases in harvest ear number, and the highest yield was obtained when the harvest ear number was 12.13 × 104 ears ha−1. Yield was significantly and positively correlated with KWE, KNE, and 1000-KW. Higher KNE and 1000-KW were associated with higher yield due to increased KWE. Pre-silking DM (Pre-DM) had a greater effect on yield than Post-silking DM (Post-DM) did. The increase in R1 LAI enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of the maize population and promoted Pre-DM accumulation and Total-DM accumulation in the maize population, thus enabling higher total yield. The contributions of KWE, Pre-DM, and R1 LAI to yield increased from the lowest to the highest yield band, whereas the contributions of harvest ear number, Post-DM, and R6 LAI decreased. In conclusion, current yield levels indicate that yield could be optimized by enhancing population LAI, the DM distribution ratio, and yield composition through three main strategies: selection of varieties tolerant to high-density planting; increasing planting density; and implementing rational water and fertilizer application strategies.

The optimal scheme of summer maize in Shandong under the control of water and fertilizer

In order to explore a set of summer corn water and fertilizer management scheme suitable for Shandong region. The effects of dry matter, yield and fertilizer partial productivity management of summer maize under different irrigation amount (69.5 mm,120.5mm, recorded as W1, W2), different nitrogen application (143,190,235 kg/hm 2, recorded as N1, N2, N3) and phosphorus (65, 95, 115 as P1, P2, P3) on yield were significant (0.05), among which the comprehensive score of W2N2P2 was much higher than that of other treatments. According to the above analysis, the W2N2P2 treatment can be used as the best water and fertilizer ratio in this study area.

Batch stripping of flavour active compounds from beer: Effect of dry matter and ethanol on equilibrium and mass transfer in a packed column

Physiochemical similarities of volatile compounds and their interactions with the beer matrix are the main challenging factors in selective separation of ethanol for the production of non-alcoholic beer and removal of excess (off-)flavours produced during fermentation, such as isoamyl acetate. In this paper, we are especially interested in the effect of beer dry matter, a complex mixture of carbohydrates and proteins, and of ethanol on flavour behaviour during treatment with a packed bed column using CO2 as a stripping agent. By analysing the gas phase at different dry matter concentrations, we observed that its’ presence is a facilitating factor for ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate release, whereas isoamyl alcohol is retained in the liquid phase. These effects are a result of combined mass transfer effects and affinity for carbon dioxide, which are both affected by the presence of ethanol in the feed stream. Mass transfer analysis of isoamyl alcohol and ethanol revealed that the resistance is not controlled by their solubility in water but the affinity to CO2.

Effects of dry matter and energy intake on quality of oocytes and embryos in ruminants.

The success of herd fertility involves the development of healthy follicles, viable oocytes and embryos capable of establishing and maintaining a pregnancy. Herein we discuss how nutrition interacts with reproduction throughout follicle development and pregnancy establishment, focusing on dry matter and energy intake. High feed intake, especially associated with moderate to high body condition, before and through superstimulation protocols, natural or induced single-ovulations or before ovum pick-up has detrimental effects on the quality of oocytes or embryos. Feed restriction or high energy supply can be used strategically to obtain either more or better quality oocytes or embryos. Altering diets that provide different concentrations of circulating insulin may improve ovarian status, oocyte quality, embryo development and pregnancy establishment and maintenance. Some sources of fat can positively affect reproductive performance, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, improving embryo quality and pregnancy. In contrast, fat supplementation in the diet may compromise embryo cryotolerance. Finally, nutrition can alter concentrations of circulating or intrafollicular hormones and metabolites and the expression of genes in cattle oocytes and embryos. For an adequate feeding program to benefit reproductive performance, factors such as genetic group, source of energy, metabolic status, physiological status and level of feed intake must be taken into account.

Short communication: The effects of dry matter and length of storage on the composition and nutritive value of alfalfa silage

During the ensiling of feeds, various processes result in chemical changes that can affect their ultimate nutritive value at feed out. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prolonged ensiling times on potential changes in in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF-D) of alfalfa ensiled at about 33% [low dry matter (DM), LDM] or 45% (high DM, HDM) whole-plant DM. Alfalfa from the same field (direct chopped or wilted) was chopped with a conventional forage harvester set for a theoretical length of cut of 0.95 cm and ensiled in mini silos for 45, 180, 270, and 360 d. Fresh forages and silages were analyzed for nutrient content, fermentation end-products, and 30-h NDF-D. The pH of the fresh forages ranged from 6.1 to 6.2 and decreased to approximately 4.7 and 4.3 in HDM and LDM silages, respectively. Production of acids and alcohols were less in HDM compared with LDM as expected. Concentrations of soluble protein and NH3-N also increased with time of storage as expected but soluble protein was greater, whereas NH3-N was lower in HDM compared with LDM silage. The effect of length of storage and DM on hemicellulose and NDF concentrations were very small, whereas DM content at harvest tended to slightly increase the concentration of acid detergent fiber in HDM compared with LDM up to 270 d of storage. The NDF-D was greater in fresh forage compared with corresponding silages. However, time of storage between 45 and 360 d had no effect on the NDF-D of alfalfa silage, regardless of DM concentration at ensiling.

Comparing the anaerobic digestion of Ascophyllum nodosum, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and white rice in batch reactors

The biogas potential of marine macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum was compared with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and white rice to determine the applicability of the feedstock for anaerobic digestion. For OFMSW three dry matter contents were compared, 3%, 10% and 25%, to determine the effect of dry matter on methane yield. Biogas was evolved in each system, but the rate of evolution of biogas changed with moisture content. The highest total methane yield was obtained from 3% OFMSW but A. nodosum yielded more methane at 176±37.62 L/kg VS than white rice and the drier anaerobic digestion of OFMSW. The substrates were digested using wastewater treatment plant inoculum to determine gas yield and gas quality under batch mesophilic digestion conditions.

The effect of dry matter and salt addition on cheese whey demineralisation

The high mineral load of whey limits its utilisation. Demineralisation is needed for further processing and food applications. We used a lab-scale electrodialysis unit to remove ions from ten model solutions of fresh or reconstituted whey with increased dry matter and sodium content. The drop of main whey cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) was measured by capillary electrophoresis. Whey solutions with 7, 14, 21% (w/w) dry matter were demineralised in 35, 60 and 95 min, respectively. The total salt content decreased by 90–95%. After NaCl addition at 1, 2, 3% (w/w), more than 95% of all cations were removed in 45, 65 and 90 min, respectively. K+ and Na+ were removed the fastest in all solutions, their concentration decreased by 83–100%, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content decreased by 61–96%. These results demonstrate that mineral salts are effectively removed from whey even if it is concentrated and highly salted.

Pengaruh Dosis Pupuk N, P, dan K terhadap Kecernaan Secara In Vitro Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan yang di Inokulasi CMA Glomus manihotis pada Lahan Bekas Tambang Batubara

This objective of the research was to investigated the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of elephant grass cv. Taiwan by in vitro technique. The method of research was using a Random Design Group with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment A (100% N, P and K without CMA), treatment B (100 % N, P, and K + 10gr of CMA ), treatment C (75 % N, P, and K + 10gr of CMA ), treatment D (50 % N, P, and K + 10gr of CMA ) and treatment E (25 % N, P, and K + 10gr of CMA ), respectively. The results of the research showed that the effects of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibility were not significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) different between the treatments . The dry matter digestibility of elephant grass cv. Taiwan ranged from 53.47 % to 57.72 %, organic matter digestibility ranged from 57.66% to 63.75%, and crude protein digestibility ranged from 65.67% to 70.70%, respectively. It could be concluded that the given of 25% of N , P, and K + 10 gram of CMA glomus manihotis was better the digestibility on dry matter, organic matter and crude protein . Therefore, it means that the same value with fertilizer N, P, and K 100% without CMA.

In vitro determination of calcium bioavailability of milk, dairy products and infant formulas

In this study, the aim was to determine the in vitro calcium bioavailability of different dairy products and to investigate the effect of dry matter, fat, acidity and calcium content on calcium bioavailability of the products. For this purpose, the dry matter, fat, acidity and calcium content of different kinds of milk, yogurt, cheese and infant formulas were analysed. Then, calcium bioavailability of products was determined by an in vitro method that involves simulating gastrointestinal digestion of the product with pepsin–HCl and pancreatin–biliary salts, and then measuring the fraction of element that dialyses through a membrane of a certain pore size. Each of the product groups was examined statistically and no difference was found among milk, yogurt and infant formula groups in terms of calcium bioavailability. However, there were differences among cheese kinds according to the results of the Duncan test; all cheese kinds were considerably different from each other (P < 0.05). Moreover, it was found that calcium, dry matter, fat content and acidity did not affect the calcium bioavailability (P < 0.05). According to the results of statistical analysis that was applied to all product groups, it was found that the yogurt group was different from the other products and that the acidity affected calcium bioavailability (P < 0.05).

Performance of Weaner Pigs Fed ad libitumwith Liquid Feed at Different Dry Matter Concentrations

The effect of feeding pigs weaned at 24 ± 2.6 days, ad libitum, a diet mixed with water to provide four different dry matter concentrations of 149, 179, 224 and 255 g kg -1 (diets DM149, DM179, DM224, DM255, respectively) was investigated in a 28 day feeding trial, utilising a total of 96 pigs. The diets were delivered by an automated system, the storage and mixing vessel of which was replenished daily. In addition to the water supplied in the liquid diet water was freely available to the pigs at all times from nipple waterers. Dietary dry matter (DM) concentration had no significant effect on DM intake, weight gain or DM feed conversion ratio of the piglets. Decreasing feed DM had a noticeable effect on total volumetric (DM plus water) intake of the piglets. When feed dry matter was reduced from 255 to 224 g kg -1 piglets reduced their voluntary water intake from nipple waterers in order to maintain DM intake and total volumetric intake. At lower DM concentrations, the pigs maintained DM intake by increasing their total volumetric intake. Piglets continued to consume an average of 223 ml water per day from the nipple waterers even at the lowest DM concentration. On DM149 total volumetric intake was 30% of live weight. The effect of dry matter (DM) concentration of feed on the pattern of microbial activity of the liquid feed system was investigated. Liquid diets were colonised rapidly by naturally occurring Lactobacillus spp in the first 5 days. After 5 days the population stabilised and remained constant for the remainder of the trial period. DM concentration of liquid feed had little overall effect on the pattern of microbial activity. The proliferation of Lactobacillus spp resulted in acidification of the liquid feed, (pH range 4.1-4.2) for all four treatments and this was associated with a lowering of coliform numbers. There was a significant increase in the overall effluent output as the DM content of the diet decreased (P < 0.01). It is concluded that weanling piglets will readily accept liquid feed with DM content in the range 255 to 149 g kg -1 , and that DM content in this range has little effect on post weaning performance. However, in order to maintain DM intake without increasing effluent output, it is recommended that the DM content of liquid diets should not be reduced below 200 g kg -1 (equivalent to a 3.5 :1 water to feed ratio).

The effects of corn silage dry matter content and sodium bicarbonate addition on nutrient digestion and growth by lambs and calves.

One lamb and three calf trials were conducted to determine if interactions existed between the effects of dry matter (DM) content of corn silage at harvest and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, rate and site of digestion and feedlot performance. Corn plants were harvested from the same field when DM content was approximately 31% (early; E) or 44% (late; L). Sodium bicarbonate (1.2% of DM intake) was added in a completely mixed ration. When lambs were offered diets ad libitum, (trial 1), intakes were greater (P less than .05) for L-silage diets, but apparent digestibilities were similar. Nitrogen balance was greater for sodium bicarbonate-supplemented diets, and was a reflection of greater (P less than .10) DM intakes for these diets. At similar diet DM intakes, N balance was greater for L-silage diets, with no effects measured due to sodium bicarbonate addition. When growing, abomasally cannulated heifers (trial 2) were offered diets 12 times per day, a significant interaction among treatments was measured for total tract and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestion. Adding bicarbonate to the E-silage diet increased (P less than .05) digestion by 9.1 percentage units (66.4 vs 75.5%) but decreased digestibility of the L-silage diet by 4.2 percentage units (73 vs 68.8%). Grams of ADF apparently digested in the rumen followed the same pattern as for total tract digestion. In trial 3, ruminal rates of liquid and particulate passage and in situ rats of NDF digestion were determined using four rumen-cannulated heifers calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ammonia treatment of straw via the hydrolysis of urea. I. Effects of dry matter and urea concentrations on the rate of hydrolysis of urea

Samples of barley straw were sprayed with solutions of urea to yield treated straws containing 450–750 g dry matter (DM) per kg straw and 35.3–105.9 g urea/kg straw DM. Two kg of each treated straw was sealed in a polythene bag and stored for 6 weeks at 18°C. After storage, samples were analysed for urea nitrogen, water-soluble and insoluble nitrogen, and their DM degradability was determined by the nylon bag technique. Ammonia was released from the hydrolysis of urea. Degree of hydrolysis was significantly affected by the concentration of DM in the straw; when urea was applied at 70.5 g/kg DM the degree of hydrolysis was 100 and 36.5% when the straw DM was 450 and 750 g kg −1, respectively. Raising the level of urea applied from 35.3 to 105.9 g kg −1 straw DM when the concentration of DM was 600 g kg −1 straw significantly increased the weight of urea hydrolysed. Urea treatment significantly increased the degradability of the straw after 48 h incubation in the rumen of steers. The degree of improvement in degradability was significantly affected by the DM content of the straw, but not by the amount of urea applied. Heat or antibiotic treatment of the straw showed that some hydrolysis occurred as a result of bacterial activity, but suggested that the contribution to hydrolytic activity from plant enzymes was minimal.

Effect of dry matter and roughage intake in buffalo's rations on milk yield and its constituents

Effect of dry matter and roughage intake in buffalo's rations on milk yield and its constituents

Effects of Dry Matter in Low-Moisture Silage on Preservation, Acceptability, and Feeding Value for Dairy Cows

Low-moisture alfalfa was harvested at three different average dry matter contents in two successive years and stored in conventional tower silos. The resulting silages had average dry matter contents of 39 to 65%. Within each year progressively higher dry matter levels resulted in more limited fermentation. Silage was well-preserved, with the exception of one lot in which extensive mold developed. Higher dry matter intake was observed with increasing levels of dry matter within and among silages. However, this response was less precise at dry matter above 50%. No marked difference in milk production or dry matter digestibility was observed. It was concluded that, for storage in conventional silos, attainment of more than 50% dry matter was neither particularly desirable nor harmful.