Effect Of Different Intervals Research Articles

Reproducibility of knee extensor and flexor contraction velocity in healthy men and women assessed using tensiomyography: A registered report.

Tensiomyography measures the radial displacement of a muscle during an electrically evoked twitch contraction. Different concepts to determine the rate of displacement (Vc) from the maximum twitch exist, but information on their reproducibility is scarce. Further, different inter-stimuli intervals during progressive stimulation are used, but the effect of different intervals on Vc is unclear. The first aim of this study was to investigate the within and between-day reliability of the five most frequently used Vc concepts. The second aim was to investigate the effect of different inter-stimuli intervals on Vc. On two consecutive days, we determined Vc of the biceps femoris long head and rectus femoris of twenty-four healthy subjects. The maximum displacement was determined twice within three minutes on day one and a third time 24 h later. Also, on day two, we applied three blocks of ten consecutive stimuli at a constant intensity of 50 mA, separated by 3 min each. Inter-stimuli intervals in randomly ordered blocks were 10 s, 20 s or 30 s, respectively. All Vc concepts displayed good to excellent relative (ICC 0.87-0.99) and generally good absolute within- and between-day reliability for both muscles. Across Vc-concepts, absolute reliability was higher for the rectus femoris (CV% 1.3-7.95%) compared to the biceps femoris (CV% 6.06-15.30%). In both muscles, Vc was generally not affected by different inter-stimuli intervals. For most Vc concepts, repeated stimulation induced an increase regardless of the inter-stimuli interval, but this effect was mainly trivial and small at most. The reproducibility of Vc concepts was generally good but varies between different muscles. A rest interval of 10 s seems preferable to longer intervals for less time required per measurement. Following this initial study, the effect of different inter-stimuli intervals on Vc should be further investigated.

Endoskopik Endonazal Transsfenoidal Hipofiz Cerrahisinde Farklı End Tidal CO2 Değerlerinin Hemodinami ve Cerrahiye Etkileri

Objective : We aimed to examine the effect of different intervals of end tidal CO2 ( etCO2 ) values on hemodynamics and surgery in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Material and Methods: Two groups were evaluated retrospectively according to the maximum etCO2 values at the time of sellar resection. Group 1: 21 patients, etCO 2 =25-37 mmHg and Group 2: 21 patients, etCO 2=38-50 mmHg. The demographic characteristics, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), etCO2 , pCO2 at the time of anesthesia induction, sellar excision moment and pre-extubation periods , total amount of bleeding, ease of surgery (good-moderate-bad) obtained from computer records, anesthesia receipts and surgical reports. Results: There was no difference between the two groups in terms of demographic data, complications or bleeding. A relationship was found between arterial pCO2 at the time of sellar excision. Surgical satisfaction was evaluated as "good" in 9 patients in Group 1 and 12 patients in Group 2. Conclusion: High etCO 2 values (38-50 mmHg) facilitated surgical excision of the mass and did not affect hemodynamics. Surgery has increased satisfaction. Keeping EtCO2 slightly higher than normal may be a good choice in these cases. Well-designed prospective studies are needed.

Doses e intervalos de aplicação de fosfito de potássio para o controle da verrugose do maracujazeiro-azedo

Abstract Passion fruit scab (PFS), which is caused by species of the fungal complex Cladosporium cladosporioides, occurs both in protected environments and in the field. In view of the importance of the passion fruit scab, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different intervals and doses of potassium phosphite in the greenhouse and in the field on the incidence of the disease. To evaluate the best dose of potassium phosphite, three experiments were carried out, two in a greenhouse and one in the field. The best application interval was evaluated in another experiment in a greenhouse. The variables evaluated were the incidence of plants with PFS symptoms (%) and the incidence of defoliated plants (%) in all experiments. The harvested fruits were evaluated for their mass (g), diameter (cm), soluble solids, acidity and chlorophyll content. The present work allowed to conclude that the dose of 0.1% of potassium phosphite was the best to control the passion fruit scab in a greenhouse, the treatment with an interval of 28 days of application showed a lower incidence of scab in seedlings at 35 days after inoculation and that potassium phosphite did not interfere in the quality parameters of fruits and leaves of passion fruit evaluated.

Effects of the Interval between Ovulation Induction using Clomiphene Citrate and Frozen Embryo Transfer on Pregnancy Outcome

Abstract Objective: To explore the best timing for frozen embryo transfer (FET) after ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval using the clomiphene citrate (CC) + human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) ovulation induction regimen through a retrospective analysis. Methods: Data of patients who underwent CC + hMG ovulation induction and FET from January 2014 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to the interval from egg retrieval to FET: CC1 (within 1 menstrual cycle), CC2 (2 menstrual cycles), and CC3 (≥ 3 menstrual cycles). Indicators such as hormone levels and pregnancy outcomes were recorded to explore the effect of different intervals on pregnancy outcome. Results: A total of 1,082 transfer cycles were included in this retrospective analysis. The implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates in the CC1 group were significantly lower than those in the CC2 and CC3 groups (P < 0.05). The E2/P4 ratio on progesterone injection day (3 days before thawed embryo transfer) was lower in the CC1 group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). After adjusting for all factors using multifactor regression analysis, the interval between egg retrieval and FET was found to be an independent predictor of the implantation, pregnancy, and live birth rates. Conclusion: An interval of more than one menstrual cycle between the day of egg retrieval after ovarian stimulation with the CC + hMG ovulation induction regimen and the day of FET can result in high implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates, which can lead to an improved pregnancy outcome.

Female remating decisions and a shorter inter-mating interval diminish last-male sperm precedence

Highly variable within and across species, patterns of sperm use not only are often driven by post-copulatory sexual selection but can also be impacted by experimental design. In investigations of paternity bias using competitive double matings, the inter-mating interval is a temporal factor that can affect sperm use patterns if the first male’s sperm is used or lost at an appreciable rate between matings or if its viability or relative competitiveness is influenced by the time since ejaculation. Rapid loss of first-male sperm within the female after mating has been established in the seed beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus), a model system in sperm competition studies. However, our understanding of sperm precedence in this species, which disproportionately favors the last (second) male to mate, is based on long inter-mating intervals. Here, I determine the effect of a shortened inter-mating interval on second-male paternity (P 2) and, importantly, the extent to which females in this species are willing to remate immediately. I find that P 2 is significantly reduced when females remate immediately than when they remate 24 or 48 h after the first mating and that immediate remating is common, indicating that there is a substantial potential for female remating decisions to influence the intensity of sperm competition within species. To understand the variation in inter-mating intervals from a female perspective, I further identify key differences between females that did and did not remate at three inter-mating intervals (0, 24, and 48 h after the initial mating) and discuss potential mechanisms for the observed variation in female refractoriness. Females often mate with multiple males, and in insects it is common for the last male to mate to obtain the greatest share of paternity. One possible explanation for this bias towards last-male sperm use is the passive loss of sperm from the first male with time since mating. Here, I examine the effect of different intervals between matings in a seed beetle species to determine if first-male paternity is increased when females remate sooner. My results show that first males do achieve higher paternity when females remate sooner, which is more common than expected in this species. I also show the differences between females that do and do not remate, which can help explain potential causes for variation in female remating behavior. Together, these results show the significant impact that female remating decisions can have on male competition and, ultimately, their reproductive success.

Red Pepper Productivity and Soil Properties as Affected by Different Intervals of Side-dressing N and K Applications in Plastic Film House

Consecutive pepper cultivation in plastic film houses may lead to salt accumulation because pepper is considered a heavy nutrient feeder. For this reason, appropriate methods of fertilizer application should be established. Thus, we investigated the effect of different intervals of side-dressing N and K fertilizer applications on soil and red pepper in a plastic film house. All the amounts of recommended compost and phosphorus fertilizer were applied as basal dressing. Cultivars of the pepper plant were Cheon-Ha-Dae-Se (CHDS) and NW-BiGaLim (NW-BGL). Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were treated as side-dressing at different intervals, 22 times in every 10 days, 15 times in every 15 days, and 11 times in every 20 days. Soil pH decreased with decreasing the intervals of side-dressing applications, whereas electrical conductivity (EC) declined with the increasing fertilizer application intervals. In particular, EC value decreased by up to 75% with CHDS cultivar in the plot of 20 day-interval and with NW-BGL cultivar in the plot of 15 day-interval. The concentrations of available phosphorus in the soils increased with increasing the interval. The concentration of exchangeable <TEX>$K^+$</TEX> increased but exchangeable <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX> and <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX> decreased in all the plots, except in the control plot. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves of the pepper plants were lowest in the control plot. Potassium concentrations in the pepper leaves were high in the control plot and in the plots of CHDS with 10 day-interval and NW-BGL with 15 day-interval. Red pepper productivity was high in the plots of 10- and 15 day-intervals for CHDS cultivar and 15- and 20 day-intervals for NW-BGL cultivar. Therefore, the 15 day-interval of side-dressing N and K applications was considered as an appropriate method for cultivating pepper plants and protecting soil in plastic film houses.

Interval to surgery after neoadjuvant treatment for colorectal cancer.

The current standard treatment of low-lying locally advanced rectal cancer consists of chemoradiation followed by radical surgery. The interval between chemoradiation and surgery varied for many years until the 1999 Lyon R90-01 trial which compared the effects of a short (2-wk) and long (6-wk) interval. Results showed a better clinical tumor response (71.7% vs 53.1%) and higher rate of positive and pathologic tumor regression (26% vs 10.3%) after the longer interval. Accordingly, a 6-wk interval between chemoradiation and surgery was set to balance the oncological results with the surgical complexity. However, several recent retrospective studies reported that prolonging the interval beyond 8 or even 12 wk may lead to significantly higher rates of tumor downstaging and pathologic complete response. This in turn, according to some reports, may improve overall and disease-free survival, without increasing the surgical difficulty or complications. This work reviews the data on the effect of different intervals, derived mostly from retrospective analyses using a wide variation of treatment protocols. Prospective randomized trials are currently ongoing.

Efeito de diferentes intervalos entre as tentativas do teste de 1-RM no desempenho de força máxima em mulheres

Test of one repetition maximum (1-RM) is often used to measure the strength of an individual in a given exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different intervals between the attempts of the 1-RM test on the maximum strength performance in women on the leg press 45°. Thus, 12 volunteers (19 ± 1 year) resistance exercises to practice at least six months, were submitted to four sessions of testing, alternated by at least 48 hours. The recovery intervals between the attempts of the 1-RM test were 30, 45, 60 and 180 seconds, with order randomly determined. To identify the difference between the intervals proposed was applied to analysis of variance One-way ANOVA ( p < .05). The results revealed no significant differences in performance for maximal strength in women, compared to the average values obtained in each test interval. These findings indicate that for maximal strength measure in leg press 45°, intervals less than a minute (30 - 45 seconds) can be used with the same accuracy as longer intervals, providing greater time economy for 1-RM test application.

The Influence of Bolus to Infusion Delays on Plasma Tissue Plasminogen Activator Levels

Estimates of neuronal loss in acute ischemic stroke show that the typical patient may lose 1·9 million neurons each minute that treatment is delayed. Consequently, significant emphasis has been placed on early evaluation and thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), the only approved thrombolytic therapy. TPA should be administered as a bolus followed by an immediate infusion because of its short half life. However, in the real life clinical situation, delays in starting the infusion after the bolus can occur. Similarly, once infusion has started, interruptions in the infusion of TPA can also occur. These scenarios may result in lower serum concentrations which could decrease the effectiveness of thrombolysis. We sought to simulate, the influence of bolus infusion delays and also the influence of different intervals of interruptions in the infusion of TPA on serum TPA concentrations. We simulated the effect of multiple intervals of delay after the bolus on serum TPA concentrations using known pharmacokinetics parameters of TPA. The effect of different intervals of interruptions in the infusion of TPA was also determined. The effect of rebolusing with TPA on serum concentrations in the event of significant bolus to infusion delays or significant infusion interruption was also simulated. Our data show that delays in starting the infusion may have significant effects on serum TPA concentrations. After the initial bolus, there is a rapid decrease in serum TPA concentrations unless the infusion is started immediately. Greater than 5 min delays in starting the infusion results in a slow gradual increase in serum TPA levels and levels stay well below the target concentrations for significant periods of time. Similarly, interruptions in the infusion of TPA lasting longer than 5 min can also significantly influence TPA levels. Rebolusing with TPA in these scenarios rapidly restores TPA levels to target concentrations. Because of its short half life, TPA should be administered as a bolus followed by an immediate infusion. Bolus to infusion delays or interruptions in the infusion of TPA after the bolus may significantly impact serum TPA levels and may reduce the efficacy of thrombolysis. Protocols or administration regimens should be employed to prevent delays or interruptions in the infusion. When delays do occur, rebolusing of TPA may be needed to rapidly restore TPA to target levels.

Evaluation of intervals between observations on estimation of eating behavior of cattle

The effect of different intervals between observations on the estimation of the eating behavior of dairy heifers and lactating cows was evaluated. Twenty Holstein-zebu crossbred dairy heifers were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four levels and five repetitions, fed isonitrogenous diets containing 71% sugar cane and 29% concentrate. Also, 16 dairy crossbred cows were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four levels and four repetitions. They received isonitrogenous diets, containing 85% sugar cane and 1% concentrate. For both heifers and lactating cows, the sugar cane used was treated with doses of 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25% CaO, and corrected with 1% of urea and ammonium sulfate mixture (9:1), at the moment of offering the diets. The experimental period was 21 days long, with observations done on the 19th and 20th days, during 24 hours, at intervals of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. For both heifers and cows, lower values were verified for number of periods (nº/day) and higher values were obtained for average time spent per period of eating, rumination and idle activities, for 10-, 15- and 20-minute intervals. The mean dry matter and neutral detergent fiber with corrections for ash and protein intake per period of eating was also lower for 10-, 15- and 20-minute intervals. The intervals between observations of 10, 15 and 20 minutes lead to underestimation of the number of periods (nº/day) and to overestimation of the average time spent per period of eating, rumination and idle (min) on dairy heifers and cows, resulting in fallacy estimations. The use of 5-minute intervals for studying cattle eating behavior is recommended.

Egg production of tench (Tinca tincaL.) kept in semi-intensive culture conditions

With the aim to evaluate the effect of different intervals of degrees-days on egg production of tench (Tinca tinca L.), 480 breeders were kept in 15 x 10 x 1 m bare concrete tanks from February until July and fed on commercial feed. Males and females were held together under natural photoperiod and temperature conditions. Ovulation was hormonally inducted (LH-RHa) in three groups at different degrees-days (group I: 1090, group II: 1175 and group III: 1536). In the groups I and II, a mean of 88% of females was injected, obtaining a 98% of positive response, without significant differences in the egg production between both groups (10.7% body weight, b.w.). With 1536 degrees-days, percentages of injected and stripped females were significantly lower. First stripping yielded a total of 9332 g of eggs (8.3% b.w.). A second hormonal induction was evaluated in each group at 1900, 2047 and 2111 degrees-days respectively. A mean of 85% of the initial females of the three groups received a second hormonal treatment, obtaining a 92% of positive response, without significant differences in egg production among the groups. The second stripping yielded an egg production (598 g, 5.9% b.w.) significantly lower than the first one. Relating to males, semen was obtained without hormonal induction throughout 50 days and the positive response was around 90%. With the exception of eggs obtained in the first induction of group III (1536 degrees-days), where overripening process was detected, further mean fertilization (over 80%) and hatching rates (around 35%) support the good quality of eggs and sperm. This study showed that the advantages of the broodstock’s maintenance in small concrete tanks are not only easiness of handling and possibilities of yield prediction, but also a good egg production at higher densities than in big earthen ponds.

Effect of Weed Emergence Time and Intervals of Weed and Crop Competition on Potato Yield

A field study was conducted at Vezaiciai branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture from 1998 to 2000 to determine weed emergence dynamics in potato and to estimate the effect of different intervals of weed crop competition on potato tuber yield if regular interrow cultivation was applied. Treatments varying in intervals of weed-free conditions and competition were laid out in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The greatest emergence of annual broadleaf such as common lambsquarters and other weeds (62 to 86% of the season total) in the crop was observed in the period from potato planting until flowering. Emergence of winter annuals such as field violet and scentless mayweed was greatest in the period from the 20-cm potato plant height until harvesting. The 20-cm potato height was the most important stage affecting potato yield loss due to weed competition. Potato yield losses due to weed competition were minimized when weeds were removed before the potatoes reached 20 cm or k...

Effect of Weed Emergence Time and Intervals of Weed and Crop Competition on Potato Yield

A field study was conducted at Vezaiciai branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture from 1998 to 2000 to determine weed emergence dynamics in potato and to estimate the effect of different intervals of weed crop competition on potato tuber yield. Treatments varying in intervals of weed-free conditions and competition were laid out in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The greatest emergence of annual broadleaf weeds (62 to 86% of the season total) in the crop was observed in the period from potato planting until flowering. Emergence of winter annuals such as field violet and scentless mayweed was greatest in the period from the 20-cm potato plant height until harvesting. Competition was most detrimental to potato tuber yield in the periods from planting until flowering, from planting until 25 d after flowering, or for the entire growing season. Potato tuber yield decreased by 8.1, 8.4, and 6.4%, respectively, during these competition intervals compared to the weed-free treatment. The results indicated that the critical weed-free period, when weed competition was detrimental to yield, started from planting until 25 d after flowering if regular interrow cultivation was applied.

Combretastatin A-4 phosphate enhances CPT-11 activity independently of the administration sequence

We evaluated the effect of different intervals and sequences of the vascular targeting agent combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP) and CPT-11 administration on tumour growth delay and intratumoral uptake of CPT-11 using a syngeneic rhabdomyosarcoma tumour model. Irrespective of the administration sequence, the combination of CA4DP and CPT-11 significantly increases tumour growth delay in comparison with both drugs alone (P<0.001). Intratumoral CPT-11 concentration generally decreased (up to 5-fold) in the combination groups, while SN-38, the active metabolite of CPT-11, increased up to 9-fold. However, the increased amount of intratumoral SN-38 trapping after CA4DP injection did not correlate with the observed tumour growth delay. In conclusion, CA4DP significantly enhances the antitumour effect of CPT-11, which is not greatly influenced by the administration sequence, and which lacks a correlation with the intratumoral trapping of CPT-11 or SN-38. Mechanisms other than trapping are likely to be involved in the chemosensitising capacity of CA4DP.

Evidence for the 3‐Bark integration interval

It is generally accepted that sound energy within a 1‐Bark interval is integrated by the ear. Chistovich et al. [in Frontiers of Speech Communication Research, edited by Lindblom and Ohman (Academic, New York, 1979), pp. 143–157] found evidence of a larger integration interval, of approximately 3 Bark, for vowel perception. Klatt [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 77, S7 (1985)] found that listeners could distinguish between vowels whose formant differences were compensated by bandwidth differences (so that cue trading did not occur) and concluded that the 3‐Bark interval was not supported. The present paper analyzes the effect of different intervals on the center of gravity analysis described in Jaykin et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 82, S81 (1988)] adapted from Chistovich and Chernova [Speech Commun. 5, 3–16 (1986)], and compares that analysis with a perceptual experiment testing the effect of harmonics on the perception of formants. The results support the hypothesis that the minimum interval is about 3 Bark. Our model may explain the lack of cue trading between formants and bandwidths.

Effect of different intervals between dosing and feeding on systemic availability of penicillin V in dogs.

Effect of different intervals between dosing and feeding on systemic availability of penicillin V in dogs.

The effect of time between X-irradiation and chemotherapy on the growth of three solid mouse tumors. IV. Actinomycin-D

Experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of different intervals between the administration of X-radiation (1200 rod) and actinomycin-D (200 μg/kg) on the growth delay produced in three mouse tumors. The tumors used were the EMT6 tumor in BALB/c mice and the KHT and RIF-1 sarcomas in C3H mice. All tumors were grown intramuscularly in the gastrocnemius muscle, and treatment was carried out at a mean tumor weight of 450 mg. Time to reach 2 × (for KHT) or 4 × (for EMT6 and REF-1) treatment volume was used as the endpoint of response. The drug was administered intraperitoneally either 24, 6, or 2 hr before radiation, immediately before the start of radiation, or 3, 6, or 24 hr after radiation. All irradiations were carried out in unanesthetized mice. For a single administration at this dose level (close to the maximum tolerated dose) actinomycin-D did not produce a significant delay in the growth of any of the tumors. For the RIF-1 and KHT tumors, the growth delays produced by drug/radiation combinations generally were not significantly greater than that produced by irradiation alone. For the EMT6 tumor, great variability in the growth delays of combined modality groups was seen, with mean growth delays significantly longer than predicted by the radiation alone data. No consistent dependence on timing between irradiation and drug administration was seen.

The Effect of Intervaling on Estimating Parameters of the Capital Asset Pricing Model

Empirical research has played an important role in recent theoretical developments in the theory of finance, particularly in the formulation and testing of various theories of capital asset pricing. A common procedure in much of that empirical research is to use historical price and dividend data to estimate the parameters of a characteristic line which relates the return on an asset or portfolio to the return on the market. While several possible limitations of such procedures have been explored, one recurring question is the appropriate length of each interval used in the estimation. The purpose of this study is to investigate intervaling in greater detail so as to better understand its impact on the results of empirical research and hence of further developments in the field of finance. This is accomplished by examining the effect of different intervals on the return distributions and estimated characteristic lines of 200 common stocks over the two decades 1950–1969. Section II reviews the relevant literature and attempts to place the intervaling effect in perspective. Research design for the investigation is described in Section III, and findings are presented in Section IV. A brief conclusion appears as Section V.