Effect Of Different Protein Sources Research Articles

Optimizing growth of Lactobacillus reuteri in phytone peptone‐tryptone‐glucose medium by using response surface methodology

Lactobacillus reuteri as probiotic helps prevent and treat both viral and bacterial diarrhea enhancing the body's resistance to gastrointestinal disease. However, the growth of L. reuteri is very limited and certain nutrients are needed for optimum growth and high cell density. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of different protein sources on growth and bacterial cell density of L. reuteri and to assess the optimum growth requirements using response surface methodology. Four strains (CF 2‐7F, MF 14 C, DSM 20016, and SD 2112) of L. reuteri were used in this study. Overnight cultures were inoculated into fresh basal growth broth with various proteins sources (peptone, tryptone, proteose peptone, phytone peptone, tryptic soy broth, yeast extract, and beef extract). Samples were then mixed well and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hrs. Bacterial growth was monitored by measuring turbidity at 610 nm in a spectrophotometer at different time intervals during the incubation period. At the end of incubation, samples were plated on MRS agar to determine the bacterial population. Our results showed that phytone peptone or tryptone promoted the growth of L. reuteri (P < 0. 01) compared to the control. The response surface model indicated that phytone peptone (5–10 g/L), tryptone (5 g/L), and glucose (15g/L) could be used as optimum concentrations to enhance the growth and cell density of L. reuteri in growth medium.

Effect of Different Protein Sources on Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep Feed Maize Based Diets

Effect of Different Protein Sources on Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep Feed Maize Based Diets

The effect of different protein sources in supplementary feeds on tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) in floating net-cages

The effect of locally available protein sources including fish meal (FM), soyabean meal (SBM), groundnut cake (GNC), and blood meal (BM)) at 25% inclusion level in pelleted 'feed layers concentrate/corn bran in ratio 1:3, and premix 1.0%) were tested on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in floating net-cages. O. niloticus fingerlings with mean weight, of 20,0g±0.84 were stocked at 50 fish/m3 and fed the different feeds at 5% body weight for a culture 120-day culture period. GNC in feed (28.02% crude protein, CP) performed best in terms of daily weight gain, final average weight/fish, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and total fish production; closely followed by BM in feed (40.28% CP) but worst performance was in fish fed FM in feed (33.27%CP). The mean total fish production (kg/m3) in treatment receiving GNC in feed was significantly different from mean total fish production in all the remaining three treatments (P<0.05) Key words: Tilapia production, protein sources in feeds, net-cages

The importance of protein type and protein to carbohydrate ratio for survival and ovarian activation of caged honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Pollen is the natural source of protein for bees and it is commonly assumed that a high protein content in pollen is beneficial. Investigation of the optimal nutrient ratio for honeybees was prompted by our earlier study showing surprisingly high mortality in caged honeybees fed with the protein-rich pollen of Aloe greatheadii var davyana, although field bees experience optimal growth when feeding on this pollen. We tested the effect of different protein sources and different protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratios on the survival and ovarian activation of caged bees. Bees fed casein showed consistently higher survival than those fed royal jelly or aloe pollen, regardless of P:C ratios. They survived longer on lower P:C ratios and longest on a pure carbohydrate diet. The greatest ovarian activation was recorded for bees fed royal jelly in a 1:3 P:C ratio, showing the superior quality of royal jelly for supporting development.

Supplementation of isonitrogenous oil seed cakes in cactus ( Opuntia ficus-indica)–tef straw ( Eragrostis tef) based feeding of Tigray Highland sheep

The experiment was conducted at Maichew Agricultural Technical Vocational Education and Training College, Ethiopia. Twenty four male yearling Tigray Highland sheep with mean body weight (BW) of 21 ± 2.6 kg (mean ± S.D.) were used to investigate the effect of different protein sources on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, BW change and carcass parameters in a study comprising of 90 days feeding trial, followed by 7 days of digestibility trial and evaluation of carcass parameters. Six individually fed animals were used per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of ad libitum feeding of tef ( Eragrostis tef) straw plus 172 g dry matter (DM) of cactus ( Opuntia ficus-indica) pear (T1, control) and supplementation with 145 g DM cotton seed cake (CSC) (T2), 195 g DM noug seed cake (NSC) (T3) or 149 g DM peanut cake (PNC) (T4) per head per day. The quantity of the supplements was set to supply 62.5 g crude protein (CP). Tef straw DM intake was depressed (P<0.01) as the result of NSC supplementation. Sheep supplemented with CSC and PNC had higher (P<0.001) total DM intake than the control and NSC supplemented ones. Supplementation with NSC and PNC also resulted in higher (P<0.01) apparent digestibility of DM and OM compared to the control treatment. Supplementation with CSC and PNC resulted in better daily BW gain (P<0.001), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and dressed carcass weight (P<0.01) compared to the non-supplemented diet. Dressing percentage on slaughter weight base was higher (P<0.01) in supplemented sheep than in the non-supplemented ones. Supplementation with PNC also promoted higher (P<0.05) rib-eye muscle area than in the non-supplemented ones. It was concluded that supplementation with 145 g DM CSC and 149 g DM PNC resulted in better feed intake, BW gain and carcass traits in cactus–tef straw based feeding of sheep.

Effect of different protein sources on the concentrations of small peptides in the rumen of sheep

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different protein sources on concentration of small peptides (Pro-Ala, Val-Val, Pro-Leu, Met-Met) in the rumen fluid of sheep. Four Inner Mongolia Sunite sheep fitted with permanent cannulas were used in a 4×4 Latin square design, and fed four different protein sources including soybean meal (SBM), casein (Casein), fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM), respectively. The results showed that the concentration of Pro-Ala peaked in Casein, FM, CGM groups at 2 h after feeding, whereas the highest level was measured at 6 h after feeding in SBM group. Val-Val and Pro-Leu production were highest at 6 h after feeding Casein and CGM diets and 4 h after feeding SBM and FM diets, respectively. During 6 h after feeding the accumulative concentration of Pro-Ala (1.74 mg/l) and Pro-Leu (25.78 mg/l) in rumen was highest for the Casein diet. During the total sampling time, the highest amount of accumulated small peptides was measured for Pro-Leu, and lowest amount for Met-Met, which was independent of treatment groups. Experimental results proved that small peptides with N-terminal Pro and a hydrophobic structure could inhibit rumen degradation and may be available for post-ruminal absorption.

Formation of Homopolymers and Heteropolymers Between Wheat Flour and Several Protein Sources by Transglutaminase‐Catalyzed Cross‐Linking

ABSTRACTThe effect of different protein sources (soy flour, lupin flour, egg albumin, gelatin powder, protein‐rich beer yeast flour) on wheat dough functionality was tested by determining gluten index, texture properties, and thermomechanical parameters. Transglutaminase (TG) was also added to improve the dough functionality by forming cross‐links. The presence of protein sources had a significant effect on the gluten index, with the exception of lupin flour. Gelatin and the presence of TG resulted in significant single effects on the texture properties of the wheat‐protein dough. All the protein sources significantly modified the mixing characteristics of the dough or the thermal behavior. Capillary electrophoresis studies of the water‐soluble, salt‐soluble, and glutenin proteins indicated that interactions were mainly within proteins, thus homologous polymers. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the doughs made from blends of wheat and protein sources doughs supported the formation of heterologous structures in the wheat‐lupin blends. The combination of TG and lupin would be a promising method to be used on the treatment of insect‐damaged or weak flours, to increase the gluten strength.

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de proteína

Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, organizados de acordo com os dias em lactação, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes protéicas na dieta sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a produção e composição do leite. Utilizou-se silagem de milho como volumoso, na proporção de 60% da MS total. Os concentrados foram constituídos de diferentes fontes protéicas (FS - farelo de soja; FA38 - farelo de algodão 38% PB; FA28 - farelo de algodão 28% PB e FSU - farelo de soja + 5% de uréia/sulfato de amônia na MS do concentrado). Os consumos de MS e MO não diferiram entre as dietas, mas os de NDT foram maiores na dieta controle. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da MS e MO foram menores para as dietas FA38, FA28 e FSU. A produção de leite (PL), corrigida ou não para 3,5% (PLC) de gordura, o teor e a produção de gordura do leite não foram influenciados pelas diferentes fontes protéicas, mas a eficiência de utilização da MS e do nitrogênio dietético para a PL e o teor e a produção de proteína do leite foram inferiores para as dietas contendo farelo de algodão em relação àquela com FS. Vacas com produção média de 25 kg de leite/dia podem ser alimentadas com dietas contendo 5% de uréia/sulfato de amônia na MS do concentrado ou farelo de algodão (38% PB) quando utilizada silagem de milho como volumoso na proporção de 60% da MS total das dietas.

Síntese de proteína microbiana e concentrações de uréia em vacas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de proteína

Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas puras e mestiças, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, organizados de acordo com os dias em lactação, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes protéicas sobre a síntese, a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana, a concentração de nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS) e no leite (NUL), a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e o pH ruminal. Utilizou-se silagem de milho como volumoso, na proporção de 60% da MS total. Os concentrados foram constituídos de diferentes fontes protéicas (FS - farelo de soja; FA38 - farelo de algodão 38%PB; FA28 - farelo de algodão 28%PB e FSU - farelo de soja + 5% de uréia/sulfato de amônia na MS do concentrado). As coletas spot de urina e de sangue foram realizadas no 18º dia do período experimental 4 horas após o fornecimento da alimentação aos animais, no período da manhã. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as dietas para o volume urinário (V), a excreção total de derivados de purinas (PT), a síntese e a eficiência de síntese de PB microbiana, expressa em g de PB/kg de NDT consumido. As concentrações de NUS e NUL também não diferiram entre as dietas. As concentrações de NUS e NUL e a síntese de PB microbiana não foram influenciadas pelas diferentes fontes de proteína dietéticas, inclusive com a adição de uréia (5% MS do concentrado).

Effect of Different Sources of Protein on Growth and Reproductive Performances of Rabbits

Twenty-four New Zealand white crossbred growing rabbits (Aged 120 days) were used to study the effect of different protein sources on growth and reproductive performances of rabbit does. The animals were fed three diets containing til oil cake (A), soybean meal (B) and gram (C) along with ad-labium green grasses. However daily live weight gain was higher in gram containing diet but not significant (P>0.05) than those received til oil cake or soybean meal. Daily live weight gain of rabbits was 2.34, 2.33 and 3.14 g/day for til oil cake (A) Soybean meal (B) and gram (C) respectively. Feed conversion ratios were differed significantly (P 0.05) among the treatment groups. Only kit mortality up to 7 days were differed significantly (P<0.05). Lower kit mortality (12.51) in gram containing feed (C) and increased in group B (36.37) and group A diet (36.37) respectively. Based on the present research findings gram diet may be used as a protein supplement for raising rabbits in Bangladesh. But further research is needed using large number of rabbits in this aspect before final recommendation.

Effect of different protein sources on growth and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs.

Crossbred gilts (n = 180) and barrows (n = 180) from the Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Center and the University of Illinois (UI) were used to compare the effect of soybean meal in swine diets, relative to other protein sources, on growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. Four replications with five pigs each at each location were allotted to nine dietary treatments: soybean meal control (SBM), crystalline AA (corn-AA), extruded soybeans (ESB), canola meal (CAN), peanut meal (PNT), sunflower meal (SFLR), ground peas, meat and bone meal (MBM), and poultry by-product meal (PLTY). The diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient requirements and to have equal Lys:ME according to dietary phase and sex. Corn was the grain source in all diets and the protein sources were the sole source of supplemental protein in all diets except when AA were added to meet the requirement. Pigs (three per pen at each location) were killed at an average final BW of 114 kg in the LSU or UI Meat Science Laboratories. Pigs fed SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the corn-AA, CAN, SFLR, MBM, or PLTY and greater (P < 0.05) ADFI relative to pigs fed the corn-AA, ESB, MBM, or PLTY. Gain:feed was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed corn-AA or SFLR but increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ESB compared with pigs fed the SBM diet. Loin muscle area was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the corn-AA or MBM diets compared with pigs fed the SBM diet. Tenth-rib backfat thickness was greater (P < 0.10) in pigs fed corn-AA, peas, or MBM than in those fed SBM. The NPPC percentage acceptable quality lean and kilograms of lean were decreased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed corn-AA, peas, or MBM compared with those fed SBM. Results from this experiment suggest that pigs fed SBM have equal or better growth performance and carcass traits than pigs fed other protein sources.

Effect of different protein sources and levels on growth and feed utilization of common Carp (Cyprinus carpoi L.) Fingerlings

Effect of different protein sources and levels on growth and feed utilization of common Carp (Cyprinus carpoi L.) Fingerlings

ABOMASAL BLOAT AND GAS PRODUCTION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF LAMBS

The effect of different protein sources on gas production in the rumen, abomasum and intestine was studied in 26 lambs fed milk replacers. The sources of protein were either skim milk powder, rapeseed protein concentrate, Promosoy 100, or an experimental soybean protein concentrate. Rapeseed and soybean protein concentrates supplied 53% of the total protein in the diets. Milk replacers containing 15% DM were offered ad libitum at 37 °C, twice a day for 21 days. A high incidence of abomasal bloat was observed between the 15th and the 18th day of feeding but this was not related to the protein sources or to the quantity of milk replacer ingested. However, gas production by the gut contents from non-bloating lambs was higher when they were fed the two soybean protein concentrates (212 and 190 μL/mL/10 min) than from those fed the rapeseed and skim milk powder concentrates (125 and 118 μL/mL/10 min). Ruminal and abomasal gas productions of non-bloating lambs averaged 121 and 17 μL/mL/10 min, respectively, and were similar for the four diets. When bloat occurred, abomasal gas production was 4–15 times higher than in the non-bloaters (17 vs. 195 μL/mL/10 min) which confirmed the fact that the abomasum is an important site of gas production. A "maladjustment syndrome" probably related to a malfunction of the esophageal groove was observed in three lambs. In these lambs, gas production and pH in the rumen and in the abomasum were the same.