Effects Of Different Processes Research Articles

Reducing Antinutritional Hydrogen Cyanide, Phytic Acid, and Trypsin Inhibitor in Rambling Vetch, Culban (Vicia peregrina)

This paper aims to improve the nutritional value of culban (Vicia peregrina) by reducing the three antinutritional phytic acid, hydrogen cyanide, and trypsin inhibitor by the various process as soaking, cooking, roasting, and germination for improving its nutritional value and which process is much effective for this purpose. Result revealed that the overall effects of treatment in cyanogen reduction by mg/kg at significance (P< 0.05) comes in this rank, germination for 5 and 7 days (94-100%) > roasting for 15 and 30 minutes, cooking for 40 minutes (60%) > cooking for 20 minutes (40%) > soaking for 12 hours (24%)> soaking for 8 hours (8%). The overall effect of different process in the reduction of phytic acid mg/g at significance (P< 0.05) comes in this rank, Roasting 15 minute (92%)> Roasting 30 minute (75%) Germination 7 days >(54%)> Germination 5 days (53%)> Cooking 20 minute (39%)> Cooking 40 minute (36%)> Soaking 12 hour (17%)> Soaking 8 hour (8.5%). And the rank of all treatments in reducing trypsin inhibitor TUI/mg at significance (P< 0.05) comes in this order, Cooking 40 minute (65%)> Germination 7 days(49%)> Germination 5 days(47%)> Roasting 30 minute (42%) >Soaking 12 hours (33%)> Soaking 8 hours (30%)> Cooking for 20 minutes (28%)> Roasting for 15 minutes (27%).

Effect of thermal preservative methods on legume based protein tikkis (patty)

The present study was undertaken to develop a legume-based tikki as the protein source and effect of the preservative method on the quality. A total of 3 treatments were used after optimisation of tikkis. Steam under pressure at 15 psi for 15 and 20 min (t1), hot air treatment at 90°C for 120 min (t2), and pasteurisation at 85°C for 15 min (t3). Various batches attempted to optimise the finished products based on sensory acceptability. 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80% legume content in batch 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Batch-3 (70% legume) was the most acceptable concentration for further consideration. Effect of legume content of the textural profile of legume tikkies shown at 80% concentration. The product was evaluated for physicochemical parameters, sensory attributes, and microbial quality. Textural profile analysis revealed that hardness value was negligible in fresh, pasteurised, and cabinet treated samples for moth tikkies whereas autoclaved samples showed a significant reduction in the hardness. At the same time, moong tikki changed significantly after treatments with the effect of the preservation method. The fatty acid profile of the samples was analysed using a gas chromatograph to understand the effect of different processing and preservation treatments on it.

Standardization of Growol processing and the effect of different processing processes on the potential of Growol as functional food

One of the Indonesian traditional food, growol is a fermented cassava product of the home industries. It is believed that growol can cure diseases in the digestive tract. This research aims to analyze the standardization of growol processing and the effects of various processing processes, i.e. steaming, baking, frying, and cooling, on growol potential as traditional food. Four variations of fermentation treatments were used to investigate the standardization of growol processing, namely the fermentation process. Based on the organoleptic test encompassing appearance, texture, taste, and overall preference and the LAB level test, the best growol was that with the fermentation process “not changing the water in three days” (TG3). As such, we figured out the standardization of growol processing comprising preparing the basic ingredients, performing the fermentation “not changing the soaking water in three days”, washing five times (b/v) draining, crushing, steaming, and molding. The glycemic index of baked, steamed, cooled, without-processing, and fried growol was 97, 94, 93, 91, and 89, respectively. With a GI &gt; 70, without processing, steamed, baked, fried, and cooled growol could not be consumed as functional pro-diabetic food. The LAB test indicated that the LAB level of without- processing, baked, fried, steamed, and cooled growl was 1.32 × 107 cfu/g, 6.7 × 103 cfu/g, 1.53 × 103 cfu/g, 1.27 × 103 cfu/g, and 2.7 ×102 cfu/g, respectively. We could then infer that without processing growol and steamed, baked, fried, or cooled growol had potential as a functional prebiotic food.

Chemical Characterization of White Lupin (Lupinus albus) Flour Treated by Extrusion Cooking and Aqueous Debittering Processes.

Lupin is a very nutritious legume with high levels of protein and fiber, but it also contains quinolizidine alkaloids which, depending on the species, can accumulate to toxic levels. The objective of this work was to evaluate the white lupin chemical composition, due to the effects of different processes (aqueous debittering, extrusion cooking, and reactive extrusion), aiming at reducing total alkaloids, preserving fibers, and increasing in vitro protein digestibility. Regarding raw material, the aqueous process reduced significantly total alkaloids (-93.87%), increased dietary fiber (+22.03%), and increased protein digestibility (+6.73%), whereas the extrusion processes were inefficient to reduce alkaloids (< -3.70%) and reduced the dietary fiber content, the reduction being more severe during reactive extrusion (-75.36%). Protein digestibility was improved by extrusion cooking (+3.07%), while the reactive extrusion reduced digestibility (-12.50%). Electrophoresis and quantification of soluble proteins and aromatic amino acids confirmed the high digestibility index, staying only the γ-conglutin fraction in the digested samples evaluated by SDS-PAGE. The aqueous process proved to be the best option, as it reduces the alkaloid content to safe levels and improves the protein digestion of white lupin flour.

Effect of different processing of white kidney beans on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fortified pasta

Effect of different processing of white kidney beans on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fortified pasta

Analysis of Cold Composite Sheet Rolling Considering Anisotropic Effect and Position-Dependent Friction Model

The large difference in mechanical properties and plastic deformation ability of each layer will have a great impact on the overall performance of a composite sheet prepared by cold-roll bonding. The effect of rolling and material variables on the stress distribution and bonding state in the rolling deformation zone should be studied. In this work, an accurate cold-rolling deformation model considering the anisotropic effect and position-dependent friction model is established using the slab method. Effects of different process and material variables are analyzed. Related experiments were performed on Ti-Al clads and calculation results from the deformation model were compared with the experimental results. This model can well predict the Ti/Al thickness ratio after rolling, and the smaller the initial aluminum strength, the more accurate the predicted value; the minimum error is within 1%. The deformation coordination between the titanium and aluminum layers becomes better with the increase in rolling reduction and initial aluminum strength. At 50% reduction, the deformation ratio of titanium and aluminum increases from 93.8% to 98.1%, which is consistent with the trend of the results calculated using this model.

Effects of different processed tomatoes on carotenoid release and microbiota composition during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation.

Carotenoids in tomatoes confer significant health benefits to humans but with the disadvantage of the carotenoids from raw tomatoes not being easily absorbed for utilization. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different cooking processes on carotenoid release and human gut microbiota composition during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of tomatoes. The results showed that stir-frying significantly increased the release of lycopene and β-carotene during gastrointestinal digestion, with boiling being the second most effective treatment. The boiling-treated tomatoes enhanced the carotenoid release during in vitro fermentation. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that the digestion of the raw and boiled tomatoes promoted the growth of potentially beneficial microbiota while reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides, which potentially helps prevent obesity. Boiling treatment significantly reduced the growth of Peptostreptococcus and was negatively correlated with carotenoid release. Overall, the boiling-treated tomatoes were more effective than the raw or stir-fried tomatoes in terms of both colon health benefits and carotenoid release.

Effects of different processes on characteristics and properties of bio‐calcium from hybrid catfish (Pangasianodon gigas × Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

SummaryThe research was aimed to study the impact of various treatments on characteristics of bio‐calcium from hybrid catfish bone. Bio‐calcium from hybrid catfish bones (raw bone) was prepared using several 4 steps including high‐pressure water jet process (washed bone), soaking in alkaline solution (protein removal), ethanol immersion process (lipid removal), bleaching and grinding to obtain bio‐calcium powder. The obtained bio‐calcium had a yield of 14.46 g 100 g−1. Bio‐calcium had low protein, fat and moisture contents but had high ash content (P ≤ 0.05). Bio‐calcium was rich in calcium and phosphorus. Bio‐calcium contained high hydroxyproline content of 27.70 mg g−1 samples. Moreover, high contents of proline, glycine, aspartic acid alanine and glutamic acid were found in bio‐calcium. The ethanol immersion, bleaching and grinding process effectively decreased Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) values and total volatile acids (P ≤ 0.05) of bio‐calcium powder compared with washed bone, protein and lipid removal processes. Therefore, this research provided an alternative source for bio‐calcium production, which can develop as fortified in food products, calcium supplements and biomedical applications.

The Investigation of Phase Transition and Solute Transport for Bloom Continuous Casting with Steel Strip‐Feeding Process and Mold Electromagnetic Stirring: A Comparative Study

Based on the finite volume method, a continuum model that coupled enthalpy‐porosity approach is developed herein to investigate the fluid flow, phase transition, and macrosegregation in the solidification process for bloom continuous casting. The optimal parameters of the process of feeding strip technology (FST) are obtained, and the effects of different processes of regular continuous casting, mold electromagnetic stirring (M‐EMS), and FST on the superheat degree and macrosegregation are compared. The results show that the process of FST can not only greatly reduce the superheat degree of liquid steel and improve the macrosegregation in the bloom center, but also effectively avoid the deterioration of negative segregation defects at the edge of bloom, compared with the processes of regular continuous casting and M‐EMS. The best process parameters for the process of FST are as follows: the strip feeding position is 0.12 m far away from the bloom centerline, and the steel strip feeding velocity is 0.20 m s−1.

Comparison of particle number size distribution trends in ground measurements and climate models

Abstract. Despite a large number of studies, out of all drivers of radiative forcing, the effect of aerosols has the largest uncertainty in global climate model radiative forcing estimates. There have been studies of aerosol optical properties in climate models, but the effects of particle number size distribution need a more thorough inspection. We investigated the trends and seasonality of particle number concentrations in nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation modes at 21 measurement sites in Europe and the Arctic. For 13 of those sites, with longer measurement time series, we compared the field observations with the results from five climate models, namely EC-Earth3, ECHAM-M7, ECHAM-SALSA, NorESM1.2, and UKESM1. This is the first extensive comparison of detailed aerosol size distribution trends between in situ observations from Europe and five earth system models (ESMs). We found that the trends of particle number concentrations were mostly consistent and decreasing in both measurements and models. However, for many sites, climate models showed weaker decreasing trends than the measurements. Seasonal variability in measured number concentrations, quantified by the ratio between maximum and minimum monthly number concentration, was typically stronger at northern measurement sites compared to other locations. Models had large differences in their seasonal representation, and they can be roughly divided into two categories: for EC-Earth and NorESM, the seasonal cycle was relatively similar for all sites, and for other models the pattern of seasonality varied between northern and southern sites. In addition, the variability in concentrations across sites varied between models, some having relatively similar concentrations for all sites, whereas others showed clear differences in concentrations between remote and urban sites. To conclude, although all of the model simulations had identical input data to describe anthropogenic mass emissions, trends in differently sized particles vary among the models due to assumptions in emission sizes and differences in how models treat size-dependent aerosol processes. The inter-model variability was largest in the accumulation mode, i.e. sizes which have implications for aerosol–cloud interactions. Our analysis also indicates that between models there is a large variation in efficiency of long-range transportation of aerosols to remote locations. The differences in model results are most likely due to the more complex effect of different processes instead of one specific feature (e.g. the representation of aerosol or emission size distributions). Hence, a more detailed characterization of microphysical processes and deposition processes affecting the long-range transport is needed to understand the model variability.

Soil potassium isotope composition during four million years of ecosystem development in Hawai‘i

We combine spectroscopic and geochemical approaches to interpret the fate of potassium (K) during forest soil development along a 4-million-year chronosequence sampled from relatively undisturbed rainforests in Hawai‘i. Potassium derived from weathering of lava is dominant in the youngest site (0.3 ky), but its contribution to the soil K budget declines as weathering progresses. Sites older than 0.3 ky are characterized by substantial K depletion (τK,Nb ∼−1), with soil isotopic composition (41K/39K, δ41K) varying from −1.91 ± 0.08‰ to −0.09 ± 0.08‰, relative to the homogeneous basaltic substrate (−0.48‰). Exchangeable and interlayered K show δ41K values ranging from −1.32 ± 0.06‰ to 0.06 ± 0.08‰, higher than their corresponding bulk δ41K values. The δ41K patterns of soils and exchangeable components are vertically similar, implying similar environmental controls. The variability in K phase and isotope composition reflects the accumulative effect of different processes. Chemical weathering and plant cycling retain isotopically light K in soils, in particular for 20–150 ky sites. In contrast, atmospheric inputs of marine aerosols (0.14‰) and mineral aerosols (−0.44‰) add heavier K (than native basalts) and crust-like K (similar to basaltic δ41K) in soils, respectively. In sites older than 150 ky, nearly complete depletion of basaltic K and reduced plant K imprints result in the dominance of atmospheric inputs in soils. In sum, this study emphasizes the sensitivity of δ41K to terrestrial biotic and abiotic K cycles.

Influence of Processing Parameters and Natural Antimicrobial on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and Clostridium pasteurianum Using Response Surface Methodology.

The food industry must ensure the stability of the products, and this is often achieved by exposing foods to heat treatments that are able to ensure the absence of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms. These treatments are different in terms of temperature and duration and could lead to a loss in nutritional and sensory value. Moreover, some types of microorganisms manage to survive these treatments thanks to the sporification process. The addition of antimicrobials can become necessary, but at present, consumers are more inclined toward natural products, avoiding synthetic and chemical additives. Antimicrobials from plants could be a valuable option and, in this context, a patent concerning an antimicrobial extract from fermented plant substrate was recently tested against foodborne pathogens revealing high antimicrobial activity. The objective of this study was the creation of a model for the evaluation and subsequent prediction of the combined effect of different process and product variables, including antimicrobial addition, on the inhibition and reduction of spore germination of target microorganisms, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and Clostridium pasteurianum, responsible for spoilage of tomato-based products.

Research on the Effect of Different Processes on DMFA Content in Synthetic Leather Production

Research on the Effect of Different Processes on DMFA Content in Synthetic Leather Production

Fe3O4/Mn3O4/ZnO-rGO hybrid quaternary nano-catalyst for effective treatment of tannery wastewater with the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process: Process optimization

This study investigated chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from tannery wastewater (TWW) with a novel Fe3O4/Mn3O4/ZnO-rGO heterogeneous electro Fenton (HEF) hybrid magnetically-separable nano-catalyst. The graphite cathode and Ti/IrO2/RuO2 anode were used in the HEF process. With aeration (2 L/min), in-situ H2O2 generation occurred. The nano-catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, DLS, FT-IR, ζ potential, SEM, TEM, and BET techniques in detail. The system was modelled with a central composite design and optimized numerically. The established model was adequate, valid, reliable, and reproducible to predict the COD removal efficiency. OH and O2− were the oxidative species responsible for organic matter degradation. The effect of different processes was investigated, and efficiency was ranked from high to low as; HEF > anodic oxidation-H2O2 > anodic oxidation > adsorption. Under the optimum conditions; pH: 3.5, current density: 7.37 mA/cm2, reaction time: 79.43 min, and catalyst dose: 0.06 g/L, COD removal efficiency reached a maximum of 97.08%. The energy consumption and cost to remove 1 kg COD were 10.87 kWh and $1.41. The degradation of COD fitted the pseudo-first-order model. The nano-catalyst was stable and reusable with a minimum yield of 78.12% after 5 cycles.

Preparation and Properties of Impact Resistant Polyurea Coating for Fluorochemical Pipeline

A new type of high elastic polyurea protective coating reinforced by nano silica is prepared by filler composite in order to avoid both the leakage of fluorine chemical pipelines containing highly toxic and dangerous media as well as the damage to fluorine chemical pipelines under impact loads. The aim is to improve the intrinsic safety of fluorine chemical pipelines and ensure the safety of the ecological environment, life and property. The effects of different processes and process parameters on the properties of polyurea coating were studied. The polyurea coating was blended and strengthened with nano silica modified by silane coupling agent KH-550. The suitable stirring speed, material addition sequence and nano silica concentration of the new polyurea material were put forward to prepare a new polyurea coating with excellent properties. The properties of the polyurea coating were characterized, including curing time, tensile strength, elongation at break and impact resistance. Then, by using the numerical simulation method, the protection law of polyurea coating on fluorochemical pipelines with or without polyurea coating under the impact of small balls with different speeds was studied, and the equivalent stress mitigation and energy absorption mechanism of polyurea coating were analyzed from the perspective of macro and micro mechanisms. The results show that silane coupling agent KH-550 has successfully modified nano silica, and the optimal filling concentration of modified nano silica is 4 wt%. At this time, the tensile strength of filled reinforced polyurea coating is increased to 15.7 MPa, the elongation at break is 472%, the hardness is 61 HA, and the impact resistance of the matrix material is increased by 9.7 kJ/m2. This shows that the polyurea reinforced by nano silica has excellent mechanical properties and impact resistance. The simulation results show that the polyurea coating can slow down the impact caused by the equivalent stress of small balls at different speeds. When the ball speed is 5 m/s, the equivalent stress of polyurea coating slows down to 49.3%, and the percentage of reduction of the impact caused by the equivalent stress of the polyurea coating decreases gradually with the increase of ball impact speed.

Effects of different processes of tunneling on displacements soil using 3D Finite Element Method

Abstract The excavation process of tunnels induces stresses and deformation in the surrounding soil. The method of excavation is one of the major problems related to the safety of the operators and the ground stability during the construction of underground works. So, it is necessary to choose an ideal method to minimize the displacements and stresses induced by tunneling. The main aim of this study is to simulate numerically the effect of different processes of tunneling on ground displacements, the settlements at surface soil and the internal efforts induced in the lining tunnel; in order to select the best process of excavation, which gives us a less effects on displacements generated by tunneling, thus, ensuring the stability and the solidity of the underground constructions. In addition, this study allows us to control and to predict the diverse movements generated by tunneling (displacements, settlements, efforts internes) exclusively for the shallow tunnel nearby to the underground constructions in the urban site. This modeling will be done by employing five different processes for tunnel excavation using the NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) method. The first process, the modeling of the excavation tunnel, is done almost in the same way as in reality; the partial face excavation, with seven slices, made by the excavation. The second process, by partial face excavation, is divided into eleven slices, next, we used the partial face excavation by nine slices, and then in thirteen slices. Finally, the dig is made by full-face excavation. The paper contributes to the prediction of the response of the soil environment to tunnel excavation using the NATM method and to minimize the diverse movements generated by tunneling. The appropriately chosen methodology confirms that displacements and subsidence are strongly influenced by the tunneling method. The three-dimensional Finite Elements Method using Plaxis3D program has been applied in the numerical simulation. The study resulted in the recommendation of a process that minimizes the effect of excavation on subsidence and ground displacement for a particular Setiha tunnel.

Drivers of passive leadership in wild songbirds: species-level differences and spatio-temporally dependent intraspecific effects

Collective behaviors are typical for many social species and can have fitness benefits for participating individuals. To maximize the benefits obtained from group living, individuals must coordinate their behaviors to some extent. What are the mechanisms that make certain individuals more likely to initiate collective behaviors, for example, by taking a risk to initially access a resource (i.e., to act as “leaders”)? Here, we examine leading behavior in a natural population of great tits and blue tits. We use automated feeding stations to monitor the feeder visits of tagged individuals within mixed-species flocks, with a small cost (waiting < 2 s) associated with the initial unlocking of the feeder. We find that great tits, males, and individuals with high activity levels were more likely to be leading in each of their feeder visits. Using a null model approach, we demonstrate that the effects of sex and activity on passive leading behavior can be explained by patterns of spatial and temporal occurrence. In other words, these effects can be explained by the times and locations of when individuals visit rather than the actual order of arrival. Hence, an analysis of the causes of leading behavior is needed to separate the effects of different processes. We highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind leading behavior and discuss directions for future experimental work to gain a better understanding of the causes of leadership in natural populations.Significance statementMany species are social and engage in collective behaviors. To benefit from group actions, individuals need to fulfill different roles. Here, we examine leading behavior during feeding events; who feeds first when birds arrive at a resource? In mixed-species flocks of passerines, great tits (the larger and more dominant species), males, and individuals with higher levels of activity lead more often than blue tits, females, and individuals with lower levels of activity. While the species effect remains even when we control for the locations and dates of individual feeder visits, the effects of sex and activity are dependent on when and where birds choose to feed.

Effects of process parameters, debinding and sintering on the microstructure of 316L stainless steel produced by binder jetting

Binder Jetting is becoming increasingly important in the scenario of metal Additive Manufacturing processes due to the absence of rapid melting and solidification steps that can induce defects in most sensitive alloys and lead to unwanted reactions. However, this technology requires to consider the effects of different factors such as powder packing, wettability with the binder and sinterability to define suitable process parameters and to achieve desirable material properties. Although several research works focus on individual aspects of Binder Jetting and sintering of parts, a comprehensive understanding of material evolution under different processing conditions has not been achieved yet.The present research explores the effects of different process and thermal parameters on the porosity and mechanical properties of binder jetted 316L samples. The effect of layer thickness and binder saturation, considering the powder bed features, and debinding and sintering atmospheres, referring to the post-processing stages, were investigated at the green and sintered stages via microstructural and compositional analysis and mechanical characterization. Thermal treatments simulations were employed to determine the microstructural evolution during sintering. The 316L steel produced in this work by Binder Jetting exhibited a fine equiaxed microstructure, tensile strength values comparable to those of cast products and superior ductility compared to other additive techniques.

The Extraction and Partial Characterization of Lunatin from Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) contains a lectin called lunatin which is an antinutrient with antioxidant, antifungal, and antiproliferative properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different processing of Lima bean seeds, namely crushed dry seeds, Lima bean flour, and Modified Legume Flour (MOLEF). In addition, it delved into the differences resulting from different extraction temperatures (27ºC, 40ºC, and 50ºC) on the lunatin extract obtained. The results show that the total protein in dry seeds, flour and MOLEF Lima beans are 23.18%, 24.20% and 17.12%, respectively. The molecular weight of lunatin detected is 30.25 kDa; The highest antioxidant activity, marked at 83.58% , is obtained by lunatin extract from samples of crushed dried Lima beans, with an extraction temperature of 50ºC, while the lowest activity, 45.97%, is indicated by lunatin extract from MOLEF samples of Lima beans, with extraction temperature of 40ºC. Temperature variations in general do not affect the protein bands detectable. Likewise, the antioxidant activity also does not show antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger.

Efficient degradation of tetracycline using core–shell Fe@Fe2O3-CeO2 composite as novel heterogeneous electro-Fenton catalyst

Developing efficient heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) catalysts for degradation of organic pollutants remains a challenge. Herein, a novel heterogeneous EF catalyst, core–shell Fe@Fe2O3-CeO2 composite, was successfully synthesized in a facile manner for effective degradation of tetracycline (TC) pollutant. The catalytic activity was evaluated by effects of different processes, Fe/Ce molar ratio, catalyst dosage, initial solution pH, applied current and aeration mode. Fe@Fe2O3-CeO2 with 2:1 Fe/Ce molar ratio achieved TC removal efficiency of 90.7% within 1 h and mineralization efficiency of 86.9% within 6 h with such excellent performance attributed to the high utilization efficiency of H2O2 and the synergistic effects between Ce4+/Ce3+ and Fe3+/Fe2+. Moreover, this novel catalyst exhibited good recyclability and stability in successive cycles with low metal leaching. Furthermore, the heterogeneous EF process showed satisfactory catalytic activity towards degradation of other organic pollutants (e.g., metronidazole, diclofenac sodium, and chloramphenicol). Based on the experimental results and analysis, the mechanism of the heterogeneous EF process with Fe@Fe2O3-CeO2 catalyst and possible TC degradation pathways were proposed, which provides insights into the catalytic reaction process and should be of value in facilitating the application of this method in refractory wastewater treatment.