Effects Of Different Tillage Practices Research Articles

Soil fungal population in preharvest maize ecosystem in different tillage practices in Argentina

The distribution of the soil borne fungal population in maize non-rhizospheric soil in experimental trials were studied during the harvest seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The effect of different tillage practices was evaluated. Soil samples were collected from three tillage treatments, conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage, with and without grazing. The distribution of fungal propagules in different treatments was compared. Soil samples were collected from the top soil (3 cm) before planting, in the sprong. No tillage without grazing and reduced tillage with grazing had the highest densities of filamentous fungi (5.71 and 5.85 log, respectively). The mycological survey showed the presence of six genera of filamentous fungi. They were Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Alternaria. The species identified from genus Aspergillus were A. flavus, A. restrictus, A. candidus, A. parasiticus and other Aspergillus spp. The species identified from genus Penicillium were P. pinophylum, P. citreonigrum, P. implicatum, P. purpurogenum, P. minioluteum, P. waksmanii, P. restrictum, P. rugulosum, P. funiculosum and P. variabile. Species from genus Fusarium were identified as F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and others Fusarium species. The isolation frequency of Aspergillus increased in the no tillage and grazing practices treatments. The data indicate that different agricultural practices impact soil inocula of principal maize toxigenic fungi in the production area. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of tillage management practices on fungal populations in preharvest maize agroecosystem in Argentina.

Effect of Different Tillage Practices on Growth, Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Transplant Amon Rice (BRRI Dhan-33)

Effect of Different Tillage Practices on Growth, Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Transplant Amon Rice (BRRI Dhan-33)

Productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays) as influenced by tillage practices and green manuring under Eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201617 and 201718 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of different tillage practices and green manuring on productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, consisting of 20 treatments. Four different tillage practices, viz. T , conventional tillage maize 1 conventional tillage wheat; T , minimum tillage maizeminimum tillage wheat; T , minimum tillage maize-zero till- 2 3 age wheat; and T , zero tillage maizezero tillage wheat, were assigned to main plot and 5 summer green-manur- 4 ing treatments, viz. M , summer fallowing; M , dhaincha [Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight)]; M , sunnhemp 1 2 3 (Crotalaria juncea L.); M , clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub.]; and M , cowpea [Vigna unguiculata 4 5 (L.) Walp.], were kept in subplots. The treatment T and T remaining at par with each other, registered higher 4 1 yield-attributing characters, grain and stover yields, quality and benefit: cost (B:C) ratio. In case of summer green manuring, M recorded higher yield-attributing characters, grain (5.59 t/ha) and stover (6.61 t/ha) yields, quality, 2 gross returns, net returns and B : C ratio over other treatments, but it was at par with M . Thus, ZT maize and sum- 3 mer green manure dhaincha residue mulching may be followed to achieve higher yield and profitability in Uttar Pradesh conditions.

Short-term effects of different tillage in a sustainable farming system on nematode community structure

This study investigated the effects of different tillage practices on the nematode community structure. The different tillage systems were: untilled control, conventional deep plough, two-layer plough and cultivator. Sampling was carried out in a field experiment at Worrstadt-Rommersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) in order to study the effects of these tillage systems in a sustainable farming system. Soil samples were taken every 3 months from June 1994 to March 1995 and divided into two depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm in order to study the vertical distribution of nematode density and community structure. Nematode density was significantly reduced after the first tillage. The second tillage had no effect on the nematode density, whereas the nematode community structure was strongly influenced on both structural (taxonomic) and functional (trophic group, life strategy) level. After tillage, the density of plant parasitic nematodes decreased and the density and dominance of bacterivorous nematodes increased. In the tilled plots, and especially in the cultivator and the two-layer plough plot, the nematode community was dominated by bacterial feeders, whereas, in the untilled control, plant feeders were more dominant. Our results showed that the nematode Maturity Index and Plant Parasite Index are suitable for indicating immediate tillage effects on the nematode community.

The effects of different tillage practices on soil mites, with particular reference to Oribatida

The effects of three tillage practices (plowing, chisel plowing, and springtine cultivation) on soil mites were evaluated in a replicated field experiment. Mean mite abundance in the control plot was 15 013 ind./m 2, comprising 1339 Uropodina, 6321 Gamasina, 1174 Astigmata and 6179 Oribatida. Significant effects of soil cultivation were confined to the sampling date immediately after the first tillage treatment. At that time acarine numbers were reduced by more than 50% by tillage, the adverse effects of springtine cultivation in deeper soil layers being less than those of the other tillage treatments. Different groups of Acari were affected differently by tillage, with Oribatida reacting sensitively to the plow and Gamasina to the chisel plow. No differential effects on Uropodina or Astigmata could be found. No species-specific response patterns were detected among oribatid mites, but the adverse effects of soil cultivation on microphytophagous species were particularly strong, with no significant differences between tillage treatments. No size-dependent effect could be established.

Soil Nitrogen Movement under Sustainable Vegetable Production Systems

An experiment was established to determine the effect of different tillage practices, vegetable crop rotations, and pest management strategies on crop yield, plant diseases, pest and beneficial arthropods, weed species changes over time, and soil environmental consequences. This poster describes nitrogen movement from the various treatments over a 3-year rotation. The treatments are: 1) conventional tillage with chemically based IPM; 2) conventional tillage with biologically based IPM; 3) conservation tillage with chemically based IPM; 4) conservation tillage with biologically based IPM; and 5) conventional tillage with no fertilizer or pest management. Mid-season soil analyses with depth showed chemical-fertilized plowed and conservation-tilled treatments with more soil available nitrogen at most depths compared to the biological-based IPM systems (soybean meal was used as a nitrogen source). However, the biological-based systems did supply enough soil nitrogen to produce similar yield results as the chemical-based systems. Less soil nitrate was measured in the 30- to 90-cm depths at harvest from the biological-based systems than chemical-based systems. Conservation-tilled systems had greater nitrate with depth compared to conventional-tilled systems.

Cultivation techniques and grazing affect surface structure of an Australian hardsetting soil

The tillage practices appropriate for the transition from a grass-dominant pasture phase to a cropping phase with oats ( Avena sativa) were evaluated on a hardsetting sandy loam soil at Cowra, N.S.W., Australia. Soil physical conditions, including bulk density, mechanical impedance, organic matter distribution, aggregate stability, water infiltration, and air-filled porosity, were measured. Comparisons were made between plots that were either grazed by sheep during winter when soil moisture content was high, or left ungrazed. The effects of different tillage practices were compared with an undisturbed seedbed (direct drilled) and demonstrated a greater reduction in bulk density and mechanical impedance by the disc and scarifier than the chisel (or ripping) implement. The mechanical impedance 35 mm below the soil surface was 0.3 and 3.7 MPa in the scarify and undistrubed seedbeds, respectively, just prior to sowing. Organic matter contents of the disc, scarify and chisel seedbeds in the 25 mm surface layer were 60%, 45% and 28%, respectively below that of the undisturbed seedbed. Surface aggregate stability at the end of the season was least on the disc seedbed, which had the greatest soil mixing in the cultivated layer. Some recompaction of this soil occurred without grazing, but grazing of all seedbeds with sheep during winter compacted the soil and offset any soil benefits achieved with cultivation. The greatest compaction occurred on the disc seedbed to a depth of 140 mm following grazing for 22 days. The least compaction occurred on the chisel seedbed.

Effect of different tillage practices, mulch and nitrogen on soil properties, growth and yield of fodder maize

Inadequate farm energy, insufficient time available to complete tillage operations and prevalence of supra-optimal soil temperatures restrict the area under cultivation and lower the yields of fodder maize in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Field studies were conducted for two years to evaluate the effects of minimum (T 1), reduced (T 2) and conventional (T 3) tillage in the presence and absence of surface residues under normal and high levels of nitrogen application on the soil properties, water use and growth and yield of fodder maize. Inter-row soil strength and maximum soil temperature was significantly higher and profile moisture storage and its utilization lower under T 1 compared with T 2 and T 3. Application of residues at the surface moderated the supra-optimal soil temperature and improved the moisture storage, irrespective of the tillage system. Total water utilization, water-use efficiency, crop growth and forage yields were comparable under T 2 and T 3 and significantly higher than under T 1. To minimize farm energy requirements as well as obtaining higher forage yields of maize, a treatment combination of reduced tillage, application of surface residues and higher N application rate was found to be superior to conventional clean cultivation.

Water movement and macroporosity of an Australian Alfisol under different tillage and pasture conditions

We assessed the effect of different tillage practices (i.e. conventional tillage and direct drilling) and pasture conditions on the infiltration and distribution of infiltrated rain water in an Australian Alfisol. Bromide was used as a tracer for the infiltrated rain under simulated rainfall conditions. The different infiltration patterns were then related to the macroporosity of the soils. A 25-year-old permanent pasture was found to have the highest density (number per area) of macropores and percentages of transmitting macropores. A 9-year-old pasture phase in a pasture/crop rotation did not fully restore the macroporosity of the soil. Conventional cultivation by scarifying to 0.1 m for 4 years significantly reduced macropore density as well as continuity when compared with the pasture soil. The reduced macroporosity led to increased run-off by reducing preferential flow and altered the pathway of infiltrated water movement. As a consequence, the increase in water content below 0.1 m in the cultivated soil was predominantly from downward displacement of original soil solution, resulting in more leaching. The infiltrated rain water largely remained on the surface 0.1-m layer. In contrast, macroporosity found under direct drilling was similar to that of the pasture soil.

Auswirkungen differenzierter Bodenbearbeitung auf das Bodengefüge und die Stickstoffdynamik von Lößböden bei viehloser und viehstarker Bewirtschaftung

Abstract Effect of different tillage practices on soil structure and nitrogen dynamic in loess soils with and without longterm application of farmyard manure Field trials were conducted in 1979 and 1980 on two farms with and without longterm application of farmyard manure respectively, to study the effect of different tillage practices (ploughing at low soil moisture in summer and autumn and ploughing at highsoil moisture in autumn) on soil structure and nitrogen dynamic. Soil structure measurements showed great differences between ploughing at low and high soil moisture contents. Ploughing soil at high moisture contents caused a rise in penetrometer resistance as in bulk density and a decrease of macropors as well as in oxygen concentration in top soil and in tillage pan. But little differences were observed between ploughing in summer and autumn at low soil moisture contents.Ploughing soil at high moisture contents caused a higher soil compaction on the farm without longterm application of farmyard manure compared to the farm with longterm application of farmyard manure.The differences in soil nitrate content were strongly correlated with soil compaction. Very large differences in soil nitrate content between ploughing at low and high soil moisture contents were always observed in May, when the soil temperature was higher than 15°C These differences in soil nitrate content are due to reduced nitrogen mineralization and an increase of denitrification activity after ploughing at high soil moisture contents.

Use of simulation to assess the effects of different tillage practices on land qualities of a sandy loam soil

Four different soil-structure types could reproducibly be recognized by soil surveyors working on Dutch sandy loam soils with different management practices. The 4 structure types were soils with a primary ploughpan, a loosened ploughpan, a secondary ploughpan and a grassland structure. These types had significantly different soil-physical properties and rooting depths. Soil-water regimes for a 30-year period were stimulated to obtain quantitative information on the influence of soil structure, as an expression of different soil-management practices, on land qualities such as moisture deficit, aeration status and workability. These land qualities were not significantly different for the 3 structure types of arable land when considering the entire soil profile. However, differences in moisture content and aeration status were significant when undisturbed and disturbed ploughpans were compared. Deep ploughing to disrupt the primary ploughpan should therefore not be encouraged in these soil as long as common field operations remain unchanged. The same land qualities for grassland indicated what may be attained by soil-structure regeneration. The probability of having a workable day in spring or autumn is increased by an estimated 20%, and the number of days with adequate aeration by 10%, in soil-structure types of arable land (A, B and C) as compared with grassland soil structure (D). Moisture deficits in the growing season should be about 50% less. In this study, simulation was not used to simulate soil-structure formation as a function of soil management, but soil structure was used as an input for the models, reflecting different management practices. To that end, the various structure types were characterized by physical measurements.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses from Corn-Soybean Rotations as Affected by Tillage Practices

ABSTRACT THE effects of different tillage practices for continuous row cropping for corn-soybean rotations on the loss of NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P in runoff and total N and total P in sediment were evaluated at two sites in Iowa by using simulated rainfall. Concentrations of NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P in runoff water and, in general, concentrations of total N and total P in the sediment fraction increased following the order of tillage practices plow chisel > no-till. To control nutrient losses, soil erosion must be controlled. Soybeans, except as they affect fertilization and soil erosion, had an effect on plant nutrient losses quite similar to that of corn.

Effect of Tillage Systems on Runoff Losses of Nutrients, A Rainfall Simulation Study

ABSTRACT THE objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different tillage practices on the loss of N and P in runoff and sediment from experimental plots using simulated rainfall. Twelve plots on each of three different Iowa soils were planted to corn and six tillage practices were used. Sim-ulated rainfall was applied to the plots and surface run-off samples were collected. The water fraction of the runoff was analyzed for N03-N, NH4-N and P04-P; the sediment was analyzed for total nitrogen and avail-able phosphorus. At all sites, the available P content of the eroded soil increased with residue cover; however, decreased soil loss with increased residue cover offset the higher avail-able P content of the eroded soil. Loss of total N with sediment was inversely related to the percentage of soil covered with residue. Losses of N03-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P with water were small as compared with N and P losses with sediment. Soluble nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with the amounts of soil sur-face covered with residue. Conservation tillage practices were ineffective in reducing the loss of water soluble nutrients; however, they did reduce total nutrient loss by controlling erosion.).