Effects Of Disturbances Research Articles

Immunological disturbance effect of exogenous histamine towards key immune cells

Histamine in food has attracted widespread attention due to the potential toxicity and associated health risk. However, its influences on immunological components, especially the function of key immune cells, are still poorly known. In this work, we explored the effects of exogenous histamine on the function of key immune cells such as intestinal epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and T cells. The results showed that histamine could affect the expression of allergy-related genes in CMT93 cells at a high dose of histamine. Moreover, it’s found that histamine could cause an imbalance in the levels of relevant immune factors secreted by dendritic cells and T cells, especially those related to allergy. At the same time, the proportion of MHC class II-positive dendritic cells and the proportion of T helper 2 (Th2) cells in CD4+ T cells increased after histamine stimulation. We concluded that the presence of a certain level of histamine in food may affect the expression of allergy-related cytokines, disrupt the balance of the immune homeostasis, and potentially lead to adverse immune reactions. This work demonstrated the importance of including the estimation of histamine's immune safety in aquatic products rather than merely considering the potential risk of food poisoning.

Optimization of a fractional-order interval type-2 fuzzy PID controller based on BBO for real-time applications

This paper addresses the development of a robust controller for a nonlinear system to minimize the tracking errors and reduce the effects of external noise and disturbances. To achieve this, the biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm is utilized for an optimally robust interval type 2 fractional-order fuzzy proportional integral derivative controller (BB0-IT2FO-FPID) is proposed. The proposed method offers several advantages. Firstly, the proposed controller is optimized to achieve robustness and minimize tracking errors. Secondly, it effectively handles external noise and disturbances, making it suitable for real-world applications. Thirdly, the use of the BBO algorithm enhances the controller's performance by dynamically adjusting its parameters based on system requirements. The performance of the proposed controller is validated by applying it to control a robotic manipulator, which presents challenges due to its nonlinear characteristics and interacting multi-input multi-output (MIMO) dynamics. Additionally, a real-time evaluation of the proposed controller is conducted by applying it to the speed control of a direct current (DC) machine. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through simulation and practical experiments and comparisons with other optimized controllers, namely FO fuzzy type 1 PID (T1FO-FPID) and FOPID. The simulation and practical results demonstrate the superior performance of the BBO-IT2FO-FPID controller in the presence of system uncertainties and different types of disturbances.

Resilient and robust management policy for multi‐stage supply chains with perishable goods and inaccurate forecast information: A distributed model predictive control approach

AbstractAn efficient supply chain (SC) management requires that decisions are taken to minimize the effects of parametric uncertainties and unpredictable external disturbances. In this article, we consider this problem with reference to a multi‐stage SC (MSSC) whose dynamics is characterized by the following elements of complexity: perishable goods with uncertain perishability rate, an uncertain future customer demand that is only known to fluctuate inside a given compact set. The problem we face is to define a resilient and robust Replenishment Policy (RP) such that at any stage the following requirements are satisfied: the fulfilled demand is maximized, overstocking is avoided, the bullwhip effect (BE) is mitigated. These objectives should be pursued despite the mentioned uncertainties and unexpected customer demand behaviors violating the bounds of the compact set. Robustness is here intended with respect to uncertainty on the perishability rate, and resiliency as the ability to quickly react to the mentioned unforeseen customer demands. We propose a method based on a distributed resilient robust model predictive control (DRRMPC) approach. Each local robust MPC (RMPC) involves solving a Min‐Max constrained optimization problem (MMCOP). To drastically reduce the numerical complexity of each MMCOP, we parametrize its solution by means of B‐spline functions.

Disturbance Effect of Highway Construction on Vegetation in Hexi Corridor, North-Western China

The ecological environment of the Hexi Corridor in China is fragile owing to its unique geographical conditions. Since the 21st century, the construction of highway projects in the Hexi Corridor has increased with the implementation of China’s western development policy. The impact of highway construction on vegetation along roads is uncertain and requires attention. In this study, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was obtained based on remote sensing data, and the correlations between the vegetation index, climate changes, and highway construction from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed. The results showed that the NDVI of the Hexi Corridor showed a significant increasing trend, and the spatial difference was obvious, which was largely controlled by climatic conditions. Generally, the vegetation index was negatively correlated with temperature, but positively correlated with precipitation, and the correlation between the NDVI and precipitation was greater than that of temperature. The impact of highways on vegetation is a long-term process. In the eastern region of the Hexi Corridor, where the ecological environment is better, highway construction promoted vegetation development. However, in the western region with high desertification, the damage caused by highway construction to vegetation was serious, and the recovery rate of degraded vegetation was slow after the completion of highway construction. Although the vegetation development in the Hexi Corridor was mainly affected by precipitation, in the western region, highway construction was the main factor controlling vegetation disturbance within a certain range on both sides, and its contribution to vegetation disturbance reached 60%. The research results can improve understanding of the disturbance effect of highway construction on vegetation in arid areas.

“Root Disturbance Effects of Four Halophytes on Soil Physiochemical Characteristics in Intertidal Ecotone of the Yellow River Estuary”

“Root Disturbance Effects of Four Halophytes on Soil Physiochemical Characteristics in Intertidal Ecotone of the Yellow River Estuary”

Ecotoxicological assessment, oxidative response, and enzyme activity disorder of the rotifer Brachionus asplanchnoidis exposed to a toxic cocktail of spent lithium-ion battery leachate

Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as a major source of waste due to their low recovery rate. The physical disposal of spent LIBs can lead to the leaching of their contents into the surrounding environment. While it is widely agreed that hazardous substances such as nickel and cobalt in the leachate can pose a threat to the environment and human health, the overall composition and toxicity of LIB leachate remain unclear. In this study, a chemical analysis of leachate from spent LIBs was conducted to identify its primary constituents. The ecotoxicological parameters of the model organism, rotifer Brachionus asplanchnoidis, were assessed to elucidate the toxicity of the LIB leachate. Subsequent experiments elucidated the impacts of the LIB leachate and its representative components on the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme activity of B. asplanchnoidis. The results indicate that both the LIB leachate and its components are harmful to individual rotifers due to the adverse effects of stress-induced disturbances in biochemical indicators, posing a threat to population development. The intensified poisoning phenomenon under combined stress suggests the presence of complex synergistic effects among the components of LIB leachate. Due to the likely environmental and biological hazards, LIBs should be strictly managed after disposal. Additionally, more economical and eco-friendly recycling and treatment technologies need to be developed and commercialized.

Disturbance-mediated changes to boreal mammal spatial networks in industrializing landscapes.

Compound effects of anthropogenic disturbances on wildlife emerge through a complex network of direct responses and species interactions. Land-use changes driven by energy and forestry industries are known to disrupt predator-prey dynamics in boreal ecosystems, yet how these disturbance effects propagate across mammal communities remains uncertain. Using structural equation modeling, we tested disturbance-mediated pathways governing the spatial structure of multipredator multiprey boreal mammal networks across a landscape-scale disturbance gradient within Canada's Athabasca oil sands region. Linear disturbances had pervasive direct effects, increasing site use for all focal species, except black bears and threatened caribou, in at least one landscape. Conversely, block (polygonal) disturbance effects were negative but less common. Indirect disturbance effects were widespread and mediated by caribou avoidance of wolves, tracking of primary prey by subordinate predators, and intraguild dependencies among predators and large prey. Context-dependent responses to linear disturbances were most common among prey and within the landscape with intermediate disturbance. Our research suggests that industrial disturbances directly affect a suite of boreal mammals by altering forage availability and movement, leading to indirect effects across a range of interacting predators and prey, including the keystone snowshoe hare. The complexity of network-level direct and indirect disturbance effects reinforces calls for increased investment in addressing habitat degradation as the root cause of threatened species declines and broader ecosystem change.

10-year progress on Forest Carbon Research in Canada

In 2012 <i>A Blueprint for Forest Carbon Science in Canada:2012–2020</i> was published to guide policy and research and to support Canada’s obligations for climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable forest management, and international reporting. Over the past decade, the body of scientific research focused on forest carbon dynamics in Canada has significantly evolved, providing crucial insights into the intricate interplay between various forest ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. This comprehensive review synthesizes key findings from this period, highlighting improvements to Canada’s estimates of current forest greenhouse gas emissions and removals, the effects of global changes on Canada’s future forest carbon, and forest contributions to mitigate climate change. Collaborating with the forest carbon science community, we identified 426 peer-reviewed published articles on landscape-scale forest carbon research for Canada from 2012 to 2021. The review emphasizes anthropogenic influences and natural disturbances in contemporary GHG emissions and removals for managed forests in the national GHG inventory, highlights the existing dichotomy between management and research models, and stresses the need for integrating disturbance and climate effects for comprehensive GHG estimates. Despite significant progress in estimating and tracking forest carbon using modelled, remotely sensed and ground-based observations, challenges remain in reducing uncertainties, particularly regarding climate impacts on forest growth, decay, and disturbances. Furthermore, the review showcases recent advancements in climate change mitigation strategies and the use of a systems approach that includes forest ecosystem emissions and removals, wood product emissions and substitution benefits of avoided fossil emissions. Through comprehensive scenario analyses, the review underscores regional variations in assessing GHG reductions and notes a shift towards a more holistic approach that considers environmental, economic, and social values. By providing a nuanced understanding of the complexities underlying forest carbon dynamics in Canada, this review sets the stage for future research and policy initiatives aimed at fostering sustainable forest management practices and mitigating the impact of climate change on these vital ecosystems.

Biodiversity monitoring for the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in south-west Western Australia: An extension to ten-year findings of Forestcheck

Long-term research and monitoring programs can provide important insights into biodiversity patterns to inform sustainable management of multi-use forest ecosystems. This study investigated biodiversity patterns in two forest ecosystems in the southwest region of Australia, as part of a long-term monitoring program, Forestcheck, established to track changes and trends in forest biodiversity associated with management activities. We assessed the effects of forest ecosystem, silvicultural treatment types (gap release and shelterwood/selective harvesting) and time since fire, on taxonomic richness and assemblage patterns across six taxonomic groups (terrestrial vertebrates, birds, macro-invertebrates, vascular plants, macro-fungi and cryptogams). Further, temporal comparisons in taxonomic richness and assemblage were completed for vascular plants and terrestrial vertebrates using data collected in a second round of monitoring. There was a low-level effect of harvesting and prescribed burning disturbance on combined community assemblage, but forest ecosystem had a greater influence on biodiversity patterns. Plant assemblages changed significantly according to ecosystem, silvicultural treatment type and monitoring round when two rounds of monitoring data were considered. These findings support previous assessments of Forestcheck sites, in that the strongest determinant of biodiversity patterns was forest ecosystem, and the greatest effects of disturbance were on assemblage patterns. These results provide some insight into post disturbance patterns and may assist with decision-making in relation to silviculture and prescribed burning regimes, and post-silviculture management, to provide increased opportunity for restoration of diversity.

Understanding woody plant encroachment: A plant functional trait approach

AbstractThe increasing density of woody plants threatens the integrity of grassy ecosystems. It remains unclear if such encroachment can be explained mostly by direct effects of resources on woody plant growth or by indirect effects of disturbances imposing tree recruitment limitation. Here, we investigate whether woody plant functional traits provide a mechanistic understanding of the complex relationships between these resource and disturbance effects. We first assess the role of rainfall, soil fertility, texture, and geomorphology to explain variation in woody plant encroachment (WPE) following livestock grazing and consequent fire suppression across the Serengeti ecosystem. Second, we explore trait‐environment relationships and how these mediate vegetation response to fire suppression. We find that WPE is strongest in areas with high soil fertility, high rainfall, and intermediate catena positions. These conditions also promote woody plant communities characterized by small stature and seed sizes smaller relative to a comparative baseline within the Serengeti ecosystem, alongside high recruit densities (linked to a recruitment‐stature trade‐off). The positioning of species along this “recruitment‐stature axis” predicted woody stem density increase in livestock sites. Structural equation modeling suggested a causal pathway where environmental factors shape the community trait composition, subsequently influencing woody recruit numbers. These numbers, in turn, predicted an area's vulnerability to WPE. Our study underscores the importance of trait‐environment relationships in predicting the impact of human alterations on local vegetation change. Understanding how environmental factors directly (resources) and indirectly (legacy effects and plant traits) determine WPE supports the development of process‐based ecosystem structure and function models.

Association between Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Sleep Disturbance among Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals in Japan.

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) are a crucial modifiable risk factor for dementia. There is increasing interest in the association between SCC and sleep disturbance; however, the effects of sleep disturbance on SCC development among community-dwelling elderly individuals in Japan remain unclear. We aimed to cross-sectionally investigate the association between SCC and sleep disturbance, with adjustment for multiple factors related to cognitive decline, among 241 community-dwelling elderly persons without cognitive impairment. The measures were SCCs (Kihon Checklist-Cognitive Function, KCL-CF), sleep disturbance (Japanese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS-J), general cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), and depressive symptoms (five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS-5]). The following data were collected: sex, age, educational history, whether the participants had visited a medical institution for diseases (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease), and the presence/absence of established risk factors (hearing loss, history of head injury, drinking habits, smoking habits, social isolation, and physical inactivity and activity). Based on the KCL-CF, 96 and 145 participants were considered to have and lack SCCs, respectively. On logistic regression analysis, the AIS-J score and smoking history were significantly associated with SCCs. Our findings suggest that sleep disturbance is associated with SCC development among community-dwelling elderly people in Japan. Evaluating and managing sleep disturbances can be important in preventing SCCs and dementia.

Nonlinear Trajectory Tracking Controller for Underwater Vehicles with Shifted Center of Mass Model

This paper addresses the issue of trajectory tracking control for an autonomous underwater vehicle in the presence of parameter perturbations and disturbances in three-dimensional space. The control scheme is based on a combination of the backstepping method, the adaptive integral sliding mode control scheme, and velocity transformation resulting from the decomposition of the inertia matrix, which is symmetric. In addition, adaptive laws were applied to eliminate the effects of parameter perturbations and external disturbances. The main feature of the proposed approach is that the vehicle model is not fully symmetric but contains quantities due to the shift of the center of mass. Another important feature of the control scheme is the ability to detect some of the consequences caused by reducing the vehicle model by neglecting dynamic couplings. Numerical results on the five degrees of freedom (DOF) vehicle model show the efficiency, effectiveness, and robustness of the developed controller.

Trajectory Tracking Control of Fixed-Wing Hybrid Aerial Underwater Vehicle Subject to Wind and Wave Disturbances

The hybrid aerial underwater vehicle (HAUV) could operate in the air and underwater might provide a great convenience for aerial and underwater exploration, and the fixed-wing HAUV (FHAUV) has time, space and cost advantages in future large-scale applications, while the large difference between the aerial and underwater environments is a challenge to control, especially in the air/water transition. However, for FHAUV control, there is a lack of research on phenomena or problems caused by large changes in the air/water transition. In addition, the effects of wind, wave, other factors and conditions on motion control are not investigated. This paper presents the first control study on the above issues. The motion model of FHAUV is developed, with the effects of wind and wave disturbances. Then, this paper improves a cascade gain scheduling (CGS) PID for different media environments (air and water) and proposes a cascade state feedback (CSF) control strategy to address the convergence problem of FHAUV control caused by large speed change in the air/water transition. In the comparisons of the two control schemes in various tracking cases including trajectory slopes, reference speeds, wind and wave disturbances, CSF has a better control effect, convergence rate and robustness; the key factors and conditions of the air/water transition are investigated, the critical relations and feasible domains of the trajectory slopes and reference speeds that the FHAUV must meet to successfully exit the water and enter the air are obtained, the critical slope decreases as the reference speed increases, and the feasible domain of CSF is larger than that of CGS, revealing that CSF is superior than CGS for exiting the water.

Mathematical model of in-line manufacturing of sections in a flexible shipyard production system

The assembly and welding production of the shipyard is a complex production system. Studying the functioning of its individual elements, the interrelationships between them, and responses to the disturbing effects of external and internal factors in real conditions is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. For this purpose, it is appropriate to use all possible modeling methods, especially when it comes to modeling systems with streaming processes. The application of this practice will allow, without significant expenditure of various kinds of resources, in a short time to find the optimal planning solution for the composition and performance of equipment, the placement of personnel, etc. Most modeling methods are based on a pre-developed mathematical model. The purpose of its development in the context of this article is reduced to the search for rational solutions related to increasing the flexibility of existing production processes and their management.

Sleep and aberrant eating behaviors in metabolic/bariatric presurgical candidates

BackgroundMetabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) is the most effective treatment for obesity, yet many factors influence successful individual weight loss. Among those are a variety of health behaviors that are assessed in the process of presurgical psychological evaluations, including eating pathology and sleep disturbance (both of which are relatively common among surgical candidates). ObjectivesThis study aims to examine the relationship between sleep, binge eating, and night eating behaviors among individuals seeking MBS. SettingMedical center and private psychological practice in Mississippi. MethodsPatients (N = 311) seeking presurgical psychological evaluations for bariatric surgery completed self-report measures. Of these, 83.0% were females and 70.7% of those with ethnicity data identified as White. Average body mass index (BMI) in the sample was 46.5 (standard deviation [SD] = 8.02). Correlations between variables were calculated and examination of the indirect effect of sleep disturbance on night eating as mediated by binge eating was conducted. ResultsSleep disturbance, binge eating, and night eating were significantly associated (b = .22–.45). Mediation analysis yielded a significant indirect effect, indicating that binge eating propensity explains the relationship between impaired sleep and night eating symptoms (b = .09, standard error [SE] = .03, confidence interval [CI]: .04–.18). ConclusionsThe observed relationship between sleep disturbance, night eating, and binge eating among bariatric candidates provides implications for future research and treatment approaches. Specifically, additional attention to sleep disturbance in the presurgical assessment process and consideration of sleep hygiene as a potential target for intervention may facilitate improvements in overall health, adjustment, and sustained weight loss.

The impact of anthropogenic disturbance and climate change on the distribution of Dekay’s brown snake (Storeria dekayi)

Abstract Human activities in the Anthropocene contribute to natural resource and climatic pattern shifts, which in turn affect the distributions of organisms. Currently, research efforts to understand organismal distribution patterns mainly focus on rare species, leaving common taxa to receive less attention. We constructed ecological niche models using MaxEnt to evaluate the distributions of a common urban reptile, Dekay’s brown snake (Storeria dekayi). We investigate the importance of human disturbance for the current S. dekayi distribution, the niche differentiation of the two genetic lineages of S. dekayi separated by the Mississippi River, and the potential future range shift of S. dekayi. We found no significant effect of human disturbance on current S. dekayi distribution. There was no significant evidence of niche differentiation between two lineages (eastern and western), which can possibly be attributed to their shallow genetic divergence. We also predicted a range expansion for S. dekayi in the future with anthropogenic climate change. Understanding the distribution patterns of common species is important because of the pivotal role they play in ecosystem functioning and services. We encourage more work to be conducted in the future on common and urban-dwelling species’ distributions to conserve and promote urban biodiversity and biodiversity overall.

Multi-taxon species richness representation within national nature reserves is associated with spatial features, human disturbance and environmental factors in mountains region

The Humboldt’s enigma has continued for many centuries, A multitude of studies have delved into various potential reasons for this richness—from topography and climate to community succession—yet a singular, all-encompassing theory for species richness across multiple taxa in mountain ecosystems remains elusive. In this research, we explored the causes of species richness in mountain multiple-taxa in terms of spatial attributes of protected areas, human disturbance and environmental factors. Initiating our study, we compiled a comprehensive database of all national nature reserves (NNRs) situated in the karst regions of Guizhou province. This was achieved through an extensive multidisciplinary field survey in recent years, resulting in a collection of 40,570 species records. Subsequently, we discerned a complex interplay between species richness, spatial attributes, human disturbance, and environmental factors, which collectively account for over 80 % of the observed variations in mountain biodiversity. Our findings revealed several intricate relationships: Shape index and fragmentation positively influenced the richness of insect, animal, and seed plant species. Conversely, anthropogenic alterations and nighttime light negatively impacted the diversity of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Interestingly, we discovered a significant positive association between the richness of fungi, mosses, and ferns and the variables of soil texture and soil water, demonstrating the importance of soils in karst for maintaining biodiversity. To conclude, we evaluated conservation strategies in mountainous regions. It is imperative that the spatial configuration of protected areas be refined to alleviate the detrimental effects of human disturbance. Furthermore, conservation efforts should be customized to the unique climatic and geographic conditions found locally.

A maximum power point tracking control strategy of tidal energy conversion system based on fixed-time observer technology

To achieve maximum tidal current energy capture in complex and harsh marine environments, this paper proposes a nonlinear control based on fixed-time observer (NCFTO) for tidal energy conversion system (TECS). The TECS operating in the ocean not only needs to face time-varying ocean current speed, but also needs to consider the adverse effects brought by parameter uncertainties and unknown disturbances in actual operation. Considering the high nonlinearity of TECS, conventional linear control systems may not necessarily provide satisfactory performance. Therefore, the NCFTO takes into account the TECS parameter uncertainties and unknown disturbances in its design. This mainly involves using a designed fixed-time observer to accurately estimate a concentrated disturbance term containing TECS nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties, disturbances in real time, and offsetting the adverse effects of actual disturbances on the control system. Meanwhile, a linear controller is designed based on the linearization of TECS to ensure satisfactory performance of NCFTO under time-varying ocean current speed, thus laying a solid foundation for achieving maximum tidal current energy capture. In addition, to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of NCFTO, three simulation testing scenarios have been set up, namely time-varying ocean current speed, rotor inertia uncertainty, and unknown disturbance torque.

Effects of Climatic Disturbance on the Trade-Off between the Vegetation Pattern and Water Balance Based on a Novel Model and Accurately Remotely Sensed Data in a Semiarid Basin

Vegetation is a natural link between the atmosphere, soil, and water, and it significantly influences hydrological processes in the context of climate change. Under global warming, vegetation greening significantly aggravates the water conflicts between vegetation water use and water resources in water bodies in arid and semiarid regions. This study established an improved eco-hydrological coupled model with related accurately remotely sensed hydrological data (precipitation and soil moisture levels taken every 3 j with multiply verification) on a large spatio-temporal scale to determine the optimal vegetation coverage (M*), which explored the trade-off relationship between the water supply, based on hydrological balance processes, and the water demand, based on vegetation transpiration under the impact of climate change, in a semiarid basin. Results showed that the average annual actual vegetation coverage (M) in the Hailar River Basin from 1982 to 2012 was 0.62, and that the average optimal vegetation coverage (M*) was 0.56. In 67.23% of the region, M* was lower than M, which aggravated the water stress problem in the Hailar River Basin. By identifying the sensitivity of M* to vegetation characteristics and meteorological parameters, relevant suggestions for vegetation-type planting were proposed. Additionally, we also analyzed the dynamic threshold of vegetation under different climatic conditions, and we found that M was lower than M* under only four of the twenty-eight climatic conditions considered (rainfall increase by 10%, 20%, and 30% with no change in temperature, and rainfall increase by 20% with a temperature increase of 1 °C), thereby meeting the system equilibrium state under the condition of sustainable development. This study revealed the dynamic relationship between vegetation and hydrological processes under the effects of climate change and provided reliable recommendations to support vegetation management and ecological restoration in river basins. The remote sensing data help us to extend the model in a semiarid basin due to its accuracy.

Equilibrium optimiser tuned frequency-shifted internal model control proportional-derivative decoupled dual-loop design for industrial plants followed by experimental validation

Integrating and unstable processes require rugged control demand by virtue of their non-self-regulation character. The occurrence of system poles located at the origin and on the right half of the complex frequency plane causes instability in an open-loop configuration. When these processes proceed with dead time, it demands more sophisticated control requirements. Therefore, binal-loop control schemes are recommended over single-loop controller schemes. For plants with prevalent unstable and integrating dynamics and dead time, a novel modified inferred internal model control-proportional derivative decoupled binal-loop control system is suggested. The inner-loop is controlled by the stabilising proportional derivative controller with Routh–Hurwitz stability constraints. The outer-loop contains an inferred internal model controller for reference-point tracking. The equilibrium optimiser is then used to minimise the integral squared error by tuning the inner and outer-loop controller settings in the confined search space. The suggested strategy delivers appreciable enhancement in the quantitative performance measures as compared to some of the contemporary control techniques. The effect of time-varying disturbance and robust stability analysis is also presented. Finally, utilising a magnetic levitation laboratory setup, the suggested method is experimentally verified using the hardware-in-loop method.