Effects Of Different Irrigation Regimes Research Articles

Effect of drip irrigation regimes on yield and quality of field grown bell pepper

This study examined the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and water use of bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum sp. 1 1-B-14) irrigated with a drip irrigation system under field conditions in 2002 and 2003 growing seasons in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Irrigation regimes consisted of three irrigation intervals based on three levels of cumulative pan evaporation (Epan) values ( I 1, 18–22 mm; I 2, 38–42 mm; and I 3, 58–62 mm); irrigations occurred on the respective treatments when Epan reached target values. Three plant-pan coefficients were evaluated as irrigation levels ( K cp1 = 0.50, K cp2 = 0.75 and K cp3 = 1.00). Irrigation intervals varied from 3 to 6 days in I 1, 6 to 11 days in I 2 and 9 to 15 days in I 3 treatments. Combined variance analysis indicated that experimental years were not significantly different, but both K cp and irrigation intervals ( I) significantly influenced total pepper yields. Maximum and minimum yields were obtained from the I 1 K cp3 and I 3 K cp1 treatments: 33,140 kg ha −1 and 21,620 kg ha −1 in the first experimental year and 35,298 kg ha −1 and 21,010 kg ha −1 in the second experimental year, respectively. As the K cp value decreased the total yields within each irrigation interval also decreased. However, with the lower irrigation frequency ( I 3), lower yields were obtained with all K cp coefficients. Crop evapotranspiration (ET) values in the treatments varied from 365 mm in I 2 K cp1 to 528 mm in I 1 K cp3 in the first experimental year and 309 mm in I 3 K cp1 to 511 mm in I 1 K cp3 in the second experimental year. Significant second degree polynomial relations were found between pepper yield and total water use for each irrigation interval in 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Different irrigation intervals resulted in similar water use in the treatments with the same K cp value. Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were significantly influenced by the irrigation intervals, plant-pan coefficients and experimental years ( Y 1: 2002 and Y 2: 2003) at 1% level of significance. WUE ranged from 4.7 kg m −3 in I 3 K cp2 to 7.6 kg m −3 of ET in the I 1 K cp1 in the 2002 growing season and ranged from 6.4 kg m −3 in I 3 K cp3 to 7.9 kg m −3 of ET in the I 2 K cp2 in the 2003 growing season. Maximum IWUE was observed in Y 1 I 1 K cp1 (7.7 kg m −3), and minimum IWUE was in Y 1 I 3 K cp3 treatment (4.8 kg m −3) in the experimental years. K cp coefficients (irrigation amounts) and irrigation frequencies ( I) and years had significantly different effects on quality parameters such as the first and second quality yield, and number of fruit. Both K cp and I significantly influenced the mean fruit weight, pepper length and width, as well as stem diameter and plant height at harvest. In conclusion, I 1 K cp3 irrigation regime is recommended for field grown bell pepper in order to attain higher yields with improved quality.

Effects of different irrigation regimes on the yield and yield components of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Water stress is one of the most important yield-limiting abiotic factors for dry beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). This study was conducted 1) to identify the effects of different irrigation scheduling on yield and yield components, 2) to define the number and intervals of irrigation water requirements in dry beans and 3) to compare the performances of two dry bean varieties in different irrigation schedules. The experiments were carried out in the fields of the Anatolian Agricultural Research Institute from 1992 to 1996. Two dry bean cultivars, Yunus90 and Karacasehir90, were used to study the effects of five irrigation schedules (S1: High, S2: Medium, S3: Low, S4: High-Low, S5: Low-High rates of irrigation). The results indicated that year (Y) × irrigation regime (IR) interactions were important for yield and yield components. Karacasehir90 was less affected by water stress than Yunus90 when rainfall was low in the growing season. Differences between irrigation schedules were more distinct when rainfall was low. The highest yield and yield component values were obtained from S1, while the lowest values were obtained from S3and S4. These results showed that water stress after flowering had the most adverse effect on yield. Thus, it is recommended that farmers use supplemental water chiefly after flowering when water sources are limited.

The effects of different irrigation regimes on cucumber ( Cucumbis sativus L.) yield and yield characteristics under open field conditions

A study was conducted to determine the effects of different drip irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of cucumber ( Cucumbis sativus L.) and to determine a threshold value for crop water stress index (CWSI) based on irrigation programming. Four different irrigation treatments as 50 (T-50), 75 (T-75), 100 (T-100) and 125% (T-125) of irrigation water applied/cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio with 3-day-period were studied. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET c) values were 633, 740, 815 and 903 mm in the 1st year and were 679, 777, 875 and 990 mm in the 2nd year for T-50, T-75, T-100 and T-125, respectively. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 542, 677, 813 and 949 mm in 2002 and 576, 725, 875 and 1025 mm in 2003, respectively. Maximum marketable fruit yield was from T-100 treatment with 76.65 t ha −1 in 2002 and 68.13 t ha −1 in 2003. Fruit yield was reduced significantly, as irrigation rate was decreased. The water use efficiency (WUE) ranged from 7.37 to 9.40 kg m −3 and 6.32 to 7.79 kg m −3 in 2002 and 2003, respectively, while irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) were between 7.02 and 9.93 kg m −3 in 2002 and between 6.11 and 8.82 kg m −3 in 2003. When the irrigation rate was decreased, crop transpiration rate decreased as well resulting in increased crop canopy temperatures and CWSI values and resulted in reduced yield. The results indicated that a seasonal mean CWSI value of 0.20 would result in decreased yield. Therefore, a CWSI = 0.20 could be taken as a threshold value to start irrigation for cucumber grown in open field under semi-arid conditions. Results of this study demonstrate that 1.00 IW/CPE water applications by a drip system in a 3-day irrigation frequency would be optimal for growth in semiarid regions.

Effect of drip irrigation management on yield and quality of field grown green beans

This study examines the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and water use of green beans irrigated with a trickle system under field conditions in 2003 in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Irrigation regimes consisted of four irrigation intervals ( I 1: 13–17 mm, I 2: 28–32 mm, I 3: 43–47 mm and I 4: 58–62 mm of cumulative pan evaporation) and three plant-pan coefficients ( K c p 1 = 0.50 , K c p 2 = 0.75 and K c p 3 = 1.00 ) were evaluated. Both K cp and irrigation intervals influenced significantly green bean yields. Irrigation intervals varied from 2 to 3 days in I 1, 5 to 7 days in I 2, 8 to 9 days in I 3 and 10 to 12 days in I 4 treatments. Maximum and minimum yields were obtained from the I 1 K c p 3 and I 4 K c p 1 treatments as 20,558 and 12,243 kg ha −1, respectively. As the K cp value decreased the total yields in each irrigation interval also decreased. However, with the lower irrigation frequency ( I 4), lower yields were obtained with all K cp coefficients. Seasonal water use values in the treatments varied from 253 mm in I 4 K c p 1 to 338 mm in I 1 K c p 3 . Significant linear relations were found for green bean yield and total water use for each irrigation interval. Irrigation intervals resulted in similar water use in the treatments with the same K cp value. Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were significantly influenced by the irrigation intervals and plant-pan coefficients. WUE ranged from 4.14 kg m −3 in I 4 K c p 3 to 6.16 kg m −3 in the I 1 K c p 2 . The maximum IWUE observed in I 1 K c p 1 , minimum IWUE were in I 4 K c p 3 treatment. The yield response factor ( k y) was found to be 1.23 for whole growing season. Both K cp coefficients and irrigation frequencies had significantly different effects on quality parameters such as fresh bean length, width, number of seed per pod and 100 fresh bean weights. In conclusion, I 1 K c p 3 irrigation regime is recommended for field grown green bean in order to attain higher yields with improved quality.

Effects of different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of drip-irrigated potato

Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is a relatively sensitive plant to water stress and is widely planted in Japan. Soil water is one of most important factors affecting the yield and quality of potatoes. Under a rain-shelter, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different amounts of drip irrigation water on the potato growth, tuber yield, size and specific gravity. The amount of irrigation water applied was 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 times of water surface evaporation (Ep) measured by a standard 0.2 m diameter pan ( K=0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25). Plant height, biomass and shoot water content increased, but the specific leaf weight (SLW, g/m 2) decreased with increasing amount of irrigation water. The amount of irrigation water had significant effects on decreasing the canopy temperature. Total fresh tuber yields and marketable tuber yields (>85 g) increased with increasing amount of irrigation water. The highest yield was obtained at the 1.25 times regime and the total tuber yield was close to the theoretical maximum. Irrigated water increased yields not only by increasing tuber number, but also by increasing the mean weight of the tubers. Irrigated water increased potato tuber quantity, but decreased potato tuber quality. The specific gravity of potato tubers tended to decrease as water applied increased, and the scarred and the hollow-heart potato tubers increased with increasing amount of irrigation water. So, under controlled environmental conditions, potatoes should be irrigated using pan evaporation factor more than 0.75 ( K>0.75) that is a guideline. The use of lower pan factor ( K<0.75) may reduce potato tuber yield significantly.

Effect of differing irrigation regimes on fruit quality, yield, fruit size and net CO2 assimilation of ‘Mihowase’ satsuma

SummaryInternal fruit quality of ‘Mihowase’ satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is marginal when irrigation is not carefully controlled. Three deficit irrigation trials were conducted over two seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes on fruit quality, productivity variables and tree physiology in the Western Cape region of South Africa (34°S 19°E, ca. 100 m altitude). During the 1994/95 growing seasons, four irrigation regimes were imposed, viz. –30, –50, –70, and –100 kPa (soil water tension at 30 cm depth, determined by tensiometer) from ca. three weeks after the "physiological fruit drop" period (i.e. December drop, APFD) to the first selective fruit picking date (late March). Based on the results of the 1994/95 season, two new irrigation trials were laid out during the 1995/96 season on two soil types to determine the interaction of deficit irrigation level and duration. The deficit irrigation, to a soil water tension of –60 kPa at 60 cm depth, initiated at (i) 0–2 weeks APFD in a sandy–loam soil or (ii) 0–4 weeks APFD in a clay–loam soil, significantly (P<0.05) increased total soluble solids (TSS) compared with the normal irrigation level, when soil water tension reached –30 kPa at 60 cm depth. Only a slight influence on peel colour, titratable acidity (TA) and TSS/TA ratio and no effect on juice content were recorded. The percentage of fruit selectively picked at different dates was not affected by any of the irrigation regimes. Soil type affected irrigation cycles and the intervals between irrigation, thereby affecting yield and fruit size distribution. Decreased irrigation tended to decrease leaf C02 assimilation rate (A), with high deficit irrigation levels (above –70 kPa at 30 cm and –60 kPa at 60 cm soil depth) greatly reducing A. Leaf chlorophyll and N contents were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the –100 kPa regime with no real differences between the other three regimes (Trial A). Our data suggest that deficit irrigation, to a soil water tension of –60 kPa at 60 cm soil depth, and initiated at 0–4 weeks APFD (clay-loam) or 0–2 weeks APFD (sandy-loam), seems to be a viable option for commercial practice to attain the desired goal, viz. an increase in TSS content.

Kleingrass Yield and Quality under Three Irrigation Regimes when Harvested at Anthesis1

AbstractKleingrass (Panicum coloratumL.) is a promising forage species for irrigated areas in the southwestern USA. However, the effect of different irrigation regimes on dry forage yield and forage quality has not yet been extensively investigated under field conditions. Accordingly, ‘Kleingrass‐75’ kleingrass was irrigated at intervals of 2, 3, and 5 weeks during the 1981 and 1982 growing seasons near Las Cruces, NM on a fine‐loamy, mixed, calcareous, thermic Typic Torrifluvent soil. Dry forage yields, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), and Ca, Mg, N, and P concentrations were measured for forage harvested at anthesis. Significant (P≤0.01) negative relationships were found between amount of irrigation water applied and Ca concentration, Mg concentration, and IVDMD, respectively. In addition, there were significant (P≤0.01) negative relationships between dry forage yield and Ca concentration, Mg concentration, and IVDMD, respectively. No relationships between amount of irrigation water applied or dry forage yield and N or P concentration were found. It was concluded that Ca and Mg concentrations and IVDMD were higher with lower soil moisture contents, possibly due to higher leaf weight to stem weight ratios in the lower‐yielding, water‐stressed kleingrass.

Título en español

Se realizaron cuatro experimentos de invernadero para determinar el efecto de diferentes niveles de riego sobre la fitotoxicidad del herbicida Prometryn en cuatro suelos. El peso fresco de plantas de gandul tratadas con el herbicida a razón de 2.24 y 3.36 kg/ha disminuyó en el suelo San Antón. Este hallazgo confirmó nuestra presunción de que el riego excesivo haya contribuido a la fitotoxicidad del Prometryn en el gandul. Sin embargo, no hemos encontrado una disminución significativa en el peso fresco del gandul en suelos Corozal, Cote y Fraternidad regados excesivamente. Para prevenir daño al gandul se deben tomar las siguientes precauciones: 1) no regar excesivamente en suelos que tengan una textura similar a la del suelo San Antón; 2) no usar Prometryn para controlar yerbajos en siembras de gandul durante la epoca de lluvia prolongada de septiembre a noviembre, para evitar daños innecesarios.

Effect of Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Uptake of Finger Millet (Co. 11)

An experiment was conducted at Bhavanisagar and Coimbatore during summer and mon soon seasons of 1978, respectively to study the effect of different irrigation regimes and N levels on yield and uptake of nutrients by fingermillet. The results indicated that highest grain yield was obtained under the irrigation regime of 60 percent ASM in both the seasons with 150 kg N/ha.

Long-term Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes on Grapefruit Tree Development and Yield1

Abstract Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees were irrigated for 14 years at interval of 18 to 40 days. Water stress due to irrigation at long intervals reduced vegetative development and yield. Cumulative water consumption, yields and canopy volume were closely correlated.

Effect of Irrigation Regime on Maize Yields

An experiment was conducted with maize in the Grand Valley of western Colorado to examine the effects of water stress at different stages of growth and to delineate practices that may allow an increase in water use efficiency. The objective was to obtain field evidence substantiating the form of the crop yield-water use function and to demonstrate the effects of different irrigation regimes on thee yield of maize. Literature is reviewed to resolve the differences in the form of the crop yield-water use function obtained by various researchers. The implications of water deficits at different stages of growth are examined.

Effect of different soil moisture regimes and canopy wetting on ‘Baccara’ roses

The combined effect of different irrigation regimes and canopy wetting treatments on flower yield and flower quality was examined with ‘Baccara’ roses. Total yields of 390 flowers per m 2, of which 290 were of saleable quality for the period October–May, were obtained when the soil water tension at a depth of 15–20 cm was maintained below 4–6 centibar (cb). An increase in water tension up to 10–15 cb caused a 10 % decrease in yield. Wetting the canopy reduced the number of flowers and did not counteract the reduction in yield caused by the increase in soil water tension. Wetting the canopy slightly reduced plant surface temperature, mainly on dry and hot days. Wetting also increased the weight of flower buds obtained under irrigation treatments which maintained soil moisture tension below 5 cb (a low soil moisture treatment). The weight per unit length of flower stem increased when the canopy was wetted under all irrigation treatments. In spring, canopy wetting reduced the decrease in flower weight and in leaf area, and completely prevented the decrease in flower stem weight.

The keeping quality of apples in storage as affected by different irrigation regimes

SummaryA study of the effect of different irrigation regimes on the keeping quality in storage of apples (Malus sylvestris cv. Calville de St. Sauveur), showed that a ‘dry’ irrigation regime, consisting of a limited water supply (600 mm) and only four irrigations, was superior to ‘wet’ treatments with a more abundant water supply (800–1200 mm) and more frequent irrigations (10–22). However, the impaired tree growth and the small-sized fruit obtained with the ‘dry’ irrigation regime rule out its commercial use. It is suggested that the inferior keeping quality in storage of fruit subject to the ‘wet’ regimes could be due to a mineral imbalance in the fruit and to the high yield of very large fruit.