Effect Of Different Plant Densities Research Articles

Productivity and nutritive parameters of fodder maize under varying plant density and fertility levels for improved animal productivity

Nutritive quality parameters of forages are largely affected by management at farm level. Therefore, a field investigation was carried out during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Forage Research and Management Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal to evaluate the effect of different planting densities and fertility levels on growth, yield and nutritive quality of fodder maize.Treatment consisted of three planting densities using seed rates of 60,75 and 90 kg/ha in main plot and six fertility levels in subplots (0,50,75,100,125 and 150% of recommended dose of fertilizer. Results of two year study indicated that at low plant density (60 kg/ha seed rate) response to applied fertilizer was significant up to 125 % RDF, while at higher plant density response was only up to 75% RDF. Therefore, plant density (60 kg/ha seed rate) and fertility level (125% RDF i.e. 150 kg N/ha and 60 kg P2O5/ha) should be used to obtain maximum green fodder yield with good quality.

DENSIDADE DE PLANTIO E PRODUÇÃO DO MARACUJAZEIRO-AZEDO NO SUL DO BRASIL

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a qualidade dos frutos do maracujazeiro-azedo em relação a diferentes densidades de plantio na região de Pelotas/Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido no ciclo de 2011/2012, apenas com plantas de um ano, e no ciclo de 2012/2013, avaliaram-se plantas de um e dois anos. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos de acordo com as seguintes densidades (plantas ha-1): 1.600 (D1); 2.666; 3.200 (D3). No ciclo de 2012/2013, as plantas de dois anos do tratamento D3 foram desbastadas, permanecendo-se com 1.600 plantas ha-1. O tratamento mais adensado, com 3.200 plantas ha-1 e plantas de um ano, apresentou melhor desempenho produtivo, independentemente do ciclo avaliado. As plantas de dois anos (ciclo de 2012/2013) não demonstraram diferença quanto à produtividade e número de frutos por hectare nas densidades avaliadas. A qualidade dos frutos não foi influenciada pelas densidades de plantio em nenhum ciclo avaliado.

Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilization level on grain yield and harvest index in seven modern tropical maize hybrids (Zea maysL.)

SUMMARYTo support tropical maize (Zea maysL.) breeding efforts, the current work aimed to assess harvest index (HI) in modern hybrids and determine the effect of different planting densities on grain yield and HI under well-fertilized (HN) and nitrogen (N) deficient conditions. Harvest index and grain yield of 34 hybrids on average reached 0·42 and 7·06 t/ha (five environments), indicating a large potential for improvement in HI relative to temperate hybrids. Ear weight (r= 0·88), HI (r= 0·78) and shoot dry weight (r= 0·68) were strongly associated with grain yield. In the second experiment, seven hybrids were evaluated at planting densities of 5, 7, 9 and 11 plants/m2under HN (six environments) and N deficient (LN) conditions (four environments) to assess the effect of planting density on grain yield and HI. Grain yield increased by 40·4 and 21·8% under HN and LN conditions when planting density was increased relative to the lowest planting density. Harvest index increased from 0·42 at 5 plants/m2to 0·45 at 11 plants/m2under HN conditions and decreased from 0·44 at 5 plants/m2to 0·42 at 9 plants/m2under LN conditions. Harvest index was maximized at planting densities of 8·33 plants/m2and 5·30 plants/m2under HN and LN conditions, respectively, while grain yield was maximized at 9·93 plants/m2and 7·89/m2. Optimal planting density maximizing both HI and grain yield were higher than planting densities currently used in tropical germplasm. It can be concluded that productivity in tropical maize could be increased both under intensive (+40·4%) and lower-input management (+21·8%) by increasing planting densities above those currently used in smallholder agriculture in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, in environments targeted by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.

Nutrient Management in High Density Cashew Plantation under Coastal Zones of Odisha

A field experiment was conducted at Cashew Research Station of AICRP on Cashew, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during 2000 to 2013 study about the effect of different plant density with different dose of fertilizer on growth and yield of cashew variety BPP 8 (H 2/16). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three planting densities [10×5 m2 (200 plants ha−1; 6×4 m2 (400 plants ha−1) and 5×4 m2 (500 plants ha−1)] along with three levels of fertilizer (75-25-25, 150-50-50 and 225-75-75 kg NPK ha−1) replicated four times. The results revealed that adoption of high density planting system significantly decreases the tree height (5.71), stem girth (69.16 cm), number of flowering laterals m−2 (4.52), nuts panicle−1 (7.63), nut weight (7.6 g), cumulative yield at 11th harvest (26.77 kg tree−1) than wider spacing of 200 plants ha−1. Similar trends were observed for fertilizer dose of 150-50-50 kg ha−1 for all the parameters under study, irrespective of plant densities. However maximum cumulative yield of 15, 140.50 kg ha−1 with BCR of 3.04, closely followed by 14, 052.05 kg ha−1 with BCR of 2.61 was observed at high density planting (500 plants ha−1) and moderately to high fertilizer dose (150-50-50 to 225-75-75 kg NPK ha−1) over 11th harvest of cashew under Odisha condition. The study also indicated that, in case of high density planting system, pruning should be done after 5th harvest while 8th harvest in wider spacing in order to maintain the productivity of plants at optimum levels.

English

In this experiment, the effect of different plant densities on the oil content and yield of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Cv. Soroksary seeds was studied at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Karaj, Iran (Latitude 35° 47´ N and Longitude 50° 59´ E) in 2008. Different spacing studied were 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm and the distance between rows in all treatments was 40 cm using a complete randomized block design with three replicates. According to the results, the effect of plant density on oil content and yield was significant (P<0.01). The highest oil content (3.33%) and yield per hectare (116.73 L) was obtained with the lowest plant density. Key words: Foeniculum vulgare cv. Soroksary, plant density, oil content, oil yield.

Effect of Different Plant Densities on The Fruit Yield and Some Related Parameters and Storage Losses of Fodder Watermelon (Citrillus lanatus var. Cit

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of different plant densities (4762, 7143, 9524, 14286, 28571 plants ha-1) on the fruit yield and some other yield components of fodder watermelon under typical Mediterranean climate conditions during summer period of 2012 and 2013. Results indicated that average number of fruit per plant increased by decreasing plant densities but not single fruit weight and soluble solid content. It was suggested that 9524 plants ha-1 (210x50cm) of fodder watermelon was the most successful crop density regarding the total fruit yield (189 t ha-1). It was also concluded that fodder watermelon fruits can be easily stored 210 days with 24% weight loss without any rot

Solar Radiation Interception, Dry Matter Production and Yield among Different Plant Densities of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Arachis spp&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;. in Ibadan, Nigeria

The production of grain legumes is becoming a popular practice in the humid south western Nigeria. Apart from the decreasing trends observed in rainfall amount and duration as a result of climate change, solar radiation interception also constitutes a limitation to crop production because of persistent cloud cover. A trial was conducted at the University of Ibadan experimental site to determine the effect of different plant densities of Arachis spp. on solar radiation interception, dry matter production and yield in Ibadan, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining the best practice for groundnut production in the zone. The treatments were three plant spacings (60 cm×20 cm,75 cm×20 cmand75 cm×40 cm), and three Arachis varieties (Samnut 10, Samnut 21 and Pintoi) arranged in a split plot, randomized complete block design with Arachis varieties as the main plot while plant densities formed the subplot and replicated three times. Growth parameters (number of leaves, dry leaf weight and dry stem weight) were measured at two weeks interval while yield parameters (number of pods, dry pod weight, dry seed weight and total dry matter) were determined at harvest. Intercepted radiation by plants (PAR) was also taken along with the growth parameters. The highest light interception from 42 - 105 days after planting (DAP) among the Arachis spp. was recorded by Samnut 10, while at 42 - 87 DAP, plant density of75 cm×20 cmhad the highest light interception. Dry matter production increased with light interception and was highest at 105 DAP when light interception was between 55% and 60% for all Arachis varieties and all plant densities. In terms of pod weight and grain yield, Samnut 10 performed better than Samnut 21 and also recorded the highest Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) for pod, seed and total dry matter. However, Arachis pintoi, a sterile and forage plant with slower growth rate served as a cover crop capable of replenishing soil nutrients and physical properties.

Effect of different plant density and arrangements on qualitative and quantitative performance (flower dry weight, seed dry weight, flower diameter, number of flower in plant, flavonoid content) of Calendula officinalis L.

Effect of different plant density and arrangements on qualitative and quantitative performance (flower dry weight, seed dry weight, flower diameter, number of flower in plant, flavonoid content) of Calendula officinalis L.

Evaluating the effects of different planting densities and inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria on morphological characteristics and yield of faba bean (cv.Barakat)

Among legumes, Faba beans due to having proteins and essential amino acids and the ability of nitrogen fixation and symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria, have high importance in terms of food and environmental effects. Growth and yield of Faba beans, like other crops, are functions of environmental factors and plant genotype. The experiment was conducted in the field area of300sq.m.ina completely randomized block design with split plots (split-plot) in three replications in the fall of 2009. Planting density, as the main factor of the test, has three levels: 1) A1: density of 100,000 plants per hectare (20 cm row plant spacing), 2) A2: density of 50,000 plants per hectare (40 cm row plant spacing), 3) A3: density of 25,000 plants per hectare (60 cm row plant spacing). Also the sub-factor of the experiment has 2 levels: 1) B1: seed not inoculated with bacteria, 2) B2: seed inoculated with bacteria. The results show that an increase in bush density causes a significant increase in total dry matter production per unit area, but in contrast, total dry matter per plant reduced due to high competition. Also, it was observed that Fababean seed inoculation with bacteria before sowing had a positive and significant effect on bush

Effects of Different Planting Densities on Sugar Accumulation and Activities of Sucrose Synthase and Sucrose Phosphate Synthase of Sweet Sorghum bicolor (L．) Moench

Two sweet sorghum varieties(XT-2 and T601) with seven different planting densities of treatments,were need to analyze the reducing sugar,total sugar content,sucrose content,activities of SS and SPS at different growing stages.The total sugar content in two varieties had the same,increasing tendency with the highest value at mature period.The reducing sugar content changed in a tendency of increasing maintaining decreasing in XT-2,and in a tendency of increasing,reducing in T601.The sucrose contents of the two varieties showed the same increasing tendency with the highest value at mature period.In addition to the density treatment B6(6170 plants ha–1),SS activity showed a tendency of rising-decreasing-hiding in T601,and no obvious changing hale in XT-2.Except for density treatment B2(11 110 plants ha–1),B4(7929 plants ha–1),SPS activity showed a tendency of rising-reducing-rising in XT-2,and no obvious rule in T601.For XT-2,the optimal density was 9250 plants ha–1,the total sugar content was 14.2%(on a fresh matter basis),for T601 the optimal density was 11 110 plants ha–1,the total sugar content was 14.31%(on a fresh matter basis).The latter is the best choice for total sugar accumulation.Activity of SS is decline,SPS activity Declined and increased.SPS activity in the full ripening stage are favorable to sugar accumulation.In this care,it is the best time for harvest.

Relationship of Ear Differentiation with Kernel Development and Barrenness in Maize ( Zea mays L.)

Two cultivars ZD958 and DH661 were used to analyze the effect of different planting densities (45 000 plant ha–1, 75 000 plant ha?1, 10 5000 plant ha?1) on kernel development and barrenness in maize (Zea mays L.). The results showed that increasing plant density had little effects on the time of ear primordia differentiation (the ear primordia presented at 28–29 days after sowing under different densities) and the total number of floret primordia during silking. However, the differentiation of ear was postponed under high density, the number of abortive florets and unfertilized florets increased with the increase of plant density. Compared with low-density, the high density reduced number of normal florets per ear by 100.0 for DH661 and by 76.4 for ZD958. Additionally, the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) was elongated, the ratio of the silked-plants was decreased (ratio of DH661 was 93.64% and that of ZD958 was 81.80% under high density), the time of silking was delayed, the number of silked florets per ear was reduced and the pollen shedding duration was shortened with increasing plant density, which results in the increment of abortion after fertilization. Interestingly, kernel abortion would also occur during grain-filling, especially in 10 days after anthesis. The kernel number per ear had a positive correlation with the bottom transmittance at silking, 10 d after silking and 20 d after silking, while the ratio of abortive floret was negatively correlated with the bottom transmittance before flowering significantly.

Safflower grown in different sowing dates and plant densities

The objectives of this study were to test the effects of different plant densities on stem characteristics in two growing seasons: Fall/Winter and Spring/Summer. The plant densities evaluated were 48, 64, 80, 96, 112 and 128plants m-2. The Fall/Winter growing season was from 04/04/2008 to 23/08/2008 and the Spring/Summer growing season was from 03/10/2008 to 23/12/2008. Total and partial plant height did not differ among plant densities in the Fall/Winter growing season. However, in the Spring/Summer growing season total plant height had a quadratic response to increase in plant population whereas the partial height did not vary. In the Fall/Winter cultivation, plants presented larger stems and branches diameter, branches length and total number of nodes main stem and branches diameters, number and length of branches, fresh and dry mass decreased as density increased in the two growing seasons. The capitulum's diameter decreased as density increased in the Fall/Winter growing season, but at the Spring/Summer growing season it decreased in the density from 48 to 96plants m-2 and increased in the density from 112 a 128plants m-2.

Biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera under different planting densities and levels of nitrogen fertilization

The effect of different planting densities (100,000 and 167,000 plants ha−1) and levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 261, 521, and 782 kg N ha−1 year−1) on biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera was studied in a split-plot design with four randomized complete blocks over 2 years with eight cuts year−1 at the National Agrarian University farm in Managua, Nicaragua (12°09′30.65″N, 86°10′06.32″W, altitude 50 m above sea level). Density 167,000 plants ha−1 produced significantly higher total dry matter yield (TDMY) and fine fraction yield (FFDM), 21.2 and 19.2 ton ha−1 respectively, compared with 11.6 and 11 ton ha−1 for 100,000 plants ha−1. Growth rate in 167,000 plants ha−1 was higher than in 100,000 plants ha−1 (0.06 compared with 0.03 ton ha−1 day−1). Average plant height was 119 cm irrespective of planting density. Fertilization at the 521 and 782 kg N ha−1 year−1 levels produced the highest TDMY and FFDM in both years of the study and along all cuts. The interaction between cut and year was significant, with the highest TDMY and FFDM during the rainy season in the second year. Chemical composition of fractions showed no significant differences between planting densities. Significantly higher crude protein content was found in the coarse fraction at fertilizer levels 521 and 782 kg N ha−1 year−1 (87.9 and 93.7 g kg−1 DM) compared with lower levels. The results indicate that Moringa can maintain up to 27 ton ha−1 dry matter yield under dry tropical forest conditions over time at a planting density of 167,000 plants ha−1 if the soil is regularly supplied with N at a level of approximately 521 kg ha year−1 in conditions where phosphorus and potassium are not limiting.

Effects of different planting densities and fertilizer application levels on nutrients absorption and yield of oilseed rapeseed

Field experiments were conducted to investigate effects of different planting densities and fertilizer application levels on N,P,K(nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium) uptake and seed yield of rapeseed variety Xiangzayou 763.The results showed that,yield of high fertilizer application treatment were significantly higher than that in the low fertilizer application treatment under the same planting density,and there were significant or highly significant differences in seed yield among the 4 fertilizer application treatments.Seed yield in 2 treatments(higher fertilizer application level with lower planting density treatment,lower fertilizer application level with higher planting density treatment) were relatively higher.The highest yield(N was 180 kg/hm2,P was 90 kg/hm2,K was 158 kg/hm2 and the planting density was 75 000 plants /hm2) was 2 696.15 kg/hm2 among the 24 treatments.Higher fertilizer application treatments had higher NPK accumulation,which was consistent to the seed yield,and there was highly significant correlation between yield and NPK accumulation.The contents of N and P during flowering and harvesting stages,which were much higher than those during the wintering stage,increased first and then decreased,but the change was not obvious.The K content showed less change.

Effects of different planting densities and fertilizer levels on soluble sugar and free amino acids content and rapeseed yield

Xiangzayou763 was used as material to study the effects on rapeseed stem-leaf soluble sugar and free amino acids and rapeseed yield in different fertilizer levels(N∶P2O5∶K2O∶B:treatment A,240∶120∶210∶1.2 kg/hm2;B,180∶90∶157.5∶0.9 kg/hm2;C,120∶60∶105∶0.6 kg/hm2;D,60∶30∶52.5∶0.3 kg/hm2;E,no fertilizer)and planting density(7.5×104,1.5×105,2.25×105,3.0×105,3.75×105,4.5×105plant/hm2).The result indicated that the content of soluble sugar in rapeseed stem was increased with fertilizer decreased and inseased with density increased;The content of free amino acids took an upward trend with increasing fertilizer.Free amino acids amounts and total amounts of soluble sugar and free amino acids had very significant positive correlations with rape grain yield,while it had a negative correlation between soluble sugar amounts and rape grain yield.Integrated study showed that the treatment A and the density of 2.25×105plant/ hm2 was the most conductive to rape income.

Características produtivas do manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) em função do espaçamento entre plantas e entre linhas

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes densidades de plantas nas características produtivas do manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), cultivado a campo. O experimento foi conduzido na estação experimental pertencente à UNIOESTE, em Marechal Cândido Rondon PR, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2010. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x2, com três repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído de cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (0,10; 0,20; 0,30; 0,40; 0,50 m) e o segundo de dois espaçamentos entre linhas de plantio (0,20 e 0,30 m). As variáveis avaliadas foram altura de planta, diâmetro da copa, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca da parte aérea e das folhas, massa seca das folhas e das raízes, e determinadas a produção de massa fresca das folhas e da parte aérea. Os menores espaçamentos entre plantas e entre linhas proporcionaram maior produção de massa por área.

Effect of different plant densities on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community in a long-term maize monocrop system

The association between terrestrial plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the most widespread mutualistic plant-fungus interactions in natural and cropping systems. We studied the effect of different plant densities (70,000 and 100,000 plant ha-1) on species diversity and community structure of AM fungi associated with maize (Zea mays L.) in a long-term crop production experiment established in Martonvásár, Hungary. Based on the differences in small subunit (SSU)/18S ribosomal genes nested-PCR procedure was used to identify groups of AM fungi that are active in the colonization of maize roots. Shannon-Wiener diversity index of AM fungi were 1.43 ± 0.37 and 1.31 ± 0.50 at 70,000 plant ha-1 and 100,000 plant ha-1 respectively. All of sequence types we found belonging to the Glomus clade. Besides Glomus A fungi, only the members of the Glomus B group occurred, however at significantly lower frequency. There were differences in the phylogenetic group composition of AM fungi demonstrating the effect of different plant densities on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Qualidade do fruto e produtividade do abacaxizeiro em diferentes densidades de plantio e lâminas de irrigação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes densidades de plantio e duas lâminas de irrigação na qualidade do fruto e na produtividade do abacaxizeiro (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com seis densidades de plantio e duas lâminas de irrigação, com cinco repetições. Avaliaram-se as características: peso médio, firmeza do fruto, diâmetro médio do fruto e do pedúnculo e o rendimento de suco dos frutos descascados. Foram quantificados as mudas tipo filhote, os rebentões e o rendimento total de frutos. O aumento na densidade de plantio causou a diminuição do peso, diâmetro médio dos frutos e do pedúnculo, rendimento de suco e número de mudas do tipo filhote. Contudo, não afetou a firmeza dos frutos. A maior lâmina de irrigação não influenciou o peso, nem o diâmetro médio dos frutos e do pedúnculo nem as mudas do tipo filhote, mas causou a diminuição na firmeza dos frutos e no rendimento de suco, nas populações de 35.714 e 71.429 plantas ha-1. O rendimento total de frutos aumentou nas maiores densidades de plantio e não foi influenciado pelo aumento da lâmina de irrigação.

OĞULOTU (Melissa officinalis L.)’NDA FARKLI BİTKİ SIKLIĞI VE AZOT DOZLARININ DROG VERİMİ VE UÇUCU YAĞ ORANI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

This study was carried out at the experimental field of Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, and University of Ankara in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) seeds obtained from Field Crops Department were used as the study material. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of different plant densities (40x30, 40x40, 50x30, 50x40 cm) and nitrogen doses (0, 4, 8, 12 kg/da) on yield and yield components. Experiments were conducted in split plots in randomized blocks design with three replications. According to the results of the research, the maximum yield was obtained from the dose of 12 kg/da N and 40x30 cm plant density. Average fresh herb yield, drug herb yield, plant height and essential oil ratio were recorded in 2002 as 2785.99 kg/da, 1034.71 kg/da, 39.62 cm, 0.185% and in 2003 as 2982.25 kg/da, 1093.16 kg/da, 33.20 cm, 0.175%, respectively. This study showed that lemon balm can be cultivated successfully and three cuttings in a year can be done in Ankara ecological conditions. It is recommended that 40x30 cm of plant density and nitrogen dose of 12 kg/da is suitable.

Oğulotu (Melissa officinalis L.)’nda Farklı Bitki Sıklığı ve Azot Dozlarının Drog Yaprak Verimi ve Bazı Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi

This study was carried out at the experimental field of Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, and University of Ankara in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) seeds obtained from Field Crops Department were used as the study material. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of different plant densities (40x30, 40x40, 50x30, 50x40 cm) and nitrogen doses (0, 4, 8, 12 kg/da) on yield and yield components. Experiments were conducted in split plots in randomized blocks design with three replications. According to the results of the research, the maximum yield was obtained from the dose of 12 kg/da N and 40x30 cm plant density. Average fresh leaf yield, leaf ratio drug leaf yield and essential oil yield were recorded in 2002 as 2059.06 kg/da, 73.90%, 576.39 kg/da, 1.87 l/da and in 2003 as 2049.90 kg/da, 71.60%, 619.71 kg/da, 1.81 l/da, respectively. This study showed that lemon balm can be cultivated successfully and three cuttings in a year can be done in Ankara ecological conditions.