Effect Of Different Thicknesses Research Articles

阴极耦合层对顶发射白光OLED器件光电性能影响

In order to analyze the effect of different thickness of C60 on optical and electrical properties of top-emitting OLED, in experiment, the transmittance of ETL/EIL/Mg:Ag/matching layers were numerically calculated and two top OLED with common cathode configurations were fabricated. The optical and electrical properties of OLED devices prepared with different thickness of C60 refractive index matching layers were analyzed. The results showed, the complex films with different C60 thickness have different transmittance, the complex films have high transmittance in wide range of wavelengths when C60 film thickness is 30~40 nm, the CIEx and CIEy values of transmittance spectra are extremely near to the equal energy (0.33, 0.33). In addition, it can be found that the electroluminescence spectra and the chromaticity coordinates of OLED devices are also heavily related to the thickness of C60 refractive index matching layers, which is consistent with the numerical results of transmission spectrum of multilayer (ETL/EIL/Mg:Ag/C60) at different thickness of C60 thin films and indicate that the luminous brightness and the color coordinates of top-emitting white light devices can be adjusted by different thickness of C60 refractive index matching layer to achieve white light emission close to equal energy.

Self-Powered Au/MgZnO/Nanolayered Ga-Doped ZnO/In Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor UV Detector with High Internal Gain at Deep UV Light under Low Voltage

Au/MgZnO/nanolayered ZnO (Ga-doped)/In MIS (metal–insulator–semiconductor) structure UV detectors are fabricated by the PLD (pulsed laser deposition) method, and the effect of different thickness G...

Microhardness of glass carbomer and high-viscous glass Ionomer cement in different thickness and thermo-light curing durations after thermocycling aging

BackgroundThe objective of our study was to compare the upper and lower surface microhardness and surface changes of Glass Carbomer Cement (GCP) and EQUIA Forte (EF) in different thickness after thermo-light curing durations and aging.MethodsA total of 504 samples (5 mm-diameter) were prepared by using GCP-252 (GCP Dental, and Vianen, Netherlands) and EF-252 (EQUIA Forte, GC, Tokyo, Japan). Three different thickness samples (2, 4, and 6 mm) were prepared with 84 samples in each subgroup. The samples were prepared by three curing procedures (Non-exposed, 60s, 90s). Their varnishes were applied to the upper surfaces of half of each subgroup (n = 7). The upper microhardness measurements were evaluated before and after aging. To compare the effect of different thicknesses, the bottom surfaces of the samples were evaluated before aging in terms of microhardness measurements. Also, the upper surfaces were analyzed in the SEM before and after aging.ResultsThe upper surface values of all the samples were higher than the bottom values (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the varnished and non-varnished samples in both materials (p > 0.05). Although this increase was not significant in some groups, temperature variations increased the surface microhardness values of both materials except for the non-exposed-varnished EF samples. The highest microhardnesses values were recorded in the non-exposed-varnished EF (125.6 ± 6.79) and unvarnished GCP (88.1 ± 7.59) samples which were thermo-light cured for 90 s before aging. The bottom hardness values were affected by thickness variations in both GCP and EF materials (p < 0.05). The sample deformations and microcracks after aging were greater than before in all the materials. Thermo-light curing in 90 s to the samples reduced the cracks in both the materials before and after aging.ConclusionsThermal aging adversely affected the microhardness of the materials, which is important for clinical success. The thermo-light curing process improved the microhardness of the GCP group without varnish application. Varnish application increased the microhardness of the EF group without applying thermo-light curing. The microhardness of the bottom surfaces decreased with increasing thickness. The thermo-light curing did not increase the bottom surface microhardness of all the samples.

Long-tern field test and numerical simulation of foamed polyurethane insulation on concrete dam in severely cold region

Abstract The environmental temperature is the key factor for cracking failure of mass concrete structures in severely cold regions. In this paper, field test and numerical calculation of long term insulation are carried out to prevent thermal cracks, and ensure the durability and safety of concrete arch dam. Firstly, an equivalent simulation element for concrete-polyurethane composite structure and its calculation method is proposed, based on the equivalence idea of heat emission coefficient for concrete layer and surface insulation layers with different thickness. Secondly, field tests are demonstrated on an 87.5 m height concrete gravity-arch dam, named Xianghongdian dam, from January 1, 2001 to May 30, 2017. Distributions laws, change laws of temperature field and horizontal displacement of the dam, before and after setting polyurethane insulation layer, are compared deeply. Then, the insulation effects of different thicknesses of foamed polyurethane layer are investigated upon the establishment of a FEM model of a concrete arch dam in northwest China. Consequently, stress fields under different broken conditions of polyurethane insulation layer with different typical temperature loads in severely cold region are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the polyurethane insulation layer generally decreases the temperature change range of concrete dam body over 30% in all conditions and even 90% at some locations. Accordingly, the horizontal displacement component, caused by dam temperature, decreases greatly from 10.80 mm to 2.34 mm and its contribution ratio to yearly horizontal displacement decreases from 75.11% to 36.23%. The insulation layer broken would result in a sharp increase of tensile stress of the corresponding area, with the combination influences of low temperature and cold wave. Under small broken condition, the tensile stress increases from 3.69 MPa to 7.57 MPa among broken area; while under large broken condition, the tensile stress increases to 8.68 MPa, which exceeds the maximum tensile stress of concrete material. In this case, a cracking failure of concrete structure would happen. As the dam concrete is an insulation material in some degree, the stress filed doesn’t change a lot in areas the insulation layer is unbroken.

Removal of Copper (II) Ion: Effect of Polysulfone Support Thickness

This study was conducted to characterize the industrial wastewater containing Copper (II) ion and to evaluate the effect of different thickness of polysulfone as the support membrane in the fabrication of thin film composite membrane (TFC), on the removal of Copper (II) ion. From the wastewater analysis, it showed that the concentration of copper (II) ion are out of the acceptable range of Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009. For the TFC, the polysulfone support membrane was prepared at two thicknesses, 60μm and 90μm. For each thickness, two formulations of thin layer were coated on it; i) A polymer blend of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Chitosan, and ii) Hybrid membrane as thin layer. Before undergo the treatment process, the pH of the wastewater sample was altered to 7 as the pre-treatment. The final result shows that composite membrane with hybrid membrane as thin layer with 90μm thickness of polysulfone membrane was the best membrane because it could remove 99.67% of copper (II) ion. Finally, the treated water can be discharged to the groundwater because the concentration of copper ion is less than 1 ppm, which it has fulfilled the Environmental Quality regulations. Keywords— Chitosan, Copper ion, composite membrane, hybrid membrane, industrial wastewater

Effects of Different Thickness Combinations of Core and Veneer Ceramics on Optical Properties of CAD-CAM Glass-Ceramics.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different core and veneer thicknesses on the translucency (T%), average light transmittance (T), translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and spectral reflectance (R) of glass-ceramics using a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) process. In all, 42 specimens (11mm × 11mm) were prepared and divided into six groups (n = 7 for each group). Core materials (IPS e.max CAD; IPS Empress CAD, LT A2 shade) of different thicknesses (0.8, 1.0, and 1.2mm) were fabricated. Each veneer material (thicknesses of 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3mm) was combined with its compatible core ceramic. Each core material was overlapped with its corresponding veneer material to obtain a 1.5-mm thickness by using three different combinations: (0.8+0.7), (1.0+0.5), and (1.2+0.3) mm. A spectrophotometer and color data software were used to measure the T%, T, TP, CR, and R values of each ceramic. The results were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variables (ANOVA) and regression analysis (p<0.05). Two-way ANOVA revealed that T%, T, TP, and CR were significantly influenced by the different thicknesses of the core-veneer combinations (p<0.001). At a certain thickness, as the veneer thickness increased and core thickness decreased, T and T% all increased. Regression analysis of the ceramic materials indicated a reduction in T and T% for certain core-veneer combinations. Analysis also revealed that T% and T were all affected by different core-veneer combinations. The T% value was 74.31 for the EM group and 72.81 for the EP group when the thickness of the core was 1.2 mm and the veneer was 0.3 mm. The R value of EM2 was lower than EM1 and EM3. In conclusion, the optical properties were influenced by different core-veneer combinations.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LATERAL FEMORAL WALL THICKNESSES IN INTERTROCHANTERIC HIP FRACTURE TREATED WITH DYNAMIC HIP SCREW

Dynamic hip screw (DHS) is commonly used for stable-type intertrochanteric hip fractures. The importance of lateral femoral wall has been mentioned while treating intertrochanteric hip fractures with DHS. The aim of this study was mainly to investigate the biomechanical effect of different thickness of lateral femoral wall using finite element analysis (FEA). This study constructed FEA simulation models for five different lateral femoral wall thicknesses, and demonstrated the stress distribution on the femoral bone, the cortical screws, the cancellous bone around the lag screw, and the lag screw. The main results showed that when the DHS is implanted, less stress will be distributed at the implantation site on the femur due to the stress-shielding effect. The stress on the cortical screws will be greater at the junction of the cortical screws and the cortical bone. Intertrochanteric hip fractures with a thinner lateral wall thickness may cause higher stress on the femur after DHS is implanted.

Mechanical Characterization of 3D-Printed Individualized Ti-Mesh (Membrane) for Alveolar Bone Defects.

Individualized titanium mesh holds many advantages over conventional mesh. There are few reports in the literature about the effect of mesh pore size and mesh thickness on the mechanical properties of titanium mesh. This study is designed to develop an individualized titanium mesh using computer-assisted design and additive manufacturing technology. This study will also explore the effect of different thicknesses and pore sizes of titanium mesh on its mechanical properties through 3D FEA. According to this study, the mechanical properties of titanium mesh increased when the thickness decreased (0.5 mm to 0.3 mm). With an increase in mesh diameter (3 mm to 5 mm), the mechanical properties of mesh decreased. The diameter of titanium mesh has less influence on its mechanical properties than does the thickness of the mesh. Titanium mesh with a thickness of 0.4 mm is strong enough and causes less stimulation to mucosa; therefore, it is more suitable for clinical use. In addition, parameters of titanium mesh should be decided clinically according to bone defect size, defect location, and force situation.

Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 nanorod array films based on TiO2 compact layers synthesized by a two-step method.

An innovative two-step method perfectly prepared TCLs with different thicknesses, and then the TNA films based on TCLs were successfully prepared. The effects of different thicknesses of TCLs on the morphology and photoelectrochemical performance of TNA films were investigated. The results indicated that TCLs with appropriate thickness could effectively improve the morphology and photoelectrochemical performance of TNA films. Compared with the TNA films based on TCL5, TCL10 and TCL30, the TNA film based on TCL20 exhibited more ideal and comprehensive photoelectrochemical performance. Moreover, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on this TNA film achieved the highest Jsc (10.2054 mA cm−2), Voc (0.5737 V), PCE (3.3%) and Pout (3.31 mW cm−2).

Testing, simulation and design of back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel unequal angle sections under axial compression

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, transmission towers and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate welds or screw fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents an experimental investigation on both the welded and screw fastened back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections under axial compression. The load-axial shortening and the load verses lateral displacement behaviour along with the deformed shapes at failure are reported. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was then developed, which includes material nonlinearity, geometric imperfections and modelling of intermediate fasteners. The FE model was validated against the experimental test results, which showed good agreement, both in terms of failure loads and deformed shapes at failure. The validated FE model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study to investigate the effect of different thicknesses, lengths and, yield stresses of steel on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. Five different thicknesses and seven different lengths (stub to slender columns) with two different yield stresses were investigated in the parametric study. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and FE analyses were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparisons show that the current DSM is conservative by only 7% on average, while predicting the axial strengths of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections.

Verification of boundary conditions of numerical modeling of the track substructure thermal regime – influence of the snow cover

The initial part of the paper briefly characterizes a long-term experimental activity at the Department of Railway Engineering and Track Management (DRETM). The research of the DRETM focuses, besides other research activities and specific problems in the field of railway engineering (application of new structures and construction materials in conventional and modernized railway tracks, modernisation and rehabilitation of existing railway tracks for higher speeds, track diagnostics, influence of track operation on noise emissions and design of structural measures, possibility of application of recycled ballast bed material in the track substructure, ballast recycling technologies, ecological assessment of recycled material of the track substructure), on various factors affecting track substructure freezing. In 2012-2017, in the campus of the University of Žilina (UNIZA), an Experimental stand DRETM was built for the research purposes. The experimental stand DRETM consists of 6 types of track substructure placed in an embankment or a cut, in the 1:1 scale. Besides conventional building materials (crushed aggregate), these structures also include various thermal insulation materials (Liapor concrete, Styrodur, foam concrete). A significant part of the paper deals with numerical modeling of the freezing process of track substructure (an embankment with the embedded protective layer of crushed aggregate, fr. 0/31.5 mm) for various boundary conditions (air frost index, average annual air temperature), using SoilVision software. The aim of this research is to identify the thermal insulation effects of different thicknesses of snow cover on the depth of penetration of the zero isotherm into the track substructure (railway track). The paper conclusion specifies the influence of different snow cover thicknesses, or nf factor (factor expressing the dependency between the mean daily air temperature and the temperature on the ballast bed surface) and various climatic conditions (frost indexes and average annual air temperatures), affecting the railway infrastructure, on the resulting depth of freezing of the track substructure (railway track). These outputs will be in the further research used for the design of nomogram for determining the thickness of the protective layer of the frost-susceptible subgrade surface of the track substructure.

Some Numerical Methods and Comparisons for Solving Mathematical Model of Surface Decontamination by Disinfectant Solution

A mathematical model is considered to determine the effectiveness of disinfectant solution for surface decontamination. The decontamination process involved the diffusion of bacteria into disinfectant solution and the reaction of the disinfectant killing effect. The mathematical model is a reaction-diffusion type. Finite difference method and method of lines with fourth-order Runge-Kutta method are utilized to solve the model numerically. To obtain stable solutions, von Neumann stability analysis is employed to evaluate the stability of finite difference method. For stiff problem, Dormand-Prince method is applied as the estimated error of fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. MATLAB programming is selected for the computation of numerical solutions. From the results obtained, fourth-order Runge-Kutta method has a larger stability region and better accuracy of solutions compared to finite difference method when solving the disinfectant solution model. Moreover, a numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the effect of different thickness of disinfectant solution on bacteria reduction. Results show that thick disinfectant solution is able to reduce the dimensionless bacteria concentration more effectively

Finite Element Simulation of Miniaturized ZnO/Si SAW Sensor for Rapid Detection of Dichloromethane Gas

Air quality control is very crucial as poor air quality can lead to chronic respiratory organ diseases. Hence, detection of numerous toxic and hazardous gas is utmost significance. A low cost and high sensitivity gas sensor is crucial to monitor the excessive presence of the dangerous gas that can harm human’s health. In recent years, various type of gas sensors have been developed for various applications such as medicine, industry, automotive and environmental monitoring. One of the harmful gas is the dichloromethane gas. Dichloromethane (DCM) gas, CH2Cl2 is widely used in industry due to its organic characteristics. However, the excessive of the amount of the gas could bring harm to human’s health. Hence, a lot of sensing devices have been developed including surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor. This paper presents the 2D finite element simulation of miniaturized ZnO/Si SAW gas sensor for rapid detection of DCM gas. Using a powerful finite element analysis software known as COMSOL Multiphysics, the gas sensor is modelled according to the specific criteria using 2D approach. The effect of different thickness of ZnO thin film as piezoelectric layer is investigated on the SAW propagation characteristics. The resonance frequency of simulated ZnO/Si SAW gas sensor is 300 MHz with wavelength of 11.67μm. The shift in frequency is the measurement used to measure the changes occured to sense the presence or absence of DCM gas. The shift of resonance frequency is observed in the absence and presence of dichloromethane gas. This work has high potential to realize single chip gas sensor due to its silicon compatibility for rapid detection of harmful gas for environmental monitoring.

The Effect of Different Thickness of Two Types of Soft Liner on Retention and Electromyography of Complete Denture

Purpose: was to evaluate the effect of different thickness of two types of soft liner (silicone based soft liner and acrylic plasticizer soft liner) on retention and electromyography of complete denture. Material and Methods: Ten patients were selected Age ranging from 50-70 year. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (five patients each group). Group(I) : Each patient received maxillary and mandibular complete denture processed with heat cured acrylic resin denture base, where the mandibular denture was lined with silicone based soft liner (Promedica) with thickness 1mm (groupI-a) and 2mm (groupI-b). Group (II): Each patient received maxillary and mandibular complete denture processed with heat cured acrylic resin denture base, where the mandibular denture was lined with acrylic plasticizer soft liner (Dura base) with thickness 1mm (groupII-a) and 2mm (groupII-b). Retention was evaluated at insertion, after one month and after three months from delivery .Electromyographic activity was evaluated after one month and after three months from delivery. Result: the result of this study showed that there was significant increase in retention and electromyographic activity after lining of mandibular denture with silicone or acrylic based soft liner with thickness 2mm, also there was significant increase in retention after relining of mandibular denture with acrylic based soft liner when compared with silicone based soft liner, while there was no difference between electromyographic activity after relining of mandibular denture with silicon or acrylic based soft liner. Conclusion: The thickness of soft liner play an important role in retention and electromograghic activity of the masseter and temporalis muscles, Acrylic based soft liner is more retentive when compared with silicone based soft liner.

Effect of different thickness of the layers of cross-laminated timber made from Chinese fir on the mechanical performance

Under the premise of an unchanging total thickness in cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from Chinese fir, research into the effect of different CLT laminate thicknesses on the mechanical performance (bending and shear performance) was performed using the existing CLT static analysis theory to calculate and compare the bending performance of CLT specimens. The results showed that at constant total thickness the bending performance increased, the shear performance worsened, and the destruction mode of the CLT structure became simpler with an increase in the CLT laminate thickness. Increasing the odd to even layer thickness ratio effectively improved the bending and shear performance of the CLT specimens for a certain percentage range.

STUDY ON VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS AND TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE OF ROUND WINDOW MEMBRANE UNDER INVERSE EXCITATION

According to the vibration characteristics of the round window membrane, a mechanical model that contains round window membrane and the soft tissue is established. The Euler equation of the whole of round window membrane and the soft tissue and the complementary boundary conditions are derived by the variational principle. Combined with the Bessel function, the analytical solution of the total displacement of round window membrane and the soft tissue is obtained by using Mathematica. The results are in good agreement with experimental data, which confirms the validity of the analytical solution of the model. At the same time, the effect of different thicknesses and different elastic modulus of soft tissue on the total displacement of round window membrane and soft tissue is studied by analytical method. The results show that with the thickening of the soft tissue, the total displacement of round window membrane and the soft tissue decreased gradually. However, with the decrease of elastic modulus of the soft tissue, the total displacement of round window membrane and the soft tissue increased gradually. Furthermore, the relationship between thickness and elastic modulus of the soft tissue and the corresponding range selection is achieved, which can evaluate the transmission performance of round window membrane efficiently and provide theoretical basis for the reverse excitation of artificial prosthesis.

Effect of nonwoven jute agrotextile mulch on soil health and productivity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) in lateritic soil.

A field experiment was conducted in winter season of 2015-2016 in the dry lateritic soil of Eastern India to study the effect of different thicknesses of nonwoven jute agrotextile mulches (NJATM) along with other mulches on soil health, growth and productivity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with six treatments viz., T1 (control, i.e. no mulching), T2 (300gsm NJATM), T3 (350gsm NJATM), T4 (400gsm NJATM), T5 (rice straw) and T6 (black polythene mulch), each of which was replicated four times. The highest average curd weight (355.25g) and yield (8.53tha-1) of broccoli were recorded in T3 treatment. The lowest density of broad leaved weed, sedges and grasses were recorded in T6 treatment which was statistically at par with T4. All the treatments composing of NJATM increased the population of all the soil microbes except bacteria in the root rhizosphere of broccoli from their initial population. On average, the highest population of fungi (54.0 × 103cfu per g) and actinomycetes (134.75 × 103cfu per g) was recorded with T3 and T4 treatments respectively in the post-harvest soil. The soil moisture was conserved in all treatments compared to control showing highest moisture content in T4 treatment. Organic carbon and available N, P and K contents of soil were increased in all mulch treated plots compared to control, and their initial value and their highest value were recorded in T3. The NJATM of 350gsm thickness was very effective compared to other mulches in increasing the growth and productivity of broccoli by suppressing weeds, increasing moisture, microbial population and nutrient content of the lateritic soil.

Microstructural, mechanical and thermal shock properties of triple-layer TBCs with different thicknesses of bond coat and ceramic top coat deposited onto polyimide matrix composite

In this study, a triple-layer thermal barrier coating (TBC) of Cu-6Sn/NiCrAlY/YSZ was deposited onto a carbon-fiber reinforced polyimide matrix composite. Effects of different thicknesses of YSZ ceramic top coat and NiCrAlY intermediate layer on microstructural, mechanical and thermal shock properties of the coated samples were examined. The results revealed that the TBC systems with up to 300µm top coat thicknesses have clean and adhesive coating/substrate interfaces whereas cracks exist along coating/substrate interface of the TBC system with 400µm thick YSZ. Tensile adhesion test (TAT) indicated that adhesion strength values of the coated samples are inversely proportional to the ceramic top coat thickness. Contrarily, thermal shock resistance of the coated samples enhanced with increase in thickness of the ceramic coating. Investigation of the TBCs with different thicknesses of NiCrAlY and 300µm thick YSZ layers revealed that the TBC system with 100µm thick NiCrAlY layer exhibited the best adhesion strength and thermal shock resistance. It was inferred that thermal mismatch stresses and oxidation of the bond coats were the main factors causing failure in the thermal shock test.

Analysis of the bending and failure of fiber metal laminates based on glass and carbon fibers

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms of cracking and failure in fiber metal laminates (FMLs) subjected to 3-point bending. Two types of laminates, based on the glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composites, were selected for the study. The paper presents the failures of matrix and fibers as well as the effects of different thicknesses of metal layers on the tested laminates. The mechanisms of failure observed for the two tested types of fibers with uniform thickness of aluminum sheets seem similar. The results demonstrate that the tested laminates exhibit the following failure modes: fiber breakage, matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, and anodic layer failure. Given the behavior of aluminum under the compressive and tensile stresses, the aluminum layer acts as a barrier preventing FML failure during bending. In addition to aluminum layer thickness, the fiber type and composite layer directions are also important factors to be considered.

A time-domain finite volume method for the prediction of water muffler transmission loss considering elastic walls

This work extends the application of the finite volume method to predict the acoustic performance of the water muffler with the consideration of elastic walls. The three-dimensional time-domain finite volume method and the improved time-domain impulse method are employed to predict the acoustic attenuation characteristics of mufflers. The present results agree well with analytical solutions and numerical results obtained by finite element method with commercial codes. The effects of different thicknesses of elastic end cavity wall, elastic tube, and cavity walls on acoustic characteristics of a water-filled Helmholtz resonator are investigated. An attempt to simplify the present method with the effective sound speed has been implemented and discussed.