Effect Of Different Grades Research Articles

Effect of Different Grades of Sulphur on the Properties of Tread Rubber Mixes for Radial Car Tyres

Effect of Different Grades of Sulphur on the Properties of Tread Rubber Mixes for Radial Car Tyres

Effect of different grades of obesity and adipocytokines on breast cancer

Effect of different grades of obesity and adipocytokines on breast cancer

Comparative Impact of Release Frequency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii against Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) in Sugarcane

The egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, is widely used for the management of the internode borer (INB), Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur), in South India. However, there have been controversies regarding the dosage and frequency of releases required to attain desirable level of INB suppression. In the present study, two on-farm trials were conducted during 2008-09, comparing six releases of T. chilonis with continuous releases (from 5 months and 5½ months, respectively in trial I and II to one month prior to harvest) of T. chilonis at weekly intervals for their relative impact on INB incidence, intensity, dead hearts, number of nodes and yield, besides juice quality attributes. The cost-benefit ratio of the releases was also worked out. Continuous releases of T. chilonis were found to be better than six releases in both the trials. In the first trial, 31.1% and 56.46% reduction in the dead heart incidence was observed with six releases and continuous releases, respectively, while the yields were improved by 10.32% and 25.62%, respectively, with reference to control. In the second trial, continuous releases of T. chilonis resulted in significantly lower incidence, intensity, dead hearts and 12.15% increased yield than six releases and control, which were similar. The per cent dead hearts in control was 20.9% and 19.4% in the trial I and II, respectively. The studies also indicated the special benefits from continuous releases when the INB incidence was high. In both the trials, there was a beneficial impact on cane juice quality in terms of significantly improved % polarity and commercial cane sugar (CCS) in continuous releases in relation to control, while in the second trial percentage purity was also found to be significantly enhanced. In two separate assessments on the effect of different grades of INB infestation on the quality, there was a mixed trend in the parameters tested. The yesteryears' work and the present results on the usage of T. chilonis with reference to multiple releases for the management of borers are compared and discussed. It is recommended that in situ decisions on the frequency of releases are required because even though continuous releases are necessary to maintain the population and damage of INB low, the cost-benefit ratio tilts in favour of six releases in the present study.

Clinical Significance of the Heterotopic Ossification After Total Hip Arthroplasty

Heterotopic ossification represents one of the most frequent complications following any type of hip arthroplasty. However, disagreement exists regarding the clinical significance of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study evaluated the effect of different grades of heterotopic ossification on range of hip motion, pain, and the clinical outcome in patients after THA. The study included 198 patients with primary THA because of unilateral hip osteoarthritis, followed for a minimum of 1 year after THA. Diagnosis and classification of heterotopic ossification according to Brooker was achieved on anteroposterior radiograph of the hips 1 year postoperatively. The clinical outcome was assessed at 1-year follow-up with the use of the Harris hip score. Pain was assessed as the pain component of the Harris hip score. Hip range of motion was measured passively in the lying position with a goniometer and recorded in degrees according to the method suggested by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 1988. The incidence of heterotopic ossification was 47% and the incidence of severe ossification was 11%. The severe heterotopic ossification significantly reduced clinical outcome, overall range of hip motion and certain components such as flexion, abduction and external rotation, but had no significant effect on pain, while the lower degree of ossification did not significantly influence the clinical outcome, hip motion and pain. This study has shown that only severe heterotopic ossification is of clinical significance.

Left ventricular remodelling and microvascular circulation after distal coronary protection during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infraction

It was known that distal coronary protection during primary PCI had no long-term effects on ventricular remodelling is not well established. This prospective randomised study was designed to validate the efficacy of distal coronary protection on ventricular remodelling and microvascular obstruction at 6 months after AMI. AMI patients with onset time of 12 h or less were randomly assigned into the distal coronary protection group (group P) with percutaneous guardwire, or no protection group (group N). Immediately after PCI, antegrade flow and myocardial perfusion were evaluated according to TIMI and TMP grading, respectively. QCA (quantitative coronary angiography) analysis, at the time of immediate post-PCI and 6 months follow-up and clinical outcome cardio-respiratory fitness are still uncertain up to this time. Objective: To determine the direct effect of different grades of obesity and “isolated” obesity on echocardiographic indices of diastolic left ventricular function and cardio-respiratory fitness. Methods: 2711 Filipinos with different grades of obesity with sub-analysis among patients with “isolated” obesity (without risk factor) were compared and analysed. Results: Mean age (51.76 + 11.23 years) among overweight (n= 1183; BMI 23–27.99 kg/m2) was significantly higher than in patients with grade 2 and up obesity (48.67 + 10.20 years; n= 150; BMI> 35 kg/m2) with p-value = 0.011. In both groups, there are more obese males than females in all grades of obesity (p=<0.001). An increasing trend in the proportion of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking history was seen as obesity grade increases. In isolated obesity; BMI was positively correlated with Ps/Pd ratio (r= 0.14, p=<0.05) and negatively correlated with mitral E/A ratio (r=−0.12, p< 0.05) and cardio-respiratory fitness was positively correlated with Ps/Pd ratio (r= 0.15, p< 0.05) and IVRT (r= 0.12, p< 0.05) while negatively correlated with mitral E (r=−0.13, p< 0.05) and E/A ratio (r=−0.14, p< 0.05). Diastolic dysfunction is significantly associatedwithBMI levels both in the total population (p=<0.001) and isolated obesity (p= 0.023).

The Effect of Different Grades of PLGA on Characteristics of Microspheres Encapsulated with Cyclosporine A

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different grades of poly D, L lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) on the properties of microspheres encapsulated with Cyclosporine A (CyA). Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method using three grades of PLGA. Various characteristics of microspheres such as morphology, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency and release profile were evaluated. Complementary studies were also carried out by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate possible drug-polymer interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed microspheres as spherical particles with CyA deposited as islands on the surface of spheres. Particle size range was 1-25 microm for microspheres made of PLGA (50:50) which showed the minimum size. Encapsulation efficiency was found to vary from 75% to 92% in various formulations. The profile of release was biphasic, showing an initial rapid phase followed by a continuous and slower rate thereafter. Microspheres made of grades 50:50 and 85:15 showed the highest and lowest amount of drug release, respectively. IR spectra for drug, polymer and microspheres did not indicate any chemical interaction between the components of microsphere and DSC thermograms revealed that CyA was present in its amorphous state within microspheres. In conclusion, the effect of polymer characteristics should be considered in microsphere formulations. In this study, suitable microspheres especially with PLGA (50:50) were prepared which allow the controlled release of CyA over a prolonged period of time.

Composites of high density polyethylene and different grades of calcium carbonate: Mechanical, rheological, thermal, and morphological properties

AbstractCalcium carbonate (CaCO3)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared in a HAAKE twin screw extruder, using the experimental conditions defined by the factorial experimental design presented in a prior study. In this study, the effect of different grades (Ca1 and Ca2) and CaCO3 content (varying from 0 to 15 wt %) on the mechanical, rheological, thermal, and morphological properties was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of the filler provoked a decrease on the impact strength, stress at break, and yield stress properties in relation to the pure HDPE. A consequent increase on the modulus of elasticity, indicating an increase on the rigidity of the composite, was observed. It was also verified a tendency to increase the toughness and the viscosity of the composites as CaCO3 was added. Scanning electron micrographs showed that as the filler was incorporated to HDPE matrix, CaCO3 particles tended to agglomerate, especially that grade constituted of particles of smaller size. The thermal analysis showed that the addition of mineral filler caused a decrease on the crystallinity degree. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2559–2564, 2006

Removal of humic substances from aqueous solutions with a photocatalytic membrane reactor

The process of extraction of humic substances from aqueous solutions in a photocatalytic membrane reactor is studied. It is established that, under optimum conditions, humic substances are removed almost completely. The effect of different grades and concentrations of the catalyst (TiO2), the oxidant, UV irradiation time, and the pH value of the solution on the degree of purification is investigated. The possibility of using sunlight as the source of radiation in the process of photocatalytic purification is shown.

Evaluation of the Film-Coating Properties of a Hydroxyethyl Cellulose/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Polymer System

ABSTRACTThe effect of different grades of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the film-formation and taste-masking ability for ibuprofen granules was evaluated. Three batches of coated ibuprofen granules were prepared using a roto-granulator, each with a different coating composition. Two grades of HEC [MW 300,000 (H) and MW 90,000 (L)] were combined with three different grades of HPMC [MW 11,000 (L), MW 25,000 (M) and MW 35,000 (H)] to prepare the coating solutions. Mechanical strength and physical properties of the polymer films were evaluated. Films made from HPMC (L)/HEC (H), HPMC (M)/HEC (H), and HPMC (H)/HEC (H) were stronger and more flexible than the HPMC (L)/HEC (L) films. The assay, dissolution, particle size distribution, and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) data of the three batches of the coated ibuprofen granules were similar. These data indicated that the two grades of HEC had equivalent film-coating properties. However, the HPMC (L)/HEC (L) film-coated granules showed better taste-masking characteristics (no burning after-taste) than the HPMC (L)/HEC (H) and HPMC (M)/HEC (H) film-coated granules. The ESEM data of the polymer films indicated that both HPMC (L)/HEC (H) and HPMC (M)/HEC (H) films exhibited more roughness and contained larger particles than the HPMC (L)/HEC (L) films. A hydration/dehydration study of the films revealed that HPMC (L)/HEC (H) and HPMC (M)/HEC (H) films were more susceptible to moisture effects, which subsequently led to a faster hydration rate of the polymer films. These data suggest that the molecular weight of the HEC affects the taste-masking ability of the resultant polymer film. The HEC (L) mixed well with the HPMC (L) to yield a uniform film that was more resistant to moisture effects. Hence, for optimum coating applications, particular attention should be paid to the molecular weight of the coating polymers to ensure that they are comparable to each other.

Effect of different grades of gum rosins and hydrogenated resins on the solubility, disintegration, and dimensional alterations of grossman cement

In the present study, we investigated the effect of the addition of different grades of gum rosins and hydrogenated resins to Grossman cement on dimensional stability, solubility and disintegration. pH and conductivity, which may affect these properties, were also determined. The experiments were performed according to Specification 57 of the American Dental Association for root canal cements using Grossman cements containing three gum rosins (grades X, WW, and WG) and two hydrogenated resins (Staybelite and Staybelite ester 10). The results showed that the solubility, disintegration, and dimensional stability of Grossman cement containing Staybelite and Staybelite ester 10 were inferior to the values considered acceptable by the American Dental Association Specification 57.

The effect of different grades of laryngeal function on arterial blood gases durung exercise

The effect of different grades of laryngeal function on arterial blood gases durung exercise

Ice adhesion to rubber materials

The aim of this study was to investigate the interfacial shear strength between ice and rubbers. Different rubber materials containing only a polymer and curing agent (peroxide) were tested with regard to surface wettability and interfacial shear strength. The effect of different grades and amounts of carbon black filler was also studied. The wettability was determined from contact angles, using water and diiodomethane as test liquids, measured on carefully cleaned and mirror smooth rubber sheets. The test showed that there is a correlation between ice adhesion and rubber substrate wettability. Below a water contact angle of 90°, the interfacial shear strength of ice decreases linearly with increasing contact angle. For contact angles above 90°, the interfacial shear strength of ice stays practically the same. The presence of high surface energy additives such as reinforcing carbon black (e.g. N220 ISAF) significantly increases the interfacial shear strength. The highly hydrophobic behaviour of different plant surface textures was also investigated regarding ice adhesion strength. The combination of a submicrometer textured surface and a hydrophobic surface characteristic showed an abrupt decrease in the adhesion force of a water droplet at measured macroscopic contact angles above approximately 150°. Despite this water repellency, the ice adhesion strength is not nil. However, it was among the lowest values experienced in the test.

Motor Evoked Potentials in a Static Load Model of Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS (MEPs) are used to evaluate spinal cord injury. In this study, the effect of different grades of static load spinal cord injury on MEPs was examined. Rats (n = 27) were anesthetized, ventilated, and curarized. MEPs were elicited by the stimulation of the right sensorimotor cortex and recorded with a needle electrode placed in the epidural space on the left side at T10. The spinal cord injury was produced by gently placing a weight (20, 35, or 50 g) on the spinal cord at the level of T3. The compression time was 5 minutes. A group of rats in which laminectomies were performed but in which no weight was put on the spinal cord served as a control group. MEPs were recorded before, during, and after the spinal cord lesion was produced. The MEPs in the 0g group were stable. While the spinal cord was compressed, the MEP positive peak latencies increased and the amplitudes decreased and finally disappeared. MEP latencies and amplitudes correlated well with the weight used for spinal cord compression. During spinal cord compression, MEPs vanished, starting from peaks with a longer latency to peaks with a shorter latency. After decompression, the peaks reappeared in a reverse order. This study shows that MEPs are a good parameter for the functional integrity of spinal cord motor pathways in a static load type of injury model.

Motor Evoked Potentials in a Static Load Model of Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are used to evaluate spinal cord injury. In this study, the effect of different grades of static load spinal cord injury on MEPs was examined. Rats (n = 27) were anesthetized, ventilated, and curarized. MEPs were elicited by the stimulation of the right sensorimotor cortex and recorded with a needle electrode placed in the epidural space on the left side at T10. The spinal cord injury was produced by gently placing a weight (20, 35, or 50 g) on the spinal cord at the level of T3. The compression time was 5 minutes. A group of rats in which laminectomies were performed but in which no weight was put on the spinal cord served as a control group. MEPs were recorded before, during, and after the spinal cord lesion was produced. The MEPs in the 0g group were stable. While the spinal cord was compressed, the MEP positive peak latencies increased and the amplitudes decreased and finally disappeared. MEP latencies and amplitudes correlated well with the weight used for spinal cord compression. During spinal cord compression, MEPs vanished, starting from peaks with a longer latency to peaks with a shorter latency. After decompression, the peaks reappeared in a reverse order. This study shows that MEPs are a good parameter for the functional integrity of spinal cord motor pathways in a static load type of injury model.

Effect of Different Grades of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Dissolution Rate of Chlorpropamide and its Absorption Through Rat Stomach

AbstractCoprecipitates of chlorpropamide and PVP 10000, 44000 and 700000 were prepared. Dissolution rate studies have shown that coprecipitate of Chlorpropamide and PVP 44000 (1:3.33) is by far the best combination. The same findings were also observed when all the three different coprecipitates were subjected to drug absorption studies through rat stomach. This increase in dissolution rate could be due to complex formation between the drug and the PVP irrespective of molecular weight, this was confirmed by T.L.C. and IR studies. It was also observed that the effect of PVP on increase in dissolution of insoluble drug reaches up to a certain molecular weight of PVP and decreases with further increase in molecular weight.

Mass-transfer rates at rough surfaces

The effect of different grades of artificial roughness on mass-transfer rates was studied using the ferricyanide-ferrocyanide redox system on vertical nickel electrodes by observations of the limiting current density of the cathodic process for electrodes of different heights in unstirred solutions. It is shown experimentally that roughness increases the mass transfer rates.A general correlation of the data may be represented by the equations: Ȃelectrode 0 (smooth) Nu = 0·052(Sc Gr)0·324Ȃelectrode 1 Nu = 0·053(Sc Gr)0·323Ȃelectrode 2 Nu = 0·067(Sc Gr)0·318Ȃelectrode 3 Nu = 0·087(Sc Gr)0·312where Nu, Sc and Gr are the mass-transfer Nusselt, Schmidt and Grashof numbers respectively, and where the peak-to-valley heights of the electrodes are of the order 3 > 2 > 1 > 0.

The effect of different grades of myocardial infarction upon the tolerance to potassium; an experimental study in dogs.

The effect of different grades of myocardial infarction upon the tolerance to potassium; an experimental study in dogs.

The Effect of Different Grades of Cocoa Upon the Retention of Dietary Calcium by Growing Rats

The Effect of Different Grades of Cocoa Upon the Retention of Dietary Calcium by Growing Rats