Effect Of Different Spacing Research Articles

Effect of Different Spacing on Growth and Yield of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) under Open and Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) Based Agroforestry System

Effect of Different Spacing on Growth and Yield of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) under Open and Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) Based Agroforestry System

Effect of different spacing and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of different varieties of desi cotton

A field experiment was carried out at Bathinda during kharif, 2013 to evaluate two varieties of cotton planted at 3 different spacing and given 3 different level of fertilizer doses. The maximum plant height, monopodial and sympodial branches/plant of desi cotton were recorded with LD-949, alongwith maximum bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. The planting of desi-cotton crop at 67.5× 60 cm resulted in significantly more number of sympodial branches/plant as compared to 67.5 × 30 cm and 67.5 × 45 cm. The maximum bolls/plant of desi cotton were recorded with spacing of 67.5 × 60 cm which was significantly more than 67.5 × 30 cm and at par with 67.5× 45 cm. Planting desi cotton crop at 67.5× 60 cm resulted in more boll weight and seed cotton yield which was at par to 67.5× 30 cm and 67.5× 45 cm. All growth parameters increased with increase in nitrogen level from 75 to 125% of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). LD-949 is a superior variety than FDK 124 when planted at 67.5 x 60 cm spacing and with 25% higher fertilizer doses than the RDF levels of NP and K fertilizers.

Effect of different spacing and pruning levels on growth, yield and fruit quality in fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Poona

Effect of different spacing and pruning levels on growth, yield and fruit quality in fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Poona

Effect of Different Spacing and Urea Application Rates on Fruit Nutrient Composition, Growth and Yield of Tomato in Derived Savannah Vegetation of Kogi State, Nigeria

Experiments were located at Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ejiba and Horticultural Section College of Agriculture, Kabba in 2014 cropping season to investigate the effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and fruit yield of tomato in derived savanna vegetation of Nigeria. Field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in factorial fashion with three replications. The row spacing were 75 × 40 cm (33,333 plant·ha-1, 75 × 50 cm (26,666 plant·ha-1) and 75 × 60 cm (22,222 plant·ha-1) while the urea rates comprised control (0 kg urea·ha-1), 54.3 and 108.6 kg urea·ha-1. Growth and yield parameters taken were as follows: average plant height, stem girth, leaf area (m2) and yield per land area. Data were collected from ten randomly selected plants in each plot. The data were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find out the significance of variation among the treatments while the significant difference between mean treatments was separated using least significance Difference at 5% level of probability. The result obtained from this study indicated that urea application and spacing affected significantly growth parameters of tomato and yield per land area. It could be concluded that there was a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant and final fruit weight of tomato as a result of urea fertilizer application at the rate of 108.6 kg urea/ha. However, this was not significantly better than plots with urea application at 54.8 kg/ha in both Ejiba and Kabba. Row spacing of 75 × 50 cm showed better performance in number of fruit and fruit yield per plots. Farmers in Ejiba and Kabba should apply urea at the rate of 54.8 kg per hectare and plant the crop at a row spacing of 75 × 50 cm for optimum yield and for a more profitable production of tomato.

Effect of different spacing on newly planted guava cv. L- 49 under ultra high density planting system

Trees of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar were planted in September, 2010 at 2.0 x 2.0, 2.0 × 1.5, 1.5 × 1.5, 2.0 x 1.0 and 1.0 × 1.5 m spacing in 6.0 x 6.0 m size blocks to determine the effect of planting distance on tree growth, light interception, chlorophyll content, leaves Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potash (Potassium) (NPK), flowering, yield and quality parameters. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications at Instructional Farm, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Vegetative growth characters of guava plant thou not influenced at the early stage by plant density however, at later stage, it was significantly influenced by various spacing treatments. Difference in two measurements was taken as “gain” and pruning was done during 11 September (first); 12 February; 12 September and 13 February (fourth). Mean maximum gain of shoot (46.7, 67.1 and 76.5 cm, respectively) and (53.7, 77.2 and 90.4 cm, respectively) at 60, 120 and 180 days second to third pruning (September, 2011 to February, 2012) and third to fourth (February, 2012 to September, 2012) respectively were recorded under treatment T1 (2.0 × 2.0 m) and minimum recorded under treatment T5 (1 × 1.5 m). Similarly, after two years of planting maximum plant; E-W (1.19 m) and N-S (1.32 m), girth of stem (3.75 cm), leaf area (97.16 cm2), light interception below canopy (356 μ Mol / m2 S), flowers plant-1 (88.40), number of fruits plant-1 (17.20), fruit weight (77.50 g), yield plant-1 (1.32 kg) and TSS/acid ratio (33.14) recorded under 2.0 × 2.0 m spacing and minimum under 1.0 x 1.5 m spacing, maximum plant height (1.58 m), leaf area index (LAI) (3.29) and estimated yield (5.72 t ha-1) were recorded under 1.0 × 1.5 m spacing and minimum plant height recorded under 2.0 × 2.0 m spacing. Further, trees spaced at 2.0 × 2.0 m produced better quality fruits as compared to other spacing treatment. Key words: Guava, Ultra High Density Planting (UHDP), planting spacing,

Recent variation in reach‐scale bankfull discharge in the Lower Yellow River

ABSTRACTBankfull discharge is a key parameter in the context of river engineering and geomorphology, as an indicator of flood discharge capacity in alluvial rivers, and varying in response to the incoming flow and sediment regimes. Bankfull channel dimensions have significantly adjusted along the Lower Yellow River (LYR) due to recent channel degradation, caused by the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, which has led to longitudinal variability in cross‐sectional bankfull discharges. Therefore, it is more representative to describe the flood discharge capacity of the LYR, using the concept of reach‐averaged bankfull discharge. Previous simple mean methods to estimate reach‐scale bankfull discharge cannot meet the condition of flow continuity or account for the effect of different spacing between two sections. In this study, a general method to calculate cross‐sectional bankfull discharge using the simulated stage‐discharge relation is outlined briefly, and an integrated method is then proposed for estimating reach‐scale bankfull discharge. The proposed method integrates a geometric mean based on the log‐transformation with a weighted average based on the spacing between two consecutive sections, which avoids the shortcomings of previous methods. The post‐flood reach‐scale bankfull discharges in three different channel‐pattern reaches of the LYR were estimated annually during the period from 1999 to 2010 using the proposed method, based on surveyed post‐flood profiles at 91 sedimentation sections and the measured hydrological data at seven hydrometric sections. The calculated results indicate that: (i) the estimated reach‐scale bankfull discharges can effectively represent the flood discharge capacity of different reaches, with their ranges of variation being less than those of typical cross‐sectional bankfull discharges; and (ii) the magnitude of the reach‐scale bankfull discharge in each reach can respond well to the accumulative effect of incoming flow and sediment conditions. Finally, empirical relationships for different reaches in the LYR were developed between the reach‐scale bankfull discharge and the previous four‐year average discharge and incoming sediment coefficient during flood seasons, with relatively high correlation coefficients between them being obtained, and the reach‐scale bankfull discharges in different reaches predicted by the delayed response model were also presented for a comparison. These relations for the prediction of reach‐scale bankfull discharges were validated using the cross‐sectional profiles and hydrological data measured in 2011. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The possibilities of intensive field crop production on the Pseudogley type of soil using the complex amelioration measures

In Republic of Serbia the pseudogley type of soil outspreads on approximately 443.000 ha or 4,7 % of the total area. At the area of West and North-West Serbia this type of soil outspreads on approximately 360.000 ha or 20% of the total area. The main characteristics of Pseudogley are unfavorable chemical properties, heavy mechanical composition, compaction and low hydraulic conductivity, which result in an unregulated water-air regime. An ameliorative action that could regulate unfavorable water regime of these soil types is the implementation of the horizontal pipe drainage. On experimental drainage field Varna near Sabac, owned by Institute of Soil Science, on the pseudogley type of soil, it was established an experiment in order to follow the effect of different spaces of the horizontal pipe drainage on increase of the yields of main crops (wheat and maize) in relation to the undrained areas. The processing of data of the realized yields in the period 2004-2009 shows that on the plots on which the pipe drainage was implemented, compared to the undrained areas, the yield of wheat increased 8-60%, while the yield maize increased 6-43%. Regarding the areas at which this type of soil outspreads, by implementation of the complex amelioration measures this potentially productive soil would enable economically profitable agricultural production, especially crops for animal food. This will increase the opportunity for intensifying animal production.

Void shape effects and voids starting from cracked inclusion

Numerical, axisymmetric cell model analyses are used to study the growth of voids in ductile metals, until the mechanism of coalescence with neighbouring voids sets in. A special feature of the present analyses is that extremely small values of the initial void volume fraction are considered, down to 10 −10, which means that the metal undergoes huge strains before coalescence. This is accounted for in the present analyses by using remeshing techniques. The evolution of the void shape during the large deformations is a natural outcome of the numerical analysis. Also the effect of different initial void shapes is considered, as well as the effect of different spacings between the voids in the axial and transverse directions. While these first analyses are carried out for voids in a homogeneous metal, a second set of cell model studies are carried out for voids that initiate from a crack in a hard second phase particle. As the particle deforms relatively little the void growth is here dominated by strong blunting of the metal at the tip of the initial penny-shaped crack. These analyses are used to estimate how well the void shape evolution would be approximated by assuming that the presence of the particle in the material adjacent to the void can be neglected.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SPACINGS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD CHARACTERS OF PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.) CV. COORG HONEY DEW

The investigation to assess the effect of different spacing on growth and yield of papaya was conducted at Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University, Allahabad during 2002-2003. The experiment comprised of five spacing as treatments viz. 2×2, 1×1, 1.5×1.5, 2.5×2.5 and 3x3 m us papaya cv. Coorg Honey Dew was taken for study. Vegetative growth characters like plant height, numbers of leaves and internodal length showed significant difference among all the treatments. Maximum plant height (261.7 cm), number of leaves (30), and internodal distance (2.60 cm) were observed with 1×1, 2.5×2.5, and 1×1, respectively. Flowering attributes and fruit set characters showed significant response with 2.5×2.5 m spacing. Maximum average fruit weight (120.305 g), length of fruit (22.45 cm), width of fruit (33.35 cm), and fruit yield (120.11 tonnes/ha) were recorded plants with a spacing of 2.5×2.5 m.

Effects of seed size and in-row spacing on growth and yield of early potato in a mediterranean-type environment in Turkey.

Optimizing plant density and seed size are the most important subjects of early potato production systems in mediterranean-type environments due to their effects on seed cost, plant development, yield and quality of the crop. The effects of different in-row spacing (20, 25, 30 and 35 cm) and seed size (small, medium and large) treatments on yield components and tuber yield of early potato were studied in Adana, where is situated in the east mediterranean region of Turkey, during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. It was determined that closer spacing reduced tuber number per hill, average tuber weight, tuber yield per hill and percentages of large and medium size tubers. Total yields increased as increasing planting density up to 20 cm spacing. Planting larger seeds positively affected all growth and yield components in both years. Tuber yield per hectare was increased up to certain stem density and then started to decline at all seed sizes. However, the optimum stem density for the maximum tuber yield per hectare markedly differed depending on size of seed tubers. The optimum stem density increased with increasing seed size. Our findings indicated that size of seed tuber has further importance for growth of potato plant as well as competition aspect in early potato production in the mediterranean-type environments. Hence it was concluded that using larger tubers had an advantage for vigorous early growth and for obtain high tuber yield in early potato production in the mediterranean-type environments. Seed size should be considered during recommendation for planting density in potato production. Key words: Seed size, in-row spacing, early potato, competition.

Performance of Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal. plants under various spacings in lower temperate region

An experimental trial was conducted under nursery condition in Shimla hills of Himachal Pradesh to study the growth performance and effect of different spacings on the growth of Withania somnifera. The present investigation showed that the average height of the seedlings decreased in those seedlings, which were spaced widely, while the average number of shoot, survival percentage and root biomass increased in those seedlings which were spaced widely and it decreased in closely spaced seedlings. The study also indicated that Withania somnifera seedlings could be successfully grown in lower temperate regions of Shimla hill.

Active control of a structure with continuously closely spaced natural frequencies

In this paper, active control of a structure with continuously closely spaced natural frequencies is discussed. To simplify the analysis, a fundamental case is examined for a structure with three degrees of freedom and a single control input, and the control algorithm is velocity feedback. Perturbation method is used to analyze the relationship between modal damping ratios and control gain. Through the analysis of the effect of different spacing of natural frequencies, it is found that a single input can only control one of the three modes of the closely spaced natural frequencies and the modal damping ratios of the rest close modes will approach zero. The influence of uncertainty parameters on control effect is also analyzed and it shows that the sum of modal damping is independent of uncertainty parameters of the system, but depends only on the control gain.

Modelling the windthrow risk for simulated forest stands of Maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.)

Since the December 1999 storms, which caused extensive damage in Western Europe, the need for better forest management tools to calculate the risk of wind damage has been highlighted. Therefore, we constructed a computer model which simulates the mechanical stability of Maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands growing under the silvicultural conditions relevant to the Landes de Gascogne region, SW France. This study integrated (i) a tree growth model, PP3, as implemented in the software CAPSIS able to predict the development of Maritime pine stands over time under different silvicultural scenarios and (ii) a wind risk assessment model, geographical analysis of the losses and effects of storms (GALES), as implemented in the decision support system, ForestGALES. The GALES model predicts the critical mean wind speed required to break or overturn the mean tree in a stand. To adjust the species-dependent relationships for Maritime pine in the GALES model, we used data from winching tests. The effect of different spacings, thinning intensity, site fertility index and the effect of soil types on the critical wind speeds (CWS) were analysed for different silvicultural scenarios. The overturning CWS was usually lower than that for stem breakage, therefore overturning should occur more frequently than breakage in the Landes de Gascogne region. Simulations showed an increase in sensitivity to wind with height (age), whatever the silvicultural scenario. Two silvicultural scenarios with the same site index were simulated by contrasting the effect of initial density and intensity of thinning. Trees in the higher density stand showed a higher slenderness ratio and this stand was more resistant to wind up to an age of 45 years. Using the low-density silvicultural scenario, the effect of two different fertility indices was also tested. The highest site index resulted in a greater sensitivity to wind as tree top height was increased. To test different soil conditions, the empirical parameter determining anchorage resistance in GALES was changed and large differences in CWS were found. More studies are needed to improve the calibration of the aerodynamics model in GALES, taking into account the wide tree spacings and specific management practices used in the Landes de Gascogne region.

Maximizing yields in rice–groundnut cropping sequence through integrated nutrient management

Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can improve crop productivity and sustain soil health and fertility. The present research was conducted to study the effects of application of green manures [sesbania ( Sesbania aculeate Poiret) and crotalaria ( Crotalaria juncea L.)] and farmyard manure on productivity of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and its residual effects on subsequent groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) crop. Rice and groundnut crops were grown in sequence during rainy and post-rainy seasons with and without green manure in combination with different fertilizer and spacing treatments under irrigated conditions. The results showed that application of green manures sesbania and crotalaria at 10 t ha −1 to rice compared to no green manure application significantly increased grain yield of rice by 1.6 and 1.1 t ha −1, and pod yields of groundnut crop succeeding rice by 0.25 and 0.16 t ha −1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the application of crotalaria or farmyard manure at 10 t ha −1 on grain yields of rice, but pod yields of subsequent groundnut crop were greater with application of green manure. There was no significant effect of different spacing 20×15,15×15,15×10 cm 2 (333 000; 444 000; 666 000 plant ha −1, respectively) on grain yield of rice. Pod yields of groundnut were significantly greater with closer spacing 15×15 cm 2 (444 000 plants ha −1) as compared to spacing of 30×10 cm 2 (333 000 plants ha −1). Maximum grain of rice was obtained by application of 120:26:37 kg NPK ha −1 in combination with green manures, whereas maximum pod yield of groundnut was obtained by residual effect of green manure applied to rice and application of 30:26:33 kg NPK ha −1 in combination with gypsum applied to groundnut crop.

Effect of Different Spacing and Potassium Levels on the Growth and Yield of Turmeric var. Sinduri

Effect of Different Spacing and Potassium Levels on the Growth and Yield of Turmeric var. Sinduri

PLANT SPACING AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILISATION ON SEED PRODUCTION OF CROTALARIA JUNCEA

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of different spacings and phosphorus levels in Crotalaria juncea seed production. The results revealed that the seed crop can be grown with a spacing of 60 x 15 cm along with application of phosphorus at 50 kg/ha to get good yield with assured quality.

Time series modelling of surface pressure data

In this paper we examine time series modelling of surface pressure data, as measured by a barograph, at Herne Bay, England, during the years 1981–1989. Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models have been popular in many fields over the past 20 years, although applications in climatology have been rather less widespread than in some disciplines. Some recent examples are Milionis and Davies (Int. J. Climatol., 14, 569–579) and Seleshi et al. (Int. J. Climatol., 14, 911–923). We fit standard ARMA models to the pressure data separately for each of six 2-month natural seasons. Differences between the best fitting models for different seasons are discussed. Barograph data are recorded continuously, whereas ARMA models are fitted to discretely recorded data. The effect of different spacings between the fitted data on the models chosen is discussed briefly. Often, ARMA models can give a parsimonious and interpretable representation of a time series, but for many series the assumptions underlying such models are not fully satisfied, and more complex models may be considered. A specific feature of surface pressure data in the UK is that its behaviour is different at high and at low pressures: day-to-day changes are typically larger at low pressure levels than at higher levels. This means that standard assumptions used in fitting ARMA models are not valid, and two ways of overcoming this problem are investigated. Transformation of the data to better satisfy the usual assumptions is considered, as is the use of non-linear, specifically threshold autoregressive (TAR), models. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society

Rooflight spacing and uniformity

This paper describes the findings from a scale model study to investigate the distribution of daylight in rooflit models, and the effects of different spacings of the rooflights. A single-storey model was used, with a variety of removable roofs ; flat, northlight, shed, sawtooth, monitor and dome. The results were used to generate recommended spacing-to-height ratios corresponding to the uniformity guidelines in the CIBSE Code for interior lighting. Monitor rooflights gave the most even illumination. Dome-type skylights needed the closest spacings and also gave poor wall luminances. Closer rooflight spacings may also be required in spaces with low surface reflectances or large interior obstructions.

A virtual mesocosm with artificial salps for exploring the conditions of swarm development in the pelagic tunicate Salpa fusiformis

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 154:1-16 (1997) - doi:10.3354/meps154001 A virtual mesocosm with artificial salps for exploring the conditions of swarm development in the pelagic tunicate Salpa fusiformis Laval P A virtual mesocosm is a software framework simulating a controlled oceanic environment. Artificial salps and their food are introduced into the mesocosm where their development can be watched on the computer screen. The artificial salps are software entities mimicking closely the life-history and behavior of their real counterparts (the tunicate Salpa fusiformis): they swim in the artificial space, where each individual feeds on the local resources; they metabolize, accumulate reserves, and grow; their reproduction alternates between asexual and sexual generations. Plausible values are given to 21 parameters characterizing their life-cycle and metabolism. A virtual mesocosm is in fact a model, focused upon individuals and their spatial interactions. The relationships present in the conceptual model are more completely and more precisely stated in a software design than in a mathematical model. Many computer experiments are possible with the artificial salps, without the difficult problems associated with the sampling and laboratory maintenance of the real, fragile, planktonic organisms. An example is given showing the effect of different spacing between food patches. Computer simulation · Artificial life · Conceptual model · Object-based design Full text in pdf format NextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 154. Publication date: July 31, 1997 Print ISSN:0171-8630; Online ISSN:1616-1599 Copyright © 1997 Inter-Research.

Effects of breakwater spacing on sand entrapment

Both breakwater distance from the shoreline and the gap between successive breakwaters are shown in a model study to be important factors in determining the amount of sand that can be entrapped by an offshore breakwater. Using an experimentalist's approach, this model study examines the effect of different gap spacings between successive breakwater for several cases that vary breakwater distance from the original shoreline. The purpose of the experiment was to quantify the effect of different spacings on the sand volume entrapped in the sheltered area of a breakwater. Experimental data are compared with available field and model studies in dimensionless form, and a relationship between the amount of sand accumulated in the sheltered area and the distance of the breakwater from the shoreline is given.