Effects Of Different Salinities Research Articles

Effects of salinity on the survival and asexual reproduction of Aurelia coerulea polyps at different temperatures

The scyphozoan genus Aurelia is one of the main contributors causing jellyfish blooms in global coastal waters. The population and reproduction of polyps are important factors to the outbreak of jellyfish. In this study, the effects of different salinity on the survival and asexual reproduction of Aurelia coerulea polyps were explored, which were cultured at the high (21 ℃) and low temperature (12 ℃), respectively. The results showed that more than 90% polyps could survive in the salinity range of 15-40 at the high temperature, with a range of salinity for budding being 20-32 and an optimum value of 28. The polyps were able to produce podocysts to tolerate low (≤15) and high (≥36) salinity conditions. At the low temperature, the survival rates of polyps were more than 90% in the salinity range of 20-40. The polyps could produce more buds in the salinity range of 20-32, with an optimum of 28. The salinity range of 20-40 was suitable for strobilation, with an optimum range of 28-32. It is concluded that the polyps of Aurelia coerulea can tolerate wide salinity variations, and that the salinity in a certain range has no significant influence on the asexual reproduction of polyps.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA FRY; A SOURCE OF ISOPOD INFESTATION PROBLEM IN EGYPT WITH REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF LIVONECA REDMANII (ISOPODA: CYMOTHOIDAE) JUVENILE STAGES.

Parasitic isopods have received considerable attention as they cause series impacts on their hosts either alone or with other environmental stresses such as water pollution. The present study investigated the infestation status with isopods among the fry collected from the natural sources .Also to demonstrate the effects of different salinity and temperature combination on the survival rates of the identified isopods under the laboratory conditions. In March 2017,a total of 16 thousand mugiliid fry were sampled from The Fry Collection center at Al Behera Governorate ,Egypt and examined for the presence of isopods .Samples were found infested with a rate of 10.6% , the result which practically documented that isopods were introduced into lake Qarun through dumping millions of infected fry from this source without biosecurity procedures. The isolated juvenile isopods were morphologically and molecularly identified as Livoneca redmanii species by using 16S rRNA gene and recorded in the GenBank with accession number: MK584629. The effects of variables of salinity/ temperature combination on the survival% of the identified juveniles showed that the best survival rate(100%) was recorded in salinity 15 -20% at temperature 25⁰C while the lethal combination was in salinity 10, 20,50 and 60% at temperature 35⁰C . Statistical analysis using A-two way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between the effect of different degree of temperature and variance of salinity% on the survival of L. redmanii juveniles. Analysis of one way ANOVA indicated that the most effective temperature of overall mean temperature affected on survival of juvenile stage was 35 C⁰ while the most effective salinity percentage on survival of Juvenile from overall mean of salinity % was 10%. Results of this study provided applicable procedures which can be recommended as a precaution measures and for eliminating the isopod juvenile stages among the mugiliid fry.

Comparisons of Salinity Adaptation in Terms of Growth, Body Composition, and Energy Budget in Juveniles of Rainbow and Steelhead Trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study examined the effect of different salinities (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) on the growth performance and energy budget of juveniles of two different ecotypes of Oncorhynchus mykiss, landlocked rainbow trout and anadromous steelhead trout. In the 42 d experiment, fish were cultured in three replicate tanks per salinity treatment (eight fish per tank). At the end of the experiment, the growth of rainbow and steelhead trouts was significantly higher at salinities of 5 and 10, respectively, than at all other salinities. The protein, lipid and energy content of both ecotypes declined with the increase of salinity. Based on their energy budgets, the percentage of energy consumed for growth by rainbow and steelhead trouts were significantly higher at salinities of 5 (34.00% ± 1.69%) and 10 (43.76% ± 1.29%), respectively, than at all other salinities. The percentage of energy consumed for respiration by rainbow and steelhead trouts was lower at salinities of 5 (54.90% ± 1.77%) and 10 (46.73% ± 0.62%), respectively, than at all other salinities. Our results indicated that the salinity adaptation ability of juvenile steelhead trout was slightly better than that of juvenile rainbow trout, and salinities of 10 and 5, respectively, were most suitable for growth of these two fishes.

Surfactin from Bacillus velezensis H2O‐1: Production and Physicochemical Characterization for Postsalt Applications

AbstractThe use of surfactin, a powerful biosurfactant, is generally hampered by poor production yield. Consequently, identification of new producers and the study of operational parameters are essential. We identify Bacillus sp. H2O‐1 as Bacillus velezensis, a species previously not investigated for its biosurfactant production. Among the nitrogen sources we tested, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 were the most appropriate for surfactin production, reaching 608.5 and 659.5 mg L−1, respectively. Only temperature affected the production, whereas rotation and the C/N ratio did not. Biosurfactants can be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in reservoirs located in the presalt and postsalt layers, where conditions of temperature, pressure, and salinity are quite varied, requiring a study of the stability of these molecules under these conditions. We found the surfactin produced by B. velezensis to be stable at different temperatures, pH, and ionic strengths. We evaluated the concurrent effects of different salinity, temperature, and pressure conditions on surface and interfacial activities of this surfactin. Overall, we found the surfactin produced by B. velezensis H2O‐1 to have considerable potential for industrial applications, mainly due to the stability of its physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to different temperatures, pressures, and salinities, in addition to its low toxicity.

Effects of Different Salinities on Growth, Body Composition, Oxygen Consumption Rate, and Ammonia Excretion Rate in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) Juveniles

A laboratory experiment was undertaken to analyze the effects of salinity on growth, body composition, oxygen consumption, and ammonia excretion of anadromous American shad (Alosa sapidissima) juveniles. Results showed the best survival rate occurred at 5‰ and 15‰. The relative weight gain and the specific growth rate declined as salinity increased. However, feed conversion rate increased with increasing salinity. Oxygen consumption rates showed a parabolic relationship in relation to salinity. From the quadratic relationship (y= -0.0004x2+0.0166x+0.319; R2=0.801; P<0.05), the highest oxygen consumption rate occurred at a salinity of 20.75‰. The ammonia excretion ratio decreased significantly as salinity increased from 10‰ to 15‰. No further differences were observed in salinities ranging from 15‰ to 40‰. There were no significant influences of salinity on whole body protein and moisture content. Lipid content declined as salinity increased. Results indicate that an appropriate increase in salinity was beneficial to the culture of American shad juveniles. The optimal salinity for American shad juveniles ranged from 15‰ to 20‰.

Effects of low salinity on the physiological ecology of planulae and polyps of scyphozoans in the East Asian Marginal Seas: potential impacts of monsoon rainfall on medusa population size

Salinity is hypothesized to influence the abundance of scyphozoan medusae in the East Asian Marginal Seas, as their spawning largely coincides with the summer monsoon season, and extreme rainfalls subject planulae to reduced salinity, presumably jeopardizing the recruitment of polyps. We examined the effects of different salinities (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32) on body size, swimming speed, survivorship and settlement of planulae, and subsequent development of metamorphosed polyps of three bloom-forming scyphozoans: Chrysaora pacifica, Nemopilema nomurai, and Rhopilema esculentum. Their physiology and behaviors were affected by osmotic stress, but differed by species. At 5, planulae of all species died. At 10, C. pacifica could not settle but survived as plankton, whereas N. nomurai and R. esculentum could settle and develop into four-tentacle polyps, yet the former showing delayed development and tentacle abnormalities. The lowest salinities permitting normal recruitment of polyps were 10, 15, and 20 for R. esculentum, N. nomurai, and C. pacifica, respectively. Inter-annual variations in monsoon rainfall can alter hydrographic conditions in the polyp habitats, affecting medusa population sizes in the following year. The robustness to low salinity of R. esculentum and N. nomurai larvae may enable them to establish yet-to-be-identified polyp populations in brackish-water environments.

Effect of Salinity and Potassium on Phytomass and Quality of Guava Rootstocks

Potassium fertilization is one of the main techniques that has been studied to mitigateeffects of salt stress in plants, probably because potassium reduces the toxic effect of sodium by competitive inhibition and provides greater tolerance to genotypes of plants to salinity. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different salinities of irrigation water in the formation of phytomass and quality of rootstocks of guava cv. Paluma, fertilized with increasing doses of potassium, in an experiment conducted using eutrophic Fluvic Neosol with sandy loam texture under greenhouse conditions, in the municipality of Pombal-PB, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in 5 × 4 factorial scheme, and the treatments resulted from the combination of five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (ECw = 0.3; 1.1; 1.9; 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four K doses (70, 100, 130 and 160% of K), in which the dose of 100% K corresponded to 726 mg of K dm-3 of substrate, with four replicates and two plants evaluated in each plot. Irrigation with water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 compromises the total dry matter accumulation and the Dickson quality index of guava rootstocks cv. Paluma at 225 days after emergence (DAE), independent of potassium fertilization. Fertilization with different potassium doses did not promote differences in phytomasses and quality of rootstocks. There was no significant effect of interaction (salt × doses of K) on the studied variables.

GROWTH AND BLOOD PROFILE OF CORAL TROUT GROUPER Plectropomus leopardus SEEDS IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES

The information about the optimum and tolerable salinity to support in the success of coral trout grouper’s seed culture is still limited until now. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of different salinity on growth, survival, feed conversion (FCR) and the profile of blood (hematocrit and hemoglobin) of coral trout grouper seed. The seed with total length 6.0 ± 0.5 cm and body weight 3.2±0.3 g were used as tested animals. Five different salinity treatments, namely: 10±1 ppt (A), 16±1 ppt (B), 22±1 ppt (C), 28±1 ppt (D), and the sea water (34 ppt) as a control (E) were undertaken in this study, with three replications for each treatment. Salinity values were reach by adding freshwater into the tested seawater. Water changing system in this study was performed in recirculation process, with 25% of water replacement every 7 days. The result of this study showed that the survival rate values were 100% for all treatments, indicating that coral trout grouper seed can be cultured in the range of salinity between 10 to 34 ppt. The highest total length and body weight were recorded from treatment C (22 ppt), as well as noted to gain the lowest FCR. Correspondingly, the seed in treatment C also founded to have in the greatest amount of hematocrit and hemoglobin. Optimum salinity for rearing of coral trout grouper seeds with total length 6 cm was 22 ppt. Keywords: salinity, growth, survival rate, feed conversion, blood profile

Effect of different salinities on gene expression and activity of digestive enzymes in the thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus).

The effects of different environmental salinities (0, 12, 40, and 55ppt) on pepsinogen 2 (pga2), trypsinogen 2 (try2), chymotrypsinogen (ctr), and pancreatic alpha-amylase (amy2a) gene expression, and on the total activities of their corresponding enzymes, were assessed in Chelon labrosus juveniles, after their corresponding full-complementary DNA sequences were cloned. Furthermore, the quantitative effect of different salinities on the hydrolysis of feed protein by fish digestive enzymes was evaluated using an in vitro system. Relative pga2 expression levels were significantly higher in animals maintained at 12ppt, while a significantly higher gene expression level for ctr and try2 was observed at 40ppt. amy2a gene expression showed its maximum level at 40ppt and the lowest at 55ppt. A significant reduction in the activity of amylase with the increase in salinity was observed, whereas the maximum activity for alkaline proteases was observed in individuals maintained at 40ppt. A negative effect of high salinity on the action of proteases was confirmed by the in vitro assay, indicating a decreased efficiency in the digestive function in C. labrosus when maintained at high environmental salinities. Nevertheless, individuals can live under different environmental salinities, even though gene expression is different and the enzymatic activities are not maintained at the highest studied salinity. Therefore, compensatory mechanisms should be in place. Results are discussed on the light of the importance as a new species for aquaculture.

Combined effects of arsenic, salinity and temperature on Crassostrea gigas embryotoxicity

The combined effects of different salinity and temperature levels on the toxicity of Arsenic (As) were studied on the embryonic development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. A standardized embryotoxicity test was performed to assess the interactive effects of these stressors, in a full factorial design experiment including a range of salinities (15, 19, 24, 28 and 32), temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28 and 32°C) and As concentrations (100, 300, 600, 1200, 2400µgL−1). The embryotoxicity endpoint was about the determination of normal larvae development rates at various conditions, and median effect concentration (EC50) determination for each As exposure condition. Results showed that toxicity induced by As was characterized by retardation of embryonic development observing toxic effects at lower concentrations than previously reported studies. The presence of As in seawater resulted in a narrower range of tolerance to both salinity and temperature. These findings bring new insights on the impacts of a common contaminant on an important shellfish species having a planktonic early life stage development, with potential implications for population survival and ecosystem functioning in a changing environment.

Effects of different salinities on the osmoregulatory capacity of Mediterranean sticklebacks living in freshwater

AbstractThree‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) of the Camargue region (Rhone delta, northern Mediterranean Sea) occupy coastal mesohaline lagoons and freshwater canals. In this study, the acclimation capacity to different salinities of a population living in freshwater canals was investigated. Freshwater (FW; 5 ‰) individuals were compared to fish acclimated for at least 2 weeks to brackish water (BW; 15 ‰) and seawater (SW; 30 ‰). Blood osmotic pressure and gill Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) gene expression of the α1 subunit and α1a and α1b isoforms were determined at these salinities. NKA protein expression in the gill ionocytes and the remodelling of these cells were also investigated through NKA immunolabelling and electron microscopy. Blood osmolalities of fish acclimated to FW, BW and SW were significantly different. Branchial NKA α1a and α1b expressions also differed, with a higher expression of NKA α1b in fish acclimated to SW. Gill ionocytes in fish acclimated to FW were located along the lamellae and at their base and appeared elongated, whereas these cells were restricted to gill filaments in fish acclimated to SW with a round shape. Finally, electron microscopy revealed three different types of apical structures for these ionocytes: a honeycomb‐like structure and a dome shape in FW, and deeply encrypted in SW. This study shows that ionocyte cell type and morphology, and gill NKA expression are salinity‐dependent. This branchial remodelling is directly linked to the physiological homeostatic status reached by the fish. It also highlights that sticklebacks of the Camargue region can rapidly acclimate to different salinities and can easily migrate between FW canals and mesohaline coastal lagoons.

Effect of Different Salinityon Growthand Carotenoid Content of Dunaliella sp. In Lamtoro Leaves Extract Media (Leucaena leucocephala)

Dunaliella is a green microalgae that produces carotenoids, one of the carotenoid types produced is β-carotene which accumulated in very high amounts in some stressful conditions such as nitrogen limitations, high salinity and exposure high light intensity. Leucaena leucocephala is one of the natural ingredients that potential as a source of nutrition of Dunaliella sp. growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different salinity in Lamtoro Leaves Extract Media on growth and carotenoid content Dunaliella sp. The research was conducted in Aquaculture Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Lampung University. The design of research was used completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments used was Lamtoro Leaves extract media with salinity 30 ppt, 35 ppt, 40 ppt, and 45 ppt. The result showed that media of Lamtoro Leaves extract with different salinity gave significant effect on cell density and carotenoid content of Dunaliella sp. (p<0,05). The results of this study showed that the best cell growth occurred in the treatment of salinity 30 ppt with cell density reached 5,09×10 6 cells/ml, while the highest carotenoid content was produced at 35 ppt salinity treatment of 1,0668 g/ml

Short-term effects of SWRO desalination brine on benthic heterotrophic microbial communities

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination discharge brine-waste as part of the process with immediate (short-term) and chronic (long-term) impacts to marine coastal environment. Brine-waste is often denser than the receiving environment, therefore sinks and flows as a saline plume in adjacency to the sea floor. We suggest that the saline flow over the bottom may impose an osmotic stress, and alter benthic heterotrophic microbial diversity, activity and growth. In this study, we examined the short-term (48h) effects of different salinities on benthic heterotrophic bacteria attached to the sediment at the eastern Mediterranean coast. To this end, 12 cylinders were filled with sediment and incubated in full darkness with rising salinities ranging from 2% to 20% over the ambient levels. During the summer experiments, heterotrophic bacterial abundance has reduced by 60% at salinity levels >5% above the ambient concentration. Further, bacterial cell specific activity significantly increased following high salinity scenarios. Our experimental results provide the first scientifically-based data on the immediate effects of SWRO brine over benthic heterotrophic bacteria. However, we stress that long-term studies are imperative at the outfall of operating desalination facilities to determine the chronic effects of brine on benthic bacteria.

Effects of different salinities on the growth and proximate composition of Dunaliella sp. isolated from South China Sea at different growth phases

Environmental factors, growth phase and microalgal strain have been reported to influence the chemical composition of microalgae. Salinity is one of the important culture conditions that can influence growth and proximate composition of microalgae. Dunaliella sp. is a commercial microalgae species that has been widely used in various sectors due to its biochemical composition. It is also well known to tolerate a wide range of salinity. In the present study, effect of different salinities (10, 30 and 50 ppt) on the growth and proximate composition of Dunaliella sp. at different growth phases were evaluated. Results showed that growth of Dunaliella sp. was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and faster at 10 ppt compared to 30 and 50 ppt. Protein, lipid and carbohydrate content were also higher at 10 ppt. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) protein content was observed in stationary phase (10 ppt). In addition, carbohydrate content was also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in stationary phase for 10 ppt. However, higher lipid content was recorded in exponential phase (10 ppt) compared to other phases and salinities. The findings of this study can be manipulated for high biomass production of Dunaliella sp. for commercial use.

Effects of different salinities on growth performance, survival, digestive enzyme activity, immune response, and muscle fatty acid composition in juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima)

The effects of salinity on survival, growth, special activity of digestive enzymes, nonspecific immune response, and muscle fatty acid composition were evaluated in the American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Juveniles of 35days after hatching were reared at 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28ppt for 60days. At the end of the experiment, juvenile American shad presented higher survival and specific growth rate (SGR) in salinity group (7, 14, and 21ppt) than control group (P<0.05). The special activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was highest in fish reared at 21ppt, while the highest lipase special activity was obtained in control group (P<0.05). The special activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lysozyme (LZM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) showed significant increases in salinity group (14 and 21ppt) compared to control group (P<0.05). Lower muscle ash contents were detected in salinity group (14, 21, and 28ppt) than control group (P<0.05), while the contents of crude lipid and crude protein were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). The level of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) exhibited a decreasing trend, while an increased level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was detected with the increase of salinity. Among the PUFA, the content of n-3 fatty acids in muscle tissue was found to be increasing with the increasing salinity, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Results indicate that appropriate increase in salinity was reasonable and beneficial for juvenile American shad culture after a comprehensive consideration, especially salinity range from 14 to 21ppt.

Calibration of Gypsum Blocks for Measuring Saline Soils Moisture

ABSTRACTThe proper management of irrigation requires an accurate measuring of soil moisture. One of the commonly applied methods for measuring soil moisture is the use of gypsum blocks – a method that is simple and quick to apply. However, measuring moisture in saline soils using this method is prone to errors due to the effect of soil salinity on the block. In this study, the effect of different salinities (1, 2, 6, 10, and 18 deci Siemens per meter (dS m−1) on the measurements of a gypsum block type 5910 A was investigated with two repetitions in random blocks in sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, and corrective functions were obtained using multivariate regression for all soils with different salinity levels. The results showed different trends for measuring the soil moistures for salinities 1–6 dS m−1 compared with salinities 10–18 dS m−1, and the corrective functions in salinities 1–6 dS m−1, which had higher accuracies than those with salinities 10–18 dS m−1.

The influence of salinity on growth, morphology, leaf ultrastructure, and cell viability of the seagrass Halodule wrightii Ascherson.

Halodule wrightii is an ecologically important seagrass; however, little is known about the adaptation of this species in the context of environmental change, particularly changes arising from alterations in salinity of coastal ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the effects of different salinities on growth, morphology, leaf ultrastructure, and cell viability of H. wrightii. To accomplish this, plants were cultivated for 21days in salinities of 25, 35, and 45. More hydropotens were observed in samples exposed to salinity of 45 with increased invagination of the plasma membrane and cell wall. These invaginations were also observed in other epidermal cells of the leaf blade. In particular, a significant retraction of plasma membrane was seen in samples exposed to salinity of 45, with possible deposition of compounds between the membrane and cell wall. Osmotic stress in samples exposed to salinity of 45 affected the chloroplasts through an increase in plastoglobules and thylakoids by granum in the epidermal chloroplasts of the leaf and decrease in the number of chloroplasts. Overall, this study showed that H. wrightii can survive within salinities that range between 25 and 45 without changing growth rate. However, the plant did have higher cell viability at salinity of 35. Salt stress in mesocosms, at both salinity of 25 and 45, decreased cell viability in this species. H . wrightii had greater changes in salinity of 45; this showed that the species is more tolerant of salinities below this value.

Copper in the sediment: a major stressor for eelgrass, Zostera marina L.

Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) is an important organism in coastal marine waters and is highly likely to encounter exposure to multiple stressors, both anthropogenic contaminants and natural stressors. Here, we exposed eelgrass to a range of Cu concentrations and salinities, and also varied exposure route between sediment and water. Measured endpoints were Cu accumulation in root and leaves, relative growth rate, leaf mortality, chlorophyll concentration, and maximum photosynthetic quantum yield. Cu accumulation from the sediment was translocated to all parts of the plant, while Cu taken up from the water showed a tendency to remain in leaves. Effects on relative growth rate and leaf mortality were found only following uptake of Cu from the sediment. We tested effects of different salinities, acting as multiple stressors, together with Cu, but found only weak effects with little interaction with Cu. Experiments with anthropogenic contaminants that marine plants are mainly exposed to through the sediment should be done using sediment exposure, as the common practice of using only water exposure will lead to underestimation of harmful effects. Future studies should take all relevant factors into consideration, as anthropogenic inputs and natural factors are prone to fluctuations due to e.g., climate change.

Common Garden Experiments Confirm the Impact of Salinity on Reproductive Traits that is Observed in Wild Populations of the Back-Chinned Tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron

The black-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron is a very hardy species, particularly notable for its ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental salinities. The impact of environmental salinity on reproductive traits has been well documented in this species under natural conditions, but few studies have been experimentally conducted to prove such a relationship. This study assessed the effects of different salinities on the reproductive traits of S. melanotheron in experimental conditions. The number of spawning eggs as well as the mean number and frequency of incubation showed significant relationships with ambient salinity. The average number of incubations and spawning eggs were lower in hypersaline water (70 psu) compared the freshwater (0 psu) and seawater (35 psu). However the egg quality, as measured by the percentage of black eggs, was higher in hypersaline water. These variations in reproductive traits do not reflect genetic differences among individuals because fish used in common garden experiments were obtained by natural breeding from couples, the initial brood stock of which was from the same wild population. The results therefore confirm findings of previous studies in natural habitats, where variations in salinity are associated with differences in reproductive traits among populations. The lower number and frequent incubations recorded in hypersaline water could be an adaptive response to sustain the population dynamics despite the constraints imposed by extreme salinity.

FECTO DE LA SALINIDAD EN LA SUPERVIVENCIA Y CRECIMIENTO DE CRÍAS DE CABALLITO DE MAR HIPPOCAMPUS REIDI GINSBURG EN CAUTIVERIO

This study was conducted to determine the optimal salinity for the culture of H. reidi fry during the fist month of life, evaluating the effect of different salinities (27, 30, 33, and 36) on its growth and survival. The fry were distributed at three ind.L-1 density in 12 L incubators, animals were fed ad libitum throughout the experiment, survival was monitored daily, and height and weight were measured both at the beginning and end of the experiment. The salinity did not show signifiant differences between treatments, the highest survival rate was obtained at 27 with 17.59 ± 6.99%.