Effects Of Different Extraction Methods Research Articles

Effects of different extraction methods on the structural characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharides extracted from Polygonatum sibiricum

Effects of different extraction methods on the structural characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharides extracted from Polygonatum sibiricum

The effects of different extraction methods on essential oils from orange and tangor: From the peel to the essential oil.

Citrus fruits are largely consumed due to their unique and pleasant aromas. Citrus hybrids have been developed to enhance their flavors and bioactivities. Citrus aroma depends on the composition of the volatile compounds in citrus essential oils (CEOs), which are mostly located in the peels. During the extraction of CEOs, a specific series of chemical reactions occurred depending on the extraction methods (CP, cold pressing; HD, hydrodistillation), leading to variations in the composition of volatile compounds. In this study, the orange and the tangor which is a hybrid between C. reticulata × C. sinensis were investigated to compare the changes in volatile compounds based on the extraction methods. Results showed that the CP-specific volatile compounds were sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and fatty acid derivatives, while the HD-specific volatile compounds were terpinyl cation derivatives, limonene, and 4-vinylguaiacol. On the other hand, the contents of some volatile compounds ((E)-ocimene, α-terpinene, and α-terpinolene) were affected by the Citrus species rather than by the extraction methods. In particular, during HD, terpinene-4-ol and 4-vinylguiacol, known as off-flavor compounds in citrus juice, were formed more abundantly in the orange than in the tangor. In conclusion, these results provide comprehensive data on essential oils, especially those derived from oranges and tangors, for selecting the appropriate extraction method for obtaining a higher yield and quality of citrus flavor.

Effects of different extraction methods on volatile profiles of flaxseed oils.

To investigate the effects of different extraction methods on volatile compounds in flaxseed oil (FSO), we first carried out solvent extraction, cold pressing, and hot pressing treatments of flaxseed [Linum usitatissimum (L.)], then applied the headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry technology to identify the volatile substance compositions, and established flavor fingerprints of solvent-extracted FSO, cold-pressed FSO, and hot-pressed FSO. In total, 81 volatile compounds were detected, including 27 aldehydes, 14 alcohols, 13 ketones, 9 heterocycles, 8 esters, 5 acids, 4 hydrocarbons, and 1 sulfur compound (dimethyl disulfide). Extraction methods had a great influence on the volatile profile of FSO. Solvent-extracted FSO had more sweet, mild, floral, and sour volatile profiles, cold-pressed FSO had stronger volatile profiles of winey, spicy, and fatty, and hot-pressed FSO had green, grass, and plastic volatile profiles. Principal component analysis and Euclidean distance demonstrated that the volatile compounds of three FSO samples could be clearly distinguished. Of note, the cold-pressed FSO and hot-pressed FSO had similar volatile profiles, and they were different from solvent-extracted FSO. This study could provide some guidance for improving the flavor quality of FSO and selecting the proper extraction method for FSO productions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Practical Application: This study shows extraction methods significantly affect the formation of aroma characteristics in flaxseed oil (FSO), and it provides theoretical guidance for production to use the appropriate extraction methods for high-quality FSO.

Effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from maca roots

ABSTRACT Maca is rich in bioactive compounds and has considerable potential for commercial application as a functional food material. In this study, maca root polysaccharides (MRPs) were prepared via hot water extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based UAE, and their physicochemical properties and biological activities were compared. The MRP obtained using DES-based UAE (MRP-DU) exhibited the highest yield (30.85%), oil-holding capacity (5.21 g/g), emulsifying capacity (50.58%), and emulsion stability (48.14%). Additionally, MRP-DU exhibited the highest antidiabetic and absorption-retarding effects on glucose and bile acid. These results suggest that MRP obtained using DES-based UAE have high application potential as functional food materials and could also serve as antidiabetic and cholesterol-lowering agents.

Effects of different extraction methods on physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves polysaccharides

The tea of fig (Ficus carica L.) has long been used as a medicine in China due to its excellent effects on hemorrhoids, damp heat diarrhea and other diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the impacts of different extraction methods, including hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE), ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE), alkali extraction (AE) and high-speed shearing homogeneous extraction (HSHE), on physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharide from fig leaves (FLPs). Results indicated that there were great differences between the structure and activity of FLPs prepared by seven methods. Among them, FLPs extracted by UAE (FLPs-UAE) showed the strongest antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities due to its higher Mw, total polysaccharide content (60.62 ± 3.06 %) and glucosamine (GlcN) content (7.68 %). In addition, FLPs extracted by HWE possessed more total polysaccharide content (62.03 ± 0.70 %), total phenolic compounds content (13.55 ± 0.02 %) and GlcN content (5.78 %) contributed to its strong antioxidant activity and the inhibition on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which was second to FLPs-UAE. These finding suggested that UAE and HWE, especially UAE, were good ways to extract FLPs with high antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities, which provide foundations for choosing the suitable extraction strategy to prepare FLPs with desired bioactivities and promoting the application of FLPs in function food industries.

Comparison of the effects of extraction method and solvents on biological activities of phytochemicals from selected violet and blue pigmented flowers

The flowers of many plant species are characterized by intense color and richness of bioactive compounds. They can be their valuable and curious sources that are worth extracting with the highest possible efficiency. The study compares the effects of different extraction methods and ultrasound (US) treatment on the physicochemical properties of dried petals of Malva sylvestris (MS), Clitoria ternatea (CT), Centaurea cyanus (CC), and Trifolium pratense (TP). The petals were ground and then extracted by three methods: (1) with H2O, (2) with 70% methanol, (3) with 70% methanol + acetic acid solvents, additionally used US. Measured: color parameters in CIEL*a*b* system; total antioxidant activity (TAA) referred to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals activity; total phenolic content (TPC) by the Folin-Ciocâlteu method; total anthocyanin content (TAC) by the pH differential method. No specific differences in color parameters founded. The highest TAA (in % of DPPH reductive- MS: 87.86; CT: 62.56; CC: 72.04; TP: 82.99), TPC (in mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g of sample- MS: 1072.86; CT: 849.85; CC: 912.07; TP: 873.77), and TAC (in mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g of sample- MS: 747.79; CT: 226.46; CC: 267.53; TP: 234.77) was reached by method (3). US treatment increased the effect.

Discrimination of Filter Coffee Extraction Methods of a Medium Roasted Specialty Coffee Based on Volatile Profiles and Sensorial Traits.

An untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach combined with sensory analysis was used to present the effects of different extraction methods (i.e., Pure Brew, V60, AeroPress, and French Press) on specialty graded Coffea arabica from Kenya. Partial Least Square Discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering were applied as multivariate statistical tools in data analysis. The results showed good discrimination and a clear clustering of the groups of samples based on their volatile profiles. Similarities were found related to the filter material and shape used for the extraction. Samples extracted with paper filters (V60 and AeroPress) resulted in higher percentages of caramel-, and flowery-related compounds, while from metal filter samples (Pure Brew and French Press), more fruity and roasted coffees were obtained. Discriminant analysis allowed the identification of eight compounds with a high VIP (variable important in projection) discriminant value (i.e., >1), with 2-furanmethanol being the main feature in discrimination. Sensorial analyses were carried out through an expert panel test. The main evaluations revealed the French Press system as the lowest-scored sample in all the evaluated parameters, except for acidity, where its score was similar to V60. In conclusion, the data obtained from GC-MS analyses were in line with the sensorial results, confirming that the extraction process plays a fundamental role in the flavor profile of filter coffee beverages.

Multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted cellulase extraction of protein from mulberry leaf: Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural properties

The effects of different extraction methods (traditional extraction, ultrasound extraction, cellulase extraction, and ultrasound-assisted cellulase extraction) on the yield of mulberry leaf protein (MLP) were investigated, and the results revealed that multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted cellulase extraction was the most efficient extraction method. The mechanism of the synergistic extraction method used to efficiently extract protein from mulberry leave was investigated, focusing on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the enzymatic process. The results revealed that kinetic parameters KM decreased by 14.07% and kA increased by 5.02%, and the thermodynamic parameters Ea, ΔH, and ΔS decreased by 44.81%, 48.41%, and 21.12 %, respectively, following the process of multi-frequency ultrasound (MFU) pretreatment. The spectral analysis with fluorescence spectra manifested that ultrasound exposed hydrophobic groups and induced molecular unfolding of MLP. Atomic force microscope showed that ultrasound decreased particle size while increasing flexibility of MLP. The effect of ultrasound increases the binding frequency of cellulase and substrates, resulting in greater affinity between the two and promoting the solubilization of MLP. This study provides a theoretical basis to improve the application prospects of MLP.

Effect of extraction methods on phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of de-kernelled Sclerocarya birrea seeds.

Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) is an indigenous African fruit-bearing tree with many commercial uses; however, de-kernelled seeds generated from marula fruit-processing are wasted. The phytochemical constituents of de-kernelled marula seeds have not been investigated previously and its extract/tea may potentially serve as a promising source of antioxidants and phytochemicals. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different extraction methods (maceration and decoction) on the recovery of phenolic compounds, sugars, organic acids, and antioxidants from de-kernelled marula seeds. Extracts produced from decoction for 30 min contained the highest phenolic content (2253.93 ± 25.72 mg gallic acid equivalent kg-1 extract), flavonoid content (1020.99 ± 23.90 mg rutin equivalent kg-1 extract), as well as combined sugars and organic acids (1884.03 mg kg-1 extract). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups typically present in phenolic compounds, sugars, and organic acids in the extracts obtained from decoction. The characterization revealed that decoction extraction increased solubility, variety, and yield of phytochemical and antioxidant compounds recovered from de-kernelled marula seeds. The highest concentrations of phytochemicals were obtained using the decoction method. This study may therefore pave the way for extract composition and future utilization of de-kernelled marula seeds in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

An analysis of the nutritional effects of Schisandra chinensis components based on mass spectrometry technology.

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) is a Traditional Chinese medicinal herb that can be used both for medicinal purposes and as a food ingredient due to its beneficial properties, and it is enriched with a wide of natural plant nutrients, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, lignans, triterpenes, organic acids, and sugars. At present, there is lack of comprehensive study or systemic characterization of nutritional and active ingredients of S. chinensis using innovative mass spectrometry techniques. The comprehensive review was conducted by searching the PubMed databases for relevant literature of various mass spectrometry techniques employed in the analysis of nutritional components in S. chinensis, as well as their main nutritional effects. The literature search covered the past 5 years until March 15, 2023. The potential nutritional effects of S. chinensis are discussed, including its ability to enhance immunity, function as an antioxidant, anti-allergen, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety agent, as well as its ability to act as a sedative-hypnotic and improve memory, cognitive function, and metabolic imbalances. Meanwhile, the use of advanced mass spectrometry detection technologies have the potential to enable the discovery of new nutritional components of S. chinensis, and to verify the effects of different extraction methods on these components. The contents of anthocyanins, lignans, organic acids, and polysaccharides, the main nutritional components in S. chinensis, are also closely associated to its quality. This review will provide guidelines for an in-depth study on the nutritional value of S. chinensis and for the development of healthy food products with effective components.

Effects of different extraction methods on the phenolic profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the coffee grounds and coffee silverskin (Coffea arabica L.)

AbstractBackgroundDuring coffee processing, a large volume of waste is generated. This study investigated the phenolic profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of coffee grounds and silverskin using different extraction methods.ResultsUltrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), enzyme‐assisted extraction (EAE), and ultrasound‐assisted enzyme extraction (UAEE) were effective for extraction of polyphenols, with UAE being the method that promoted the highest extraction of polyphenols. The coffee ground and coffee silverskin extracts showed high antioxidant capacity for the three methods ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC (4013.36–3241.89 μmol Trolox/g; 1.82–2.06 IC50 μg/mL; and 26.60–16.20 μmol Trolox/mL, respectively). The phenolic profile demonstrated that most of the compounds in both matrices were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 2,4‐DHBA, 2,5‐DHBA, and 3,4‐DHB. EAE promoted a greater release of polyphenols in the coffee ground (2676.42 μg/g), while UAEE was more effective for the coffee silverskin (2111.54 μg/g). The Principal Component Analysis grouped the samples according to the extraction method, based on their content and phenolic potential, for coffee ground and coffee silverskin. As for antibacterial activity, the most expressive result was for Gram‐positive bacteria. For both matrices, when extracted by the UAEE method, they presented the minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes.ConclusionThe extraction methods used are environmentally safe alternatives, enabling the reuse of natural compounds and contributing to the circular economy, seeking to transform waste into raw material for the extraction of compounds of interest and possible subsequent application in agriculture as biofertilizers or bioherbicides.

The Effects of Different Extraction Methods and Solvents on Antioxidant Properties of Propolis

Propolis is a complex sticky substance produced by the honey bees (Apis mellifera) from the resinous materials they collect from various parts of plant and used by the bees to defend their hives from pathogenic microorganisms. This research aimed to compare the antioxidant properties of propolis extracts produced by using different solvents and extraction methods. The method used in the extraction stage is of great importance as the amount and quality of the bioactive components in the final product are directly affected by the extraction method applied. To obtain propolis extracts, both classical and ultrasonic extraction methods were used with distilled water and 20% propylene glycol-distilled water as solvents. Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to record the total phenolic content of propolis extracts. In this study, to measure the antioxidant activity of extracts, three methods were used that are FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS. Moreover, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoid content analysis. According to analysis, brix values recorded between 14.90-27.50 for classic method and 14.40-16.50 for ultrasonic method. The total phenolic content calculated as 721.31-14419.46 mg GAE/L for classic method, and 1212.32-33621.70 mg GAE/L in ultrasonic method. Also, the total amount of flavonoid content was measured as 1137.52-24884.70 mg QE/L extract in ultrasonic method, and 2144.77-74021.42 mg QE/L extract in classic method. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples were calculated as 0.46-15.21 IC50 µl/ml in classic method, and 1.36-31.86 IC50 µl/ml in ultrasonic method, ABTS+ values changed from 0.09-2.71 IC50 µl/ml in classic method, and 0.21-4.64 IC50 µl/ml in ultrasonic method, and FRAP values measured between 29.22-639.43 µM TE/g in ultrasonic method, and 54.72-1783.02 µM TE/g in classic method. More studies and analysis are needed to investigate the effects of solvents and extraction methods on propolis extracts, as well as on the antioxidant properties of these extracts.

The Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Olive Pomace Using Green Extraction Processes

In this study, solid olive mill waste (SOMW) was used to obtain antioxidant compounds using solid–liquid extraction. The effect of different extraction methods, namely microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), Soxhlet, and conventional solvent extraction, on the yield, total phenolics, and total antioxidant activity of SOMW extracts was investigated. Untreated and dried SOMW were subjected to extraction with water and methanol. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH assay, while their total phenolic content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. For the characterisation of the extracts, HPLC-DAD analysis was performed. The results showed that the extraction yield was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the solvent used, the material treatment prior to extraction, the moisture content of SOMW samples, and the extraction time. The optimised parameters were water, as the extraction solvent, and MAE as the extraction technique (extraction temperature of 50 °C and time of 1 h). The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts indicated that phenolics were the dominant bioactive compounds. The extracts were found to be rich in several hydroxytyrosol derivatives. Therefore, SOMW can be a valuable resource for bioactive compounds using conventional and innovative extraction techniques.

Antioxidant Activity of Passiflora edulis (Passion fruit) Seed Extracts Obtained from Maceration and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method

Passion (Passiflora edulis) fruit belongs to the Passifloraceae family and has high-value economics. The extraction efficiency is affected by the phytochemical’s properties of plant, the solvent and extraction method used to extract the desired compounds. The seeds of passion fruit exhibit an oil content, the valuable bioactive compound as antioxidant activity. The passion fruit seed were the waste obtained from the passion fruit syrup company in Makassar City. This study aims to determine the effect of different extraction methods on antioxidant activity of passion fruit seed extracts. The seed was macerated with methanol at room temperature for 5 days, and the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process was performed for 30 minutes. The antioxidant capacity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that the percentage yield of extract from UAE was 6.45% and the extract yield from maceration method was 5.458%. The result of antioxidant activity (IC50 value) revealed that the methanol extract obtained from UAE and maceration were 71.672 ug/mL and 144.901 ug/mL, respectively. These results indicate that the UAE method is a suitable extraction method to produce strong antioxidant activity from Passiflora seed extract.

Effects of Four Extraction Methods on Structure and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Rape Bee Pollen.

In this study, soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) were extracted from rape bee pollen using four methods including acid extraction (AC), alkali extraction (AL), cellulase extraction (CL) and complex enzyme extraction (CE). The effects of different extraction methods on the structure of SDFs and in vitro fermentation characteristics were further investigated. The results showed that the four extraction methods significantly affected the monosaccharide composition molar ratio, molecular weight, surface microstructure and phenolic compounds content, but showed little effect on the typical functional groups and crystal structure. In addition, all SDFs decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio, promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium, inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella, and increased the total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations by 1.63-2.45 times, suggesting that the bee pollen SDFs had a positive regulation on gut microbiota. Notably, the SDF obtained by CE exhibited the largest molecular weight, a relatively loose structure, higher extraction yield and phenolic compounds content and the highest SCFA concentration. Overall, our results indicated that CE was an appropriate extraction method of high-quality bee pollen SDF.

Determination of productivity, yield and bioactivity of propolis extract produced by Tetragonula spp. Cultivated in Modular tetragonula hives

This study investigated the effects of microclimate conditions on the activity of Tetragonula laeviceps, Tetragonula biroi, and Tetragonula drescheri cultivated in Modular Tetragonula Hives for producing crude propolis. The hives were equipped with sensors that recorded microclimate data within the hive as well as the total activity of bees entering and leaving the hives. This study also investigated the effects of cultivating T. laeviceps, T. drescheri, and T. biroi with P. merkusii resin towards the productivity of crude propolis and the effects of different extraction methods on the yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antibacterial activity of propolis extract produced by the Tetragonula spp. Based on the statistical analysis, there is a significant positive correlation between temperature and light intensity towards the activity Tetragonula spp. entering and leaving the beehives. The productivity of crude propolis lies in the range of 1.22–5.88 g/colony/week whereas the yield of propolis extract varies from 15.12 to 24.17%. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the propolis extract lies in the range of 123.81–343.93 mg GAE/g and 5.48–35.77 mg QE/g, respectively. The highest propolis yield (32.45 ± 0.90%) was obtained from the crude propolis produced by T. drescheri followed by Soxhlet extraction method. Propolis extract with the highest phenolic content (343.93 ± 44.32 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (35.77 ± 9.94 mg QE/g) was obtained from the propolis produced by T. laeviceps followed by maceration method. All the propolis extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with the inhibition diameter varies from 6.58 ± 0.04 mm to 9.70 ± 0.7 mm which be considered as moderate antimicrobial activity.

Effect of Different Extraction Methods on the Total Phenolics of Sugar Cane Products.

The health benefits of sugar cane products are attributed to certain antioxidant compounds in plant materials. The presence of antioxidants in plant materials depends on the extraction method in terms of yield and the number of phenolic compounds identified. This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the three extraction methods, which were selected from previous studies to show the effect of the extraction method on the content of antioxidant compounds in different types of sugar. This study also evaluates the potential of different sugar extracts in anti-diabetic activity based on in vitro assays (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). The results showed that sugar cane extracted with acidified ethanol (1.6 M HCl in 60% ethanol) was the best condition to extract a high yield of phenolic acids compared to other methods. Among the three types of sugar, less refined sugar (LRS) showed the highest yield of phenolic compounds, 57.72 µg/g, compared to brown sugar (BS) and refined sugar (RS) sugar, which were at 42.19 µg/g and 22.06 µg/g, respectively. Whereas, among the sugar cane derivatives, LRS showed minor and BS moderate inhibition towards α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity compared to white sugar (RS). Thus, it is suggested that sugar cane extracted with acidified ethanol (1.6 M HCl in 60% ethanol) is the optimum experimental condition for antioxidant content determination and provides a basis for further exploitation of the health-beneficial resources of the sugarcane products.

Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Anthocyanin Content in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and their Antiplatelet and Vasorelaxant Properties.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a worldwide component for tea and beverages, being a natural source of anthocyanins, which are associated with cardiovascular activities. To investigate this relationship, we explored different methods of aqueous extraction on the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of H. sabdariffa L. calyx extract (HSCE). Pharmacological effects via platelet aggregation, calcium mobilization, cyclic nucleotide levels, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein Ser157 and Ser239, and on the vasomotor response of aortic rings isolated from mice are studied herewith. We found that the application of ultrasonic turbolization, 20min, combined with acidified water was significantly more effective in the extraction process, providing extracts with the highest levels of anthocyanins (8.73 and 9.63mg/100g) and higher antioxidant activity (6.66 and 6.78μM trolox/g of sample). HSCE significantly inhibited (100-1000μg/mL) arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation, reduced calcium mobilization, and increased cAMP and cGMP levels with VASPSer157 and VASPSer239 phosphorylation. Vasorelaxation reduction was confirmed by the aortic rings and endothelium assays treated with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) oxidizing agent, or Ca2+-activated K+ channel inhibitor. The increasing of cGMP levels could be understood considering the sGC stimulation by HSCE compounds in the specific stimulus domain, which allows an understanding of the observed antiplatelet and vasorelaxant properties of H. sabdariffa L. calyx extract.

Effect of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties and encapsulation efficiency of anthocyanin of pomegranate peel.

This study aimed to measure the efficiency, total anthocyanin content (TAC), and total phenol content (TPC) of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) extract from different extractions. Also, the characteristics of the nanoencapsulated extracts with maltodextrin (MD)/Lepidium perfoliatum (Qodume Shahri) seed gum were investigated. The highest and lowest extraction efficiency was related to solvent ethanol-water extraction (SEWE) (76.35%) and solvent ethanol extraction (SEE) (25.73%), respectively. Extracts obtained from microwave extraction (ME) and ultrasound extraction (UE) methods had the highest and lowest values of TAC (4.00-0.35) (mg C3G/g PPP) and TPC (702.13-232.58) (mg GAE/100 g sample), respectively. Peak 3213 in FT-IR indicates the O-H bond, which showed the highest content of phenolic compounds in the extract obtained from ME compared with SEE, SEWE, and UE. The nanoencapsulated extracts from SEE, SEE, and UE had the lowest particle size of peak 1, particle distribution in peak 1, and average particle size distribution compared with other extractions, respectively. The highest encapsulation efficiency of anthocyanin (EEA) and encapsulation efficiency of phenol (EEP) were related to UE (96.15%) and SEWE (86.57%), respectively. The EEP and EEA of SEE were not significantly different from ME and SEWE, respectively. On the other hand, the type and amount of extractive compounds in the extract have a great impact on the efficiency of nanoencapsulation and the average size distribution of nanoencapsulated particles. As a result, PPP extract is rich in antioxidant compounds, which can be determined by carefully examining the appropriate method of extraction and preservation of the extracted compounds.

Artificial neural network model- and response surface methodology-based optimization of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma polysaccharide extraction, kinetic modelling and structural characterization

Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR) is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, which is widely used in the development of health products. AMR contains a large number of polysaccharides, but at present there are fewer applications for these polysaccharides. In this study, the effects of different extraction methods on the Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma polysaccharide (AMRP) yield were investigated, and the conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and three neural network models (BP neural network, GA-BP neural network and ACO-GA-BP neural network). The best conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 17 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 400 W, extraction temperature of 72 °C, and extraction time of 40 min, which yielded 31.31% AMRP. The kinetic equation of AMRP was determined and compared with the results predicted by three neural network models. It was finally determined that the extraction conditions, kinetic processes and kinetic equation predicted by the GA-ACO-BP neural network were optimal. In addition, AMRP was characterized using SEM, FTIR, HPLC, UV, XRD, and NMR, and the structural study revealed that AMRP has a rough exterior and a porous interior; moreover, it contains high levels of glucose (5.07%), arabinose (0.80%), and galactose (0.74%). AMRP has three crystal structures, consisting of two β-type monosaccharides and one α-type monosaccharide. Additionally, the effectiveness of AMRP as an antioxidant was demonstrated in an in vitro experiment.