Effect Of Different Phenotypes Research Articles

Antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, anthocyanin and benzyl-glucosinolate contents in different phenotypes and portion of Japanese Maca (Lepidiummeyenii)

Maca (Lepidium meyenii), mainly grown in Peru, is a traditional herbal medicine that is mostly used to improve sperm motility and serum hormone levels. Maca phenotypes are represented by purple, black, yellow, white, and mixed colors. Recently, a method for Maca cultivation has been established in Japan. Therefore, we determined the effects of different phenotypes and portions on the antioxidant activities and total polyphenols, anthocyanins, and benzyl-glucosinolate contents in Japanese Maca. Purple Maca skin possessed the highest contents of both total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content in all Macas. Regarding the benzyl-glucosinolate content, white maca had the highest content and was not correlated with antioxidant activity. In the present study, we revealed that purple Maca skin is recommended for high polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin content. The results of this study will be useful for selecting phenotypes for the improvement of antioxidant activity or hormone balance.

Abstract WP316: Effects of Different Phenotypes of Microglia-Derived Exosomes on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Introduction: Microglia are the main type of resident immune cells in the brain. Under different stimuli, microglia exhibit two entirely different functional activated states, termed the pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype and the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Almost all cell types can release exosomes, which are considered as important mediators in cell-to-cell communication. Cell-derived exosomal cargo contains a variety of proteins and nucleic acids, which can work locally or stably transferred to recipient cells. Here, we explored the effects of different phenotypes of microglia-derived exosomes on ischemia-induced brain injury. Methods: Primary microglial cells (PMGs) were treated with LPS or IL-4 to induce the M1 or M2 phenotype, respectively. Exosomes were isolated from the cell culture supernatant. Neuronal apoptosis was examined after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment with different exosomes. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used as the in vivo ischemic stroke model to observe the effects of different phenotypes of microglia-derived exosomes on brain injury. Protein profiles were investigated to screen the candidate molecules that mediate distinct functions. Results: Exosomes derived from different phenotypes of microglia have similar diameter, density and exosomal markers. PMGs-derived exosomes can be taken up by neurons. M1 microglia-derived exosomes increased neuronal apoptosis after OGD treatment than OGD alone, while M2 microglia-derived exosomes attenuated neuronal apoptosis. In vivo results revealed that M2 microglia-derived exosomes alleviated brain infarct size and neurological deficits. Besides, M1 microglia-derived exosomes aggravated brain damage. Proteomic analysis showed that the expression of complement-related proteins in M1 microglia-derived exosomes was significantly upregulated than that of M2 microglia-derived exosomes, while the underlying mechanism mediated by specific proteins needs further verification. Conclusions: We demonstrated that M1 microglia-derived exosomes could aggravate ischemic brain injury, while M2 microglia-derived exosomes attenuated this phenomenon. We will explore the detailed mechanisms in the future.

Effect of Cleft Types on Outcome of Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair.

Introduction:It is generally assumed that the major phenotypes of unilateral cleft lip (UCL) represent its extent of severity. There are a few studies on this, but objectivity has been lacking. It was the aim of this study to assess the effect of different phenotypes of UCL on the outcome of surgical repair.Methodology:This study was a case series of the effect of phenotypes of cleft on the outcome of repair of UCL. Fifteen subjects each were in three UCL phenotype groups. Surgical outcome was assessed quantitatively with anthropometric measurements recorded from a full frontal face photograph of subjects. The analysis was done using Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA at P = 0.05.Results:The mean values of the preoperative horizontal and vertical lip height, and nasal width on the cleft side in the cleft lip (CL) group were closest to those of the noncleft side and control. The postoperative mean values of the horizontal and vertical lip height, and nasal width on the cleft side in the CL group were closest to those of the noncleft side and control, while those of the CL, alveolus and palate group were farthest from those of the noncleft side and the control.Discussion:The different phenotypes of UCL have different degrees of tissue distortion and deficiencies. CL group had its measurements closest to that of the noncleft sides and control, suggesting that it has the least distortion.Conclusion:The comparison between the three groups did not reveal any difference, suggesting that the skill of the surgeon and the selection of a well proven technique are more important factors in the outcome of repair of unilateral cleft lip.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement acutely improves left ventricular mechanical efficiency in severe aortic stenosis: effects of different phenotypes.

Aortic stenosis is a frequent valvular disease, with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) being performed when surgical replacement is at increased risk. However, TAVI-induced effects on myocardial efficiency are unknown. We aimed to investigate changes in LV mechano-energetic pre-/post-TAVI and their prognostic impact. A total of 46 patients (25 males) received transesophageal and simultaneous radial pressure plus transaortic gradient monitoring before/immediately after prosthesis deployment. Efficiency was computed as external work/potential energy, as derived from LV pressure-volume plots; myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) was estimated as PWImod, i.e. a noninvasively validated alternative for MVO2 estimation. TAVI was successful in all patients, peak transaortic gradient decreasing -40 ± 20mmHg (p < 0.001). Efficiency improved post-TAVI (+ 0.6 ± 0.12; p = 0.004), with a concomitant PWImodreduction (-16 ± 31%; p < 0.001). When contextualized to fixed PWImod value (5ml/min/100 g), efficiency significantly affected survival (p = 0.029). Over 1026 ± 450-day follow-up, a change in efficiency pre-/post-TAVI ≤ 0.021 (median of the difference) predicted more deaths from any cause (30%) as compared with a change > 0.021 (17%), particularly in those patients with a pre-TAVI mean high-gradient (HG ≥ 40mmHg) phenotype (p < 0.05). In particular, HG patients exhibited the lowest efficiency/PWImod ratio pre-/post-TAVI (p = 0.048), relative to the other aortic stenosis patients, suggestive of an unfavourable matching between cardiac function and metabolic demand, which foreshortens some intrinsic damaged muscle condition in these patients. LV mechanical efficiency improves immediately post-TAVI, notwithstanding an inhomogeneous mechano-energetic matching among the aortic stenosis patients, which can impact negatively on their long-term prognosis, particularly in those with the HG phenotype.

Genomic selection of milk fatty acid composition in Sarda dairy sheep: Effect of different phenotypes and relationship matrices on heritability and breeding value accuracy

Fatty acid (FA) composition is one of the most important aspects of milk nutritional quality. However, the inclusion of this trait as a breeding goal for dairy species is hampered by the logistics and high costs of phenotype recording. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a valid and cheap alternative to laboratory gas chromatography (GC) for predicting milk FA composition. Moreover, as for other novel phenotypes, the efficiency of selection for these traits can be enhanced by using genomic data. The objective of this research was to compare traditional versus genomic selection approaches for estimating genetic parameters and breeding values of milk fatty acid composition in dairy sheep using either GC-measured or FTIR-predicted FA as phenotypes. Milk FA profiles were available for a total of 923 Sarda breed ewes. The youngest 100 had their own phenotype masked to mimic selection candidates. Pedigree relationship information and genotypes were available for 923 and 769 ewes, respectively. Three statistical approaches were used: the classical-pedigree-based BLUP, the genomic BLUP that considers the genomic relationship matrix G, and the single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) where pedigree and genomic relationship matrices are blended into a single H matrix. Heritability estimates using pedigree were lower than ssGBLUP, and very similar between GC and FTIR regarding the statistical approach used. For some FA, mostly associated with animal diet (i.e., C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3), random effect of combination of flock and test date explained a relevant quota of total variance, reducing the heritability estimates accordingly. Genomic approaches (genomic BLUP and ssGBLUP) outperformed the traditional pedigree method both for GC and FTIR FA. Prediction accuracies in the older cohort were larger than the young cohort. Genomic prediction accuracies (obtained using either G or H relationship matrix) in the young cohort of animals, where their own phenotypes were masked, were similar for GC and FTIR. Multiple-trait analysis slightly affected genomic breeding value accuracies. These results suggest that FTIR-predicted milk FA composition could represent a valid option for inclusion in breeding programs.

Kinetic Measurements of Endocytosis and Exocytosis in Cultured Neurons.

The measurement of synaptic vesicle recycling in live neurons transfected with vesicular glutamate transporter fused to pHluorin (vGLUT-pHluorin) allows us to study exocytosis and endocytosis in neurons. When neurons are transfected with this protein we can measure the rate of vesicles fusing and internalizing from the membrane using live total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging. Here, we describe transfection, culturing, and imaging of wild-type and αβγ-synuclein knockout hippocampal neurons. This technique can be used to evaluate the effect of different phenotypes and treatments in the physiology of synaptic vesicle recycling in cultured neurons.

The impact of PROP and thermal taster status on the emotional response to beer

With an increasingly competitive global market, understanding consumer emotional response to products can provide a different perspective to identify drivers of consumer food choice behaviour beyond traditional hedonic measurement. This study investigated how two taste phenotypes (Thermal taster status (TTS) and PROP taster status (PTS)) impacted liking and emotional response to beers varying in bitterness, carbonation and serving temperature. Volunteers (n = 60, balanced for TTS and PTS) were invited to express their liking and emotional response to 2 commercial beers of contrasting bitterness, presented at two different carbonation levels (commercial carbonation and low carbonation level) and served at two temperatures (cold and ambient). In general, when beers were served at their commercial carbonation level and at a cold temperature, they received higher liking scores and evoked more positive emotions and less negative emotions. Signficant temperature ∗ carbonation interactions were found for liking and some emotion categories. At commercial carbonation levels, cold beer was better liked and evoked more positive emotions than beer served at ambient temperature, but no such temperature effect was observed at the low carbonation level. Although the sample size was relatively small, significant effects for liking were observed for PTS but not TTS, suggesting PTS is a more influential factor regarding liking than TTS. However, thermal tasters (TT) rated 6 out of 10 emotion categories significantly higher for beer than thermal non-tasters (TnT), indicating emotional response may be more sensitive to capture the differences across taste phenotypes than liking, and that TT show increased negative emotions to beer in general. PROP supertasters (ST) rated some emotion categories significantly higher than non-tasters (NT) and, in contrast to TTS these were the more positive emotions, such as excited and content. This is the first study to report an impact of both TTS and PTS on emotional response. Furthermore, this study observed significant relative effects of TTS and PTS on emotional response, where the effect of PTS was more pronounced in TnT. This highlights the importance of investigating the combined effects of different phenotypes on consumer response representing the reality of different consumer segments.

How Reliable Are the Reported Genetic Associations in Disc Degeneration?: The Influence of Phenotypes, Age, Population Size, and Inclusion Sequence in 809 Patients.

Prospective genetic association study. The aim of this study was to document the variations in the genetic associations, when different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes, age stratification, cohort size, and sequence of cohort inclusion are varied in the same study population. Genetic associations with disc degeneration have shown high inconsistency, generally attributed to hereditary factors and ethnic variations. However, the effect of different phenotypes, size of the study population, age of the cohort, etc have not been documented clearly. Seventy-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 41 candidate genes were correlated to six MRI markers of disc degeneration (annular tears, Pfirmann grading, Schmorl nodes, Modic changes, Total Endplate Damage score, and disc bulge) in 809 patients with back pain and/or sciatica. In the same study group, the correlations were then retested for different age groups, different sample, size and sequence of subject inclusion (first 404 and the second 405) and the differences documented. The mean age of population (M: 455, F: 354) was 36.7 ± 10.8 years. Different genetic associations were found with different phenotypes: disc bulge with three SNPs of CILP; annular tears with rs2249350 of ADAMTS5 and rs11247361 IGF1R; modic changes with VDR and MMP20; Pfirmann grading with three SNPs of MMP20 and Schmorl node with SNPs of CALM1 and FN1 and none with Total End Plate Score.Subgroup analysis based on three age groups and dividing the total population into two groups also completely changed the associations for all the six radiographic parameters. In the same study population, SNP associations completely change with different phenotypes. Variations in age, inclusion sequence, and sample size resulted in change of genetic associations. Our study questions the validity of previous studies and necessitates the need for standardizing the description of disc degeneration, phenotype selection, study sample size, age, and other variables in future studies. 4.

Differential effects of contrasting phenotypes of a foundation legume shrub drive plant–plant interactions in a Mediterranean mountain

AbstractQuestionsAre variable effects of different phenotypes of foundation plant species on subordinates across contrasting habitat conditions (with varying stress and disturbance levels) due to either varying environmental conditions or heritable differences in traits between phenotypes? To evaluate the contribution of environmental effects we quantified the effects of contrasting phenotypes of a foundation legume shrub on their subordinate species across exposure (drought stress) and grazing conditions.LocationA sub‐alpine xerophytic community of western Mount Lebanon, Lebanon.MethodsFor two phenotypes of the spiny cushion shrub Onobrychis cornuta, a facilitative phenotype that occurs in concave topographies (mesic soil) and a competitive phenotype that occurs in convex topographies (xeric soil), we quantified cushion traits, environmental conditions and subordinate plant species abundances (within and outside the cushions) for the two phenotypes in northern (low stress) and southern (high stress) exposures, and with and without grazing. Relative interaction index (RII) for subordinate species richness and abundance was calculated in the eight treatment combinations and a correspondence analysis (CA) was conducted on species composition.ResultsDrought stress exacerbated phenotypic effects in southern exposure, with loose phenotypes being more facilitative and tight phenotypes more competitive than in northern exposure. This was related to both changes in cushion traits of the two phenotypes and to an increase in the pool of subordinate species sensitive to cushion effects. In contrast, grazing increased cushion positive effects of both phenotypes through the occurrence of indirect facilitation, with loose phenotypes becoming more facilitative and tight phenotypes less competitive. This was due both to changes in cushion traits of the two phenotypes and to their shared spiny phenotype limiting grazing effects.ConclusionsBecause increasing stress from northern to southern exposure did not increase competitive effects of either phenotype, and because the cessation of grazing did not cancel out differences in facilitative effects between phenotypes, neither drought stress nor grazing disturbance appeared to be the main drivers of the observed phenotypic effects on subordinate species across habitats. We conclude that differences in phenotypic effects of this legume shrub are very likely due to heritable differences in traits between phenotypes.

Pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: the effect of different phenotypes and features on obstetric and neonatal outcomes

To test the hypothesis that the risk of adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes varies according to different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to evaluate the clinical impact of the main features of PCOS. Prospective controlled clinical study. Academic Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and of Endocrinology, Italy. Ninety-seven pregnant women with PCOS and 73 healthy pregnant subjects were recruited as cases and controls, respectively. Clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic evaluations. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes. The relative risk (RR) for adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes was increased (1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.96) in patients with PCOS and varied according to the PCOS phenotype (1.93, 95% CI 1.12-2.96; 2.23, 95% CI 1.21-3.15; 0.54, 95% CI 0.09-1.63, and 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.78 for full-blown, nonpolycystic ovaries [PCO], nonhyperandrogenic, and ovulatory phenotypes, respectively). The RRs were 1.57 (95% CI 0.85-2.52) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.31-0.78) for oligoanovulatory and ovulatory patients with PCOS, respectively. The risk for adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes was affected significantly by ovarian dysfunction and biochemical hyperandrogenism, whereas no significant effect was detected for clinical hyperandrogenism and PCO. The increased risk for adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes that was observed in patients with PCOS varies widely according to the different phenotypes and features of PCOS.

Effects of different phenotypes of hyperlipoproteinemia and of treatment with fibric acid derivatives on the rates of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation in humans.

Little is known about the relationships between hyperlipidemia and bile acid metabolism. However, hypolipidemic treatment with fibric acid derivatives has been shown to increase biliary cholesterol secretion, presumably by reducing bile acid synthesis. To clarify such relationships, we investigated the effects of different hyperlipoproteinemic conditions and of treatment with fibric acid derivatives on the rates of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation (the limiting step of bile acid synthesis) in humans. We studied 10 patients (aged 36 to 68 years) with lipoprotein phenotype IIa and with a clinical diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, a condition of reduced activity of LDL receptors, and 11 patients (aged 48 to 70 years) with lipoprotein phenotype IIb or IV and clinical diagnosis of familial combined hyperlipidemia, a condition probably related to increased hepatic lipoprotein synthesis. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation rates were assayed in vivo by tritium release assay after an intravenous injection of [7 alpha-3H]cholesterol. The results were compared by ANOVA to the values obtained in a group of 28 normolipidemic patients (aged 34 to 83 years), with age as the covariate. Six patients were also studied after treatment with gemfibrozil (900 to 1200 mg/d for 6 to 8 weeks) and 5 patients were studied after treatment with bezafibrate (400 mg/d for 6 to 8 weeks). Hydroxylation rates were 0.82 +/- 0.22 mmol/d in the familial hypercholesterolemia group and 1.30 +/- 0.47 mmol/d in the familial combined hyperlipidemia group (P < .05 between the two groups and between patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia and control subjects; P = NS between patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and control subjects, as determined by ANOVA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)