Effects Of Different Stocking Densities Research Articles

Growth performance of siamese gourami Trichopodus pectoralis seed with different stocking density to optimize production capacity: optimum temperature and salinity application

Fulfill needs of Siamese gourami still rely on the catch from nature, so the population in nature has become decreased. The increase of Siamese gourami fish production from culture is still constrained by the survival rate and slow growth rate in the seed phase. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of Siamese gourami stocking density on the application of optimum temperature and salinity to growth performance for optimization of production capacity. Application of optimum temperature and salinity refers to the results of previous research, i.e., temperature of 28 °C and salinity 3 ‰. Siamese gourami seed with length of 2.96 ± 0.42 cm and weight of 5.27 ± 0.10 g used in the research. The experimental design used completely randomized design with four treatments, i.e. 1 fish L-1, 2 fish L-1, 3 fish L-1 and 4 fish L-1. The results showed that there were an effect of different stocking density on absolute growth weight and length, survival rate, specific growth rate and productivity. This is shown in the C treatment which growth was 4.95 ± 0.037 g, length 3.51 ± 0.01 cm, survival rate 93.47%, specific growth rate 1.22% and fish productivity of 625.76 g.

Comparative Effect of Different Stocking Densities of Heteroclarias on Plankton Abundance in Tarpaulin Tanks

Comparative Effect of Different Stocking Densities of Heteroclarias on Plankton Abundance in Tarpaulin Tanks

Growth and survival rate of white shrimp (<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>) at different density

Vaname shrimp is one of the fishery products that are expected to produce foreign exchange for the country besides tiger shrimp. One factor that can affect the growth and the production of vaname shrimp culture is dense stocking. The research was conducted in October-December 2016 at the Balai Benih Ikan Pantai (BBIP) Ghonebalano, aims to determine the effect of different stocking density on the growth and survival of vaname shrimp. The research was using Completely Randomized Design with three treatment levels of density, i.e. treatment A = 10 individuals per container, treatment B = 15 individuals per container and treatment C = 20 individuals per container and three replications. The results showed that the highest growth was obtained in treatment A which was 1,563 g/individuals, compared with treatment B (1.189 g/individuals) and C treatment (0.834 g/individuals). Survival rate in treatment A is 80.00%, B treatment equal to 75,56% and treatment C equal to 70,00%. Analysis of variance at 95% confidence level (α0.05) showed that the different density had a significant effect on growth, but had no significant effect on survival rate of the vaname shrimp larvae.

Influence of Different Stocking Densities on Growth, Feed Efficiency and Carcass Composition of Bonylip Barb (Osteochilus vittatus Cyprinidae) Fingerlings.

Bonylip barb (Osteochilus vittatus) is an herbivorous freshwater fin-fish species native in Indonesia. These species has high demand and price in the market. A 90 days study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth, carcass composition, survival and water quality of Osteochilus vittatus (O. vittatus) in a synthetic sheet pond. Fingerlings with an average weight of 2.45±0.071 g (Mean±SD) were randomly stocked in 12 synthetic sheet ponds (2×1 m) at densities of 50 fish m-3 (T50), 75 fish m-3 (T75), 100 fish m-3 (T100) and 125 fish m-3 (T125) in triplicate groups. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's new multiple range test was used to analyze obtained data a significance level of p<0.05. After 90 days of the trial, the growth in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish from T50 were significantly higher than those from T75, T100 and T125. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in T50 followed by T75, T100 and T125 consecutively. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was higher in T50 followed by T75, T100 and T125 consecutively. The survival rate (SR) of the fish from T50 was significantly higher than that of the fish from T75, T100 and T125. Significantly lower amounts of carcass lipid and carbohydrate contents were found in T125 compared to the contents of the T50, T75 and T100 fish. Based on the growth performance and feed efficiency, the T50 fish m-3 of O. vittatus in a synthetic sheet pond may be technically feasible.

EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF DOMESTICATED BARB (Barbonymus balleroides)

Barb (Barbonymus balleroides) considerably has economic potential as aquaculture commodity. However, there was still lack of development on aquaculture for this species. This study was conducted to observe the effect of different stocking density on growth of barb. The fish (body weight: 14.89 ± 0.13 g) were stocked in nine floating nets (dimension: 2 m x 2 m x 1 m) inside the concrete ponds with three stocking density treatments (10, 15, and 20 fish/m3). Each treatment consisted of three replications. Fish were fed on commercial pellet (30% of crude protein) as much as 3% of the biomass per day with twice a day of feeding frequency. Data of growth performances (body weight, specific growth rate, average daily growth, biomass, food conversion ratio, and survival rate) were collected every 30 days during 90 days of rearing period. Water quality variables (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were observed during experiment. The results showed that the optimal stocking density for the growth of barb was 10 fish/m3. Best value of food conversion ratio was found 10 fish/m3 compared with 15 and 20 fish/m3 (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, there were no significant differences on survival rate between treatments. These results also showed the potential of rearing barb on culture ponds with appropriate stocking density.

Effect of different stocking densities on hematological parameters and growth performance of great sturgeon (Huso huso)

Effect of different stocking densities on hematological parameters and growth performance of great sturgeon (Huso huso)

Feather performance, walking ability, and behavioral changes of geese in response to different stocking densities

In recent decades, goose production has become more specialized and widespread, and rearing geese in plastic wire-floor pens is common in China. This type of rearing pattern is more productive than other rearing patterns since it allows for more birds per square meter. However, it brings some problems due to high stocking density such as poor feather performance and walking ability, and some behavioral changes. This experiment was conducted to preliminarily evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on goose welfare in terms of feather performance, walking ability and behavioral changes. A total of 336 healthy, 28-day-old, male Yangzhou goslings were allotted to 30 plastic wire-floor pens according to five stocking densities (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 birds/m2), adopting randomised block method. Each treatment was represented by six replicates. Feather performance was assessed by two types of measurements: back-feather damage rate, and feather contamination degree which was carried out by feather scoring. Walking ability was assessed by gait scoring. All birds in each pen were individually scanned for back-feather damage measurement at 42days of age, and individually scored for gait at 68 and 69days of age. One bird from each pen was randomly selected for feather scoring at 69days of age. The higher the feather score and the gait score, the worse the goose welfare. From 60–65days of age, three geese from each pen were randomly selected and tagged for behavioral observation. Results showed that when stocking density was 4 or more birds/m2, standing on one leg (relaxing) behaviour reduced significantly (P≤0.05); when stocking density was 5 or more birds/m2, feather contamination degree (P≤0.05) and preening behaviour (P≤0.05) both increased significantly; when stocking density was 6 birds/m2, the behaviours of lying and feather pecking, and back-feather damage rate all increased (P≤0.05, for all), whereas walking ability declined, which was reflected by the increased proportion of geese with normal gait (P≤0.05) and the decreased proportion of geese with gait problems (P≤0.05). In conclusion, a high stocking density (5 or more birds/m2) led to an increase in feather pecking and poor performances in feather and walking ability, which were harmful to goose welfare and may decrease the quality of goose products. Therefore, based on our experimental conditions, we recommend that the stocking density of geese should be fewer than 5 birds/m2 to ensure relatively good welfare and avoid negative effects. In addition, in our experiment, different stocking densities were in accompany with different group size, in the future, additional studies will be done to explore how stocking density and group size affect goose welfare.

English

English

Effect of Different Stocking Densities on the Broiler Production Farms Profitability

Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities in farms on the profitability of broiler production to determine the best density from the economic point of view. Data of 105 production cycles of Cobb and avian breeds were randomly collected from different broiler farms in different localities in Dkahlia governorate in north delta of Egypt of same housing types and ventilation systems. The data include costs of production, returns of production, mortality and livability percentages, marketing age and weight from the records and structured questionnaires. The data were grouped into three groups according to the density, group 1 (5- 7 birds /m2), group 2 (8- 9 birds /m2) and group 3 (10- 11 birds /m2). The data were summarized and calculated for each 100 birds then analyzed by statistical computer program (SPSS/PC, 16). The results of the study revealed that the third group of (10- 11 birds /m2) is the best density in broiler farms has a significant effect on the profitability of broiler production.

Stress Indicator, Carcass Composition, and Meat Cholesterol of Kampung-Broiler Crossbred Chicken Treated By Different Stocking Density

This study aimed to investigate the effect of stocking density on stress indicator, carcass composition, and meat cholesterol content of kampung–broiler crossbred chicken. Anamount of 90 DOCs of crossbred kampung-broiler (KB) were placed into 9 plots sized 1x1 m2 in semi closed house that consist of 3 stocking densities 8, 10 and 12 birds m-2 and respectively 3 replicates. The chickens were fed commercial broiler feed. Approximately ± 30% roosters slaughtered for analysis of malondialdehyde, carcass quality, and meat cholesterol. Malondialdehyde, carcass composition, and meat cholesterol was completely randomized designed with different stocking densities treatments and three replicates. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and had previously been tested for requirement of variance test assumption. Data of temperature humidity index (THI) was descriptively explained. The results showed that the effect of different stocking densities on stress indicator reflected by THI value and MDA content, carcass composition (percentage of carcass and abdominal fat weight), and cholesterol level were not significant. The different of stocking densities (8, 10 and 12 birds m-2) did not affect the stress indicators reflected by THI and MDA level, carcass composition and meat cholesterol level. Kampung-broiler crossbred chicken could develop at 8, 10 or 12 birds m-2 densities since the lower of abdominal fat and meat cholesterol were resulted

Stress Indicator, Carcass Composition, and Meat Cholesterol of Kampung-Broiler Crossbred Chicken Treated By Different Stocking Density

This study aimed to investigate the effect of stocking density on stress indicator, carcass composition, and meat cholesterol content of kampung–broiler crossbred chicken. Anamount of 90 DOCs of crossbred kampung-broiler (KB) were placed into 9 plots sized 1x1 m2 in semi closed house that consist of 3 stocking densities 8, 10 and 12 birds m-2 and respectively 3 replicates. The chickens were fed commercial broiler feed. Approximately ± 30% roosters slaughtered for analysis of malondialdehyde, carcass quality, and meat cholesterol. Malondialdehyde, carcass composition, and meat cholesterol was completely randomized designed with different stocking densities treatments and three replicates. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and had previously been tested for requirement of variance test assumption. Data of temperature humidity index (THI) was descriptively explained. The results showed that the effect of different stocking densities on stress indicator reflected by THI value and MDA content, carcass composition (percentage of carcass and abdominal fat weight), and cholesterol level were not significant. The different of stocking densities (8, 10 and 12 birds m-2) did not affect the stress indicators reflected by THI and MDA level, carcass composition and meat cholesterol level. Kampung-broiler crossbred chicken could develop at 8, 10 or 12 birds m-2 densities since the lower of abdominal fat and meat cholesterol were resulted

Effects of light, temperature and stocking density on Halopteris scoparia growth

Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau is a cosmopolitan species, common in warm and cold temperate waters around Europe. Several studies have revealed the importance of the genus Halopteris to the nutraceutical and cosmetics industries due to its biological activities. The overexploitation of this natural resource must be prevented, both with sustainable harvesting and cultivation practices. This study investigated the effect of different stocking densities (SD) on the relative growth rate (RGR) and productivity of H. scoparia. A factorial experiment, using the best SD, was then run to test the combined effects of temperature and irradiance on the in vitro vegetative growth of H. scoparia. Overall, obtained results indicate H. scoparia appears to be a potential target species for aquaculture exploitation. It can grow in a wide range of temperatures (14 to 24 °C) providing irradiance is maintained under 150 μmol photons m−2 s−1 in order to restrain the development of epiphytes. Although promising, the methodologies adopted here require demonstration at larger-scale cultivation conditions, before moving to their effective implementation.

Effect of stocking density on growth performance, survival, production, and financial benefits of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) monoculture in earthen ponds

ABSTRACTThe present on-farm study assessed the effect of different stocking densities on growth, production, and financial benefits of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in earthen ponds for 180 days. Low stocking density (LSD), medium stocking density (MSD), and high stocking density (HSD) of 3, 6, and 9 fish m−2, respectively, were tested. C. gariepinus stocked at LSD and MSD showed significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, and final mean weight than those cultured at HSD (P < .05). There was a significant linear relationship between the stocking density and the yields and financial variables (P < .05). Net fish yields were significantly higher for C. gariepinus reared at HSD and MSD than those stocked at LSD (P < .05). Similarly, C. gariepinus raised at MSD and HSD generated significantly more profit than those cultured at LSD (P < .05). Results demonstrated that farmers can achieve high net yield and financial benefits by stocking C. gariepinus at HSD of 9 fish m−2.

Effect of Different Stocking Densities on Growth and Survival Rates of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra Seedlings

As sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra is one of the fishery commodities which have high economic value, this species now is under overexploited. Sea cucumber aquaculture should be developed urgently. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of stocking densities on the growth and survival rates of sea cucumber. This research was carried out by using pen culture with 5 – 9 cm in length or 30 – 50 g of seedlings. The sea cucumber was reared with stocking densities of 15 (treatment A), 20 (treatment B) and 25 individual/m 2 (treatment C) in triplicates. The observation of growth and survival rates were done every two week. The water quality was measured every three day. The result indicated that the growth and survival rates was higher in treatment A than treatments B and C.

Effects of stocking density on behavior, productivity, and comfort indices of lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different stocking densities of 82 (0.82 cows per freestall and feed bin), 100, and 129% on behavior, productivity, and comfort indices of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-seven lactating cows (15 primiparous and 12 multiparous) were assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments, which were balanced for parity, milk yield, days in milk, and body weight in a 3×3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. After 7 d of adaptation to the treatments, lying time and bouts were recorded at 1-min intervals for 3 d, DMI and feeding time were monitored electronically by feed bins, and rumination time was quantified at 2-h periods for 5 d during each period. The cow comfort index, stall standing index, stall perching index, and stall use index (SUI) were calculated using 10-min scan samples of video recording from d 8 to 10 of each period. Milk yield was recorded from d 8 to 12 and milk composition was determined from composite samples on d 12 in each period. Daily lying time, lying bouts, and bout duration did not differ among the stocking densities. The ratio of lying time ≥12 h/d (the number of cows with daily lying time ≥12 h/d divided by number of cows per pen) was higher for cows housed at 82% stocking density compared with those housed at 100% stocking density, with stocking density of 129% intermediate. Hourly lying time was lower at 100% stocking density compared with 82 and 129% stocking densities during the peak period (2300–0400 h), determined based on diurnal pattern of lying time. Daily dry matter intake, feeding time, and feeding rate were not affected by stocking density. After morning milking, dry matter intake and feeding time was reduced at 129 versus 82% stocking density during peak feeding time (0600–0800 h), determined based on diurnal patterns of feeding behavior. Stocking density had no effect on rumination time, milk yield and milk composition. The ratio of SUI ≥85% (mean of the number of SUI ≥85% divided by the number of SUI at 10-min scan samples during a 24-h period) was lower at 129 versus 82% stocking density, with stocking density of 100% intermediate. During peak lying time after evening milking (2300–0400 h), both cow comfort index and SUI were higher at 129 than at 100% stocking density. The SUI was lower 2h after morning milking (0800–0900 h) for cows housed at 129% compared with those housed at 82 and 100% stocking densities. In conclusion, when compared with 100% stocking density, understocking contributed to natural behaviors of cows that including lying, feeding, and rumination behavior, whereas overstocking did not cause negative effect on behavior, productivity, and comfort indices of cows in this study.

Effect of stocking density and vertical substrate addition on growth performance and health status of fat snook Centropomus parallelus

Fat snook Centropomus parallelus is one of marine finfish species with farm potential in Brazil, although some adjustments in farm practices are required to optimize its production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities and vertical substrate addition on growth, survival and health status, such as hematological and parasitological aspects, in fat snook C. parallelus culture. The experiment was carried out evaluating 200, 350 and 500fishm−3 with (S) or without vertical substrate, totalizing 6 treatments as follows: 200-S, 200, 350-S, 350, 500-S and 500. Eighteen experimental units (20L plastic bins) were settled-up in a recirculation aquaculture system. After 51days, the results showed that the highest stocking densities (350 and 500) did not affect the final weight (~29g) and survival (100%). Moreover, zootechnical performance was not influenced by the vertical substrate addition. Fish presented 100% prevalence of monogenean in all treatments, with a significant increase (p<0.05) in the mean intensity in those kept at 500fish·m−3. The fish of this density had higher (p<0.05) RBC count and thrombocyte number when compared to other treatments. On the other hand, after hematological and parasitological analysis, the use of 350fish·m−3 with (S) substrate addition is recommended aiming a better health condition of C. parallelus in a recirculation aquaculture system. Statement of relevanceThis statement is mainly due to its application (vertical substrate) in commercial farms and its benefits observed in hematological and parasitological conditions of fish.

Holding wild Snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio : effects of stocking density and feeding on survival and injury

In this study the effects of different stocking densities on survival, injury and weight of captive male snow crab were examined. The first experiment (I) was carried out in square plastic tanks (700 L) with stocking densities of 100 (L), 150 (M) and 200 kg m−3 (H) for 30 days. In a second experiment (II) snow crabs were kept at a stocking density of 50 kg m−3 and were either fed (F) or not fed (S) for the same period of 35 days. The last experiment (III), was carried out with stocking densities of 25 kg m−3 for 21 days with two groups, one with inactivated claw and one without rubber bands, with three replicates per treatment. In the first experiment mortality (H = 27, M = 26 and L = 36%) and occurrence of injuries (H = 27, M = 20 and L = 16%) were high in all groups. The weight loss during the experimental period was; H = 15.3, M = 10.9 and L = 15.5 g, and was not significant different between the groups. In experiment II the mortality (F = 13% and S = 14%) and injuries were lower (F = 12% and S = 17%). The average weight increased in the fed treatment and decreased in the starved treatments. In the last experiment there was no mortality in any of the groups and the levels of injury were low (5% and 7%). The results show that adult male snow crab cannot be stored at densities equal to or higher than 25 kg m−3 for 3 weeks without risk of mortality.

Effect of Different Stocking Density on Nutrient Utilization, Growth Performance and Survival of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) Fry in Recirculatory System

Effect of Different Stocking Density on Nutrient Utilization, Growth Performance and Survival of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) Fry in Recirculatory System

Effects of different stocking densities on performance and activity of cattle×yak hybrids along a transhumance route in the Eastern Himalaya.

Twelve lactating cattle × yak hybrids (B. taurus × B. grunniens) were investigated on five experimental pastures (Sites 1–5), following an up- and downward transhumance route (3,200, 4,000, 4,500, 4,000 and 2,600 m a.s.l.). Hybrids were kept in replicated groups of two (low SD) and four animals per paddock (high SD). As a control, yaks (with calves) were included at low SD at Sites 2–4. Performance was described by body weight, milk yield and composition. Herbage samples as selected by the animals were analyzed. Activity patterns of the hybrids were assessed at Sites 2–4. At similar body weight change and milk composition, the individual hybrids on average produced 26% less milk at high than at low SD. However, at high SD on average still 49% more milk/m2 of pasture area was produced. Milk fat increased with time from 5.4 to 7.1%, milk protein decreased from 4.2 to 3.3%. At high SD, the hybrids spent less time standing and more time lying. The yaks gained weight at 4,500 m a.s.l. while the hybrids lost weight (+836 and −653 g/animal/day, respectively). In conclusion, high SD reduced individual milk yield and forced hybrids to spend more time for feeding. The yaks apparently had an advantage over the hybrids at very high altitude.

Effects of stock density on texture-colour quality and chemical composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study describes the effects of different stocking densities on texture/colour characteristics, protein content /amino acid and lipid content/fatty acid composition of rainbow trout fillet. Stocking density was selected 5 (Group A), 15 (Group B), 25 (Group C) kg fish m−3. Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test showed insignificant differences between measured size/weight measurement and condition factors. No significant differences were found between A and C groups for colour analysis (L* and a* value) and texture profile analysis (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and gumminess values) of rainbow trout fillets. The proximate composition analysis showed rainbow trout fillets from the A and C groups to exhibit higher values of moisture than the B group. Fish from the A and B groups had a lower of ash and protein in comparison to C group samples. The highest fat values of rainbow trout were measured in B group samples. The content essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid was lower in A and B groups than in C groups. Fish from the C group had higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3, docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in comparison to A and C group. As a result, 25 kg fish m−3 is recommended stock density in terms of product texture/color and composition quality.