Effects Of Different Inhibitors Research Articles

Studies of the diluent, temperature and pressure effect on the lower and upper flammability limits of ammonia in air

Ammonia safety and environmental protection research forms the basis for its role as a clean energy carrier. In this work, an experimental study was conducted in this work to analyze the effect of different inhibitors (nitrogen, argon and water vapor) on the flammability limits (FLs) of ammonia at elevated temperatures and pressures. In addition, the influence of diluents on the compositions and flame temperature changes was evaluated, and the temperature sensitivity coefficients of the elementary reactions and the ROP of free radicals and partial products at the FL concentrations were analyzed. The findings indicated that water vapor provided the strongest flame retardant effect on ammonia in three inhibitors. Within a certain temperature and pressure range, the FLs of ammonia in ammonia/diluent/air can be predicted using the extended Le Chatelier equation. The flame temperature decreased at the lower flammability limit (LFL) concentrations and increased at the upper flammability limit (UFL) concentrations of ammonia with increasing initial pressure. As the initial temperature increases, the flame temperature decreases during ammonia combustion. The influence of ammonia concentration on flame temperature is greater than that of diluents dilution. The elementary reactions H+O2<=>O+OH (R1) and NH2+NO<=>NNH+OH (R82) were the primary reactions that increased the flame temperature at the FL ammonia concentrations in ammonia/diluent/air. Conversely, NH2+NO<=>N2+H2O (R80) and H+O2(+M)<=>HO2(+M)(R15) were the main reactions that decreased the flame temperature. H, OH and NH2 radicals played a crucial role in the combustion reaction process at ammonia FL concentrations. At the LFL concentrations of ammonia, the molar fraction of the OH radical showed the greatest variation, while at the UFL concentrations of ammonia it was NH2 radical. The elementary reaction NH3+OH<=>NH2+H2O (R158) was the primary reaction that consumed OH radical and promoted the formation of NH2 radical. Free radical concentrations decreased with increasing pressure and temperature, while the change rate of free radical ROP accelerated with increasing pressure. In addition to nitrogen and water, the partial products were mainly nitric oxide at the LFL concentrations, while at the UFL concentrations were mainly hydrogen.

Effects of different inhibitors on emission characteristics, environmental impact and health risk of volatile organic compounds from asphalt binder

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of asphalt will cause adverse environmental impact and workers’ health risk, inhibitors can be used to reduce the emission of VOCs from asphalt. Three inhibitors, including activated carbon (AC), expanded graphite (EG) and hydrotalcite (MA), were used to modified asphalt in this work. The effects of inhibitors on the VOCs emission characteristics of asphalt were investigated at multiple levels of VOCs total concentration, groups distribution and components characteristics. 101 asphalt VOCs components were detected, among which alkane accounted for more than 50% of the total concentration, followed by aldehyde and benzene. AC with the largest specific surface area and pore capacity exhibited the best inhibitory effect on the emission of VOCs with total concentration inhibition rate of 45.58%, followed by MA, while excessive MA would have adverse effect. Over 90% of VOCs components emissions had been suppressed by AC and EG. And inhibitors had the best inhibitory effect on the emission of olefin and aldehyde in VOCs, followed by ketone, but had the worst inhibitory effect on alkane, which was due to the weak interactions between non-polar alkane and polar hydroxyl on the surface of inhibitors. Furthermore, the effects of different inhibitors on the environmental impact and health risk of VOCs from asphalt were also systematically studied. The highest total inhibition rate of OFP and SOAP from asphalt VOCs by AC was only 58.3% and 21.7%, which was ascribed to the limited suppression on OFP and SOAP generated by alkane and benzene. Meanwhile, the non-carcinogenic risk from asphalt VOCs was mainly caused by acrolein with a contribution rate of 80.0%, AC and EG can completely inhibit the emission of acrolein in asphalt VOCs, while MA showed the poor performance. The contribution rate of acetaldehyde to the carcinogenic risk of asphalt VOCs reached 93.7%, while inhibitors had limited inhibitory effects on its emissions. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the correlation mechanism between inhibitors, emission reduction characteristics of asphalt VOCs and environmental-health benefits, which could provide theoretical support for the design of bituminous material with low environmental-health load.

Implications for Combination Therapy of Selective Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors on Dopamine Transporters.

Monoamine transporters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively), are important therapeutic targets due to their essential roles in the brain. To overcome the slow action of selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors, dual- or triple-acting inhibitors have been developed. Here, to examine whether combination treatments of selective reuptake inhibitors have synergistic effects, the pharmacological properties of DAT, NET, and SERT were investigated using the selective inhibitors of each transporter, which are vanoxerine, nisoxetine, and fluoxetine, respectively. Potencies were determined via fluorescence-based substrate uptake assays in the absence and presence of other inhibitors to test the multi-drug effects on individual transporters, resulting in antagonistic effects on DAT. In detail, fluoxetine resulted in a 1.6-fold increased IC50 value of vanoxerine for DAT, and nisoxetine produced a more drastic increase in the IC50 value by six folds. Furthermore, the effects of different inhibitors, specifically monovalent ions, were tested on DAT inhibition by vanoxerine. Interestingly, these ions also reduced vanoxerine potency in a similar manner. The homology models of DAT suggested a potential secondary inhibitor binding site that affects inhibition in an allosteric manner. These findings imply that the use of combination therapy with monoamine reuptake inhibitors should be approached cautiously, as antagonistic effects may occur.

Surface-modified cerium oxide as a corrosion inhibitor to enhance the performance of epoxy coatings

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the anticorrosion performance of epoxy coatings using modified cerium oxide (CeO2) by terephthalic acid (CeO2-t) and fumaric acid (CeO2-f) as corrosion inhibitors.Design/methodology/approachThe chemical state of CeO2-t, and CeO2-f were analyzed by infrared radiation (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of different inhibitors on the coating properties was analyzed by neutral salt spray tests (NSST) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).FindingsThe results of IR and XRD illustrate that the modification of CeO2 was successful, and fumaric acid underwent a ring-opening reaction with epoxy resin (EP) in the coatings. The results of NSST and EIS showed that the coatings containing CeO2-f exhibited the best anticorrosion performance.Originality/valueCeO2 is an effective inhibitor of the organic coatings. When surface modified, it is chemically bonded to EP, enhancing the anticorrosion performance of EP.

Abstract 4501: Novel EHE PDX model used for drug sensitivity

Abstract EHE is a low-to-intermediate grade angiocentric non-vasogenic tumor that exhibits a wide survival range dependent upon tumor size, stage, and location. Most tumors originate in the lung (37%), soft tissue (20%), or liver (16%), and those with multifocal peritoneal or pleural spread have a 5-year survival rate of ~22%. Solitary lesions are often resected for curative intent. However, treatment options for those with metastatic disease at diagnosis remain less well-defined. Generally, the chemo-resistant slow-growing soft-tissue EHEs can often be observed off therapy for years or decades. In contrast, pleural or peritoneal tumors required rapid intervention with systemic cytotoxic chemotherapies. Given the lack of effective treatments, there remains a significant unmet need. Unique among all cancer types, more than 90% of EHEs harbor in-frame chromosomal translocations with WWTR1 (TAZ) or YAP1 in the N-terminal domain. Given that YAP and TAZ are two paralogs, which share numerous epigenetic functions as YAP/TEAD or TAZ/TEAD transcriptional coactivators downstream of the Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway, the oncogenic effect of the resulting EHE-associated TAZ-CAMTA1 (TC) or YAP1-TFE (YT) fusion proteins must, with all certainty, continue to depend on the truncated YAP/TAZ proteins. Since no EHE cell lines exist, one cannot predict if the TC FP behaves similarly in human sarcomas that expose different tissue-specific TEAD binding sites. Trametinib (a MEK inhibitor) was chosen for initial evaluation. We determined the preclinical efficacy of trametinib in the only available EHE patient-derived tumor explant (PDX) in existence, which genetic testing confirmed harbored a TAZ-CAMTA1 translocation. We propagated EHE PDX tumors in mice, then treated with vehicle or trametinib for more than 80 days. Tumor volumes were measured 2-3 times a week, and tumors were collected for further histology and proteomic analysis. Trametinib demonstrated potent antineoplastic activity, consistent with the limited activity observed in recent clinical studies. A separate 10-day study was conducted to measure early pharmacodynamic studies of a potent, oral, selective small molecule palmitoylation inhibitor of TEAD provided by Ikena Oncology. Edge-Seq RNA sequencing and western blots were performed to validate the TEAD-dependent gene and protein expression. EdgeSeq analysis demonstrated significant down-regulation of multiple TEAD dependent genes, indicating on-target inhibition of TEAD in this model. Western blot protein analysis of YAP, TAZ, TEAD1, TC FP, CTGF, and CYR61, collected for pharmacodynamic analysis, demonstrated reduced CYR61, indicative of possible TEAD inhibitor activity; CTGF protein levels were unchanged. The use of one EHE PDX was a limitation, as this model may not fully recapitulate human tumor biology. Future research, using additional EHE PDX models, will be required in gauge the effect of different inhibitors. Citation Format: Sandhya Krishnan, Robert Porter, Danh Truong, Salah-Eddine Lamhamedi-Cherradi, Krzysztof Grela, Rafal Zielinski, Sharon Landers, Vinod Ravi, Joseph A. Ludwig. Novel EHE PDX model used for drug sensitivity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4501.

In situ quantitative measurements on MMP-9 activity in single living cells by single molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in tumor progression. It is of great significance to establish a sensitive in situ assay strategy for MMP-9 activity in single living cells. Here a novel in situ single molecule spectroscopy method based on the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) technique was proposed for measuring the MMP-9 activity at different locations within single living cells, using a fluorescent specific peptide and a reference dye as dual probes. The measurement principle is based on the decrease of the ratiometric translational diffusion time of dual probes in the detection volume due to the peptide cleavage caused by MMP-9. The peptide probe was designed to be composed of an MMP-9 cleavage and cell-penetrating peptide sequence that was labeled with a fluorophore and conjugated with a streptavidin (SAV) molecule. The ratiometric translational diffusion time was used as the measurement parameter to eliminate the effect of intracellular uncertain viscosity. The linear relationship between the ratiometric diffusion time and MMP-9 activity was established, and applied to the determination of enzymatic activity in cell lysates as well as the evaluation of the inhibitory effects of different inhibitors on MMP-9. More importantly, the method was successfully used to dynamically determine MMP-9 activity in single living cells or under the stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and inhibitors.

Investigation on Effect of Different Inhibitors on Corrosion Behavior of 45# Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution

Investigation on Effect of Different Inhibitors on Corrosion Behavior of 45# Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution

Castanospermine suppresses CD44 ectodomain cleavage as revealed by transmembrane bioluminescent sensors.

Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is a single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein that is a widely distributed cell-surface adhesion molecule. CD44 undergoes ectodomain cleavage by membrane-associated metalloproteinases in breast cancer cells. Cleavage plays a critical role in cancer cell migration by mediating the interaction between CD44 and the extracellular matrix. To explore inhibitors of CD44 ectodomain cleavage, we developed two bioluminescent sensors for the detection of CD44 ectodomain cleavage. The sensors were designed as two-transmembrane proteins with split-luciferase fragments, one of which was cyclized by protein trans-splicing of a DnaE intein. These two sensors emit light by the cyclization or the spontaneous complementation of the luciferase fragments. The luminescence intensities decreased upon cleavage of the ectodomain in breast cancer cells. The sensors revealed that castanospermine, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressed the ectodomain cleavage of endogenous CD44 in breast cancer cells. Castanospermine also inhibited breast cancer cell invasion. Thus, the sensors are beneficial tools for evaluating the effects of different inhibitors.

STL1, a New AKT Inhibitor, Synergizes with Flavonoid Quercetin in Enhancing Cell Death in A Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Line.

Using a pharmacophore model based on the experimental structure of AKT-1, we recently identified the compound STL1 (ZINC2429155) as an allosteric inhibitor of AKT-1. STL1, was able to reduce Ser473 phosphorylation, thus inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that the flavonoid quercetin downregulated the phosphorylated and active form of AKT. However, in this case, quercetin inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway by directly binding the kinases CK2 and PI3K. In the present work, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of the co-treatment quercetin plus STL1 in HG-3 cells, derived from a patient affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Quercetin and STL1 in the mono-treatment maintained the capacity to inhibit AKT phosphorylation on Ser473, but did not significantly reduce cell viability. On the contrary, they activated a protective form of autophagy. When the HG-3 cells were co-treated with quercetin and STL1, their association synergistically (combination index < 1) inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis. The combined treatment caused the switch from protective to non-protective autophagy. This work demonstrated that cytotoxicity could be enhanced in a drug-resistant cell line by combining the effects of different inhibitors acting in concert on PI3K and AKT kinases.

Study on carbapenemase-producing bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization approach

The development of new techniques for the detection of carbapenemase activity is of great importance since the increased incident of resistance against carbapenems represents a serious threat to global public health. In this context, the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization approach already demonstrated to be a reliable tool for rapid carbapenemase detection. As a newly developed test, there is still a lack of in-depth analysis of its robustness and possible wider application. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for using the design MBT STAR-Carba assay as the pre-characterization method for Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa strains in terms of the produced classes of carbapenemases using modified procedure parameters—various suspension densities and incubation times. Moreover, its usefulness for the in-depth analysis and characterization of metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) was tested by applying inhibition assays. In this study, the designed assay proved to be a sensitive tool for the detection of carbapenemase hydrolytic activity, which can be successfully used to partially classify the class of carbapenemase present. Additionally, the use of defined high concentration suspensions would allow to shorten the incubation time to 1 minute for certain strains. Considering that the assay was also suitable to investigate the effect of different inhibitors on the MBL activity, it demonstrates far higher discriminatory potential than only a rapid routine carbapenemase detection tool and could be used as a susceptibility assay.

INACTIVATION OF RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM. WHICH CLASS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICINE PRODUCTS TO PREFER?

A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of two classes of drugs – angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBS II) in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases is presented. The advantage of ACEI over ARB II in reducing total and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, brain stroke, chronic heart failure, and chronic kidney disease is shown. The reasons for the different effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on the course of cardiovascular pathology are explained by the mechanisms of therapeutic effects of ACEI and ARB II. The antihypertensive effect of ARB II is provided by selective blockade of AT1 receptors for angiotensin II (at II). As a result of the blockade, an additional amount of at II accumulates in the blood, which binds to AT2 receptors, contributes to the appearance of a number of negative phenomena. Stimulation of AT2-receptors (possibly also AT3-, AT4-receptors) unutilized at II leads to apoptosis of the structural elements of the arterial wall, its fibrosis, sclerosis and hypertrophy, inhibition of coronary remodeling with impaired neovascularization of the myocardium, as well as increased proatherogenic and inflammatory processes in the endothelium, possibly in the heart tissue. Stimulation of AT2 receptors also promotes leukocyte-dependent release of matrix metalloproteinase I, which leads to the destruction of extracellular matrix proteins, thereby destabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque, leading to its rupture, which is a possible reason for increasing the risk of myocardial infarction during treatment with sartans. The cascade of these negative effects may be the main mechanism of IHD destabilization in the appointment of ARB II. Unlike sartans, the therapeutic potential of ACEI is realized through the blockade of at II synthesis, without affecting the work of the receptor apparatus, so the above adverse effects associated with the accumulation of at II do not occur. An important physiological feature of ACEI is their ability to increase the level of bradykinin, which has a positive effect on the vascular wall, reduces their stiffness by increasing prostaglandin synthesis, demonstrates antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, leads to a decrease in afterload and stimulation of angiogenesis. It is these mechanisms that underlie the more pronounced cardioprotective effect of ACEI in contrast to ARB II.

The comparison of the effect of different inhibitors on aromatase enzyme effective in the breast cancer by molecular docking method

The comparison of the effect of different inhibitors on aromatase enzyme effective in the breast cancer by molecular docking method

Synergistic effect of inhibitors (allylthiourea and 1,2,4-triazole) on the activity of wheat soil urease to reduce nitrogen loss

Urease is a nickel-dependent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, forming CO2 and ammonia. Urease activity in soil enables several microorganisms to utilize urea as their nitrogen source. Nitrogen loss from the soil not only reduces the yield and soil fertility, but also create adverse effects on the environment. This study investigates the combined inhibitory potential of allylthiourea +1,2,4-triazole blend on the activity of wheat soil urease and to overcome the loss of nitrogen. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from three different regions of Punjab, Pakistan, i.e., Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, and Gujranwala. The whole research work was divided into two phases. During the first phase, the effect of different inhibitors on the activity of wheat soil urease was determined. In the second phase, kinetic behavior of urease enzyme in the presence and absence of urease inhibitors was evaluated by varying several factors i.e., pH, temperature, incubation time, and substrate concentration. Results indicated a significant urease reduction after 8th-14th day of application of inhibitor’s blend. After 14 days, the effect of urease inhibitors began to decrease. Kinetic studies revealed the optimum activity of the blend around pH 6.8, temperature 35–45 ​°C and incubation time 30 ​min. The Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that Km value increased while Vmax value significantly decreased after applying the blend because of the formation of urease inhibitor complex that further retards the formation of enzyme-substrate complex. The synergistic usage of allylthiourea and 1,2,4-triazole inhibitor’s blend can prolong the urea hydrolysis, ultimately increasing the effectiveness of fertilizers.

Nox1-derived oxidative stress as a common pathogenic link between obesity and hyperoxaluria-related kidney injury.

Specific relationships among reactive oxygen species, activation pathways, and inflammatory mechanisms involved in kidney injury were assessed in a combined model of obesity and hyperoxaluria. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, HFD (high fat diet), OX (0.75% ethylene glycol), and HFD + OX (combined model) Changes in basal O2- levels were evaluated by chemiluminescence in renal interlobar arteries and renal cortex. Furthermore, the effect of different inhibitors on NADPH-stimulated O2- generation was assessed in renal cortex. Oxidative stress sources, and local inflammatory mediators, were also determined, in parallel, by RT-PCR, and correlated with measures of renal function, urinary biochemistry, and renal structure. Rats from the HFD group developed overweight without lipid profile alteration. Tubular deposits of crystals were seen in OX and severely enhanced in HFD + OX groups along with a significantly higher impairment of renal function. Basal oxidative stress was increased in renal cortex of OX rats and in renal arteries of HFD rats, while animals from the combined HFD + OX group exhibited the highest levels of oxidative stress in renal cortex, derived from xanthine oxidase and COX-2. NADPH oxidase-dependent O2- generation was elevated in renal cortex of the OX group and markedly enhanced in the HFD + OX rats, and associated to an up-regulation of Nox1 and a down-regulation of Nox4 expression. High levels of oxidative stress in the kidney, of OX and HFD + OX groups were also associated to an inflammatory response mediated by an elevation of TNFα, COX-2, NFκB1 MCP-1, and OPN. Oxidative stress is a key pathogenic factor in renal disease associated to hyperoxaluria and a common link underlying the exacerbated inflammatory response and kidney injury found under conditions of both obesity and hyperoxaluria. Nox1 pathway must be considered as a potential therapeutic target.

Effect of inhibitors on the thermodynamics and kinetics of spontaneous combustion of coal

In order to find a low-cost and better performance inhibitor, this study chose the widely used and effective inhibitors NH4HCO3, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and waterborne polyacrylate (PA) and designed the TG–DSC and FTIR experiments of coal samples with three kinds of inhibitors to study the effects of different inhibitors on various parameters of spontaneous combustion of coal. The results showed that the mass loss rate of C&APP and C&PA was lower than that of raw coal, and the enthalpy and oxygen absorption quantity of coal obviously reduced, and the content of gas products also reduced to some extent. The two kinds of inhibitors had good retardant effect, but it was not good for C&NH4HCO3. Through the curve-fitting analysis of infrared spectrums, the intrinsic mechanism of retardant effect of PA was studied in depth, and it was found that PA can reduce the decomposition of aliphatic structure and inhibit the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups of coal. Further kinetic analysis was carried out by using the isoconversional method. It is found that adding PA increases activation energy in the oxygen absorption and mass gain stage of coal, which have retardant effect in the primary stage of spontaneous combustion of coal.

Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys with Different Inhibitors

In this work, the effect of different inhibitors on the thermal stability of the magnetic properties in Fe73.5Cu1M3Si13.5B9 nanocrystalline alloys, where M = Nb, W, Mo, was investigated. Nanocrystalline alloy with tungsten has the greatest thermal stability. The change in the magnetic properties in the ageing process was associated with vacancies and vacancy clusters, the formation of which is facilitated by large atoms of inhibitory elements occupying free positions in the substitution solid solution.

Influence of inhibitor adsorption on readings of microelectrode during SVET measurements

One of the main applications of SVET in corrosion research is the study of the corrosion inhibition effectiveness and the evaluation of the self-healing effect of inhibitor-containing coatings. The tip of the platinum/iridium vibrating electrode is electroplated with black platinum, which creates a large electrode surface and confers high capacitance to the tip. When studying organic inhibitors in aqueous solutions with SVET, inhibitor adsorption may occur at the tip, causing its contamination and the initial calibration conditions of the system might not be valid. This may lead to an incorrect interpretation of the results.This work is intended to study the effect of different inhibitors (cerium nitrate, 8-hydroxyquinoline, potassium 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazolate, benzotriazole and mercaptobenzothiazole), typically used for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys, on the Pt probe signal during SVET measurements.The results reveal the detrimental effect of some corrosion inhibitors on the sensitivity of the vibrating probe, an effect that imposes a regular assessment of the electrode state during measurements. The increase of the signal noise was related to a decrease of the probe capacitance, while the false current density signal was a result of the potential drift between vibrating and reference electrodes.

The roles of Pleurotus ostreatus HAUCC 162 laccase isoenzymes in decolorization of synthetic dyes and the transformation pathways

Fungal laccases have shown great potential in industrial and environmental applications. They are generally produced as laccase isoenzymes. Thus, to further study the properties of different laccase isoenzymes and their performance in bio-remediation is essential for a deep understanding of laccase function and application. In this study, three Pleurotus ostreatus HAUCC 162 laccase isoenzymes were heterologously expressed, and the effects of different inhibitors, metal ions, and organic solvents on the activity of recombinant laccases were evaluated. In the dye decolorization test, LACC6 showed the highest ability to remove Malachite green (MG), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), Bromophenol blue (BB), and Methyl orange (MO) among the three recombinant laccases. Removal rates within 24 h were 91.5%, 84.9%, 79.1%, and 73.1% for MG (100 mg/L), RBBR (100 mg/L), BB (100 mg/L), and MO (100 mg/L), respectively. The MG and RBBR transformation pathways were proposed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis. Based on the results of this work, the production of recombinant LACC6 or improving the portion of LACC6 in the crude extracellular laccase may advance synthetic dye removal.

Signaling interactions between mitochondria andchloroplasts in Nicotiana tabacum leaf.

Research has begun to elucidate the signal transduction pathway(s) that control cellular responses to changes in mitochondrial status. Important tools in such studies are chemical inhibitors used to initiate mitochondrial dysfunction. This study compares the effect of different inhibitors and treatment conditions on the transcript amount of nuclear genes specifically responsive to mitochondrial dysfunction in leaf of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana. The Complex III inhibitors antimycin A (AA) and myxothiazol (MYXO), and the Complex V inhibitor oligomycin (OLIGO), each increased the transcript amount of the mitochondrial dysfunction genes. Transcript responses to OLIGO were greater during treatment in the dark than in the light, and the dark treatment resulted in cell death. In the dark, transcript responses to AA and MYXO were similar to one another, despite MYXO leading to cell death. In the light, transcript responses to AA and MYXO diverged, despite cell viability remaining high with either inhibitor. This divergent response may be due to differential signaling from the chloroplast because only AA also inhibited cyclic electron transport, resulting in a strong acceptor-side limitation in photosystem I. In the light, chemical inhibition of chloroplast electron transport reduced transcript responses to AA, while having no effect on the response to MYXO, and increasing the response to OLIGO. Hence, when studying mitochondrial dysfunction signaling, different inhibitor and treatment combinations differentially affect linked processes (e.g. chloroplast function and cell fate) that then contribute to measured responses. Therefore, inhibitor and treatment conditions should be chosen to align with specific study goals.

Effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system on reducing blood pressure and expression of inflammatory factors in CHD patients: A network meta-analysis.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an ever-evolving endocrine system with considerable checks and balances on the production and catabolism of angiotensin peptides most likely due to the manifold effects of angiotensins. We aimed to explore the effects of different inhibitors of RAS on blood pressure and expression of inflammatory factors in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). We initially searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library electronic databases with nine eligible randomized controlled trials enrolled. Direct and indirect evidence was combined to calculate the weighted mean difference value and draw surface under the cumulative ranking curves. The results demonstrated that, compared with placebo and enalapril, ramipril had a better effect on reducing systolic blood pressure after short-term usage of drugs (<12 months), while perindopril had better effects on reducing diastolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein expression. Furthermore, after long-term usage of drugs (≥12 months), there was no significant difference among olmesartan, quinapril and candesartan in the treatment of patients with CHD. Perindopril and ramipril had better effects on inhibiting blood pressure and expression of inflammatory factors among eight inhibitors after short-term usage of drugs (<12 months); while quinapril had better effects on reducing blood pressure and expression of inflammatory factor after long-term usage of drugs, and there was little difference in the effects between olmesartan and candesartan (≥12 months). Perindopril may have better short-term effects on reducing blood pressure and expression of inflammatory factor, while quinapril may have better long-term effects on reducing blood pressure and expression of inflammatory factor.