Effects Of Different Diets Research Articles

Selection of copper and zinc dosages in pig diets based on the mutual benefit of animal growth and environmental protection

Dietary copper and zinc additives facilitate the growth and development of animals, but heavy metal in feces threatens the ecological environment, and balance is the key to solving the problem. In this study, a trial of 2000 pigs (early nursery, 9–15 kg; late nursery, 15–25 kg; grower: 25–60 kg) was conducted to analyze the effects of different diets (gradient dosage of copper and zinc additives) on growth performance, antioxidant performance, immune function, and fecal heavy metal excretion of piglets and growing pigs. Although no significant differences were observed in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between treatments during the entire nursery-grower period, the addition of appropriate high doses of copper and zinc to the diet had a beneficial effect on the antioxidant status and immune function of weaned piglets. Especially at early nursery, compared with the low-copper group (5 mg/kg Cu), the high-copper group (120 mg/kg Cu) could significantly increase the peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), cortisol in the serum. Moreover, the addition of zinc and copper in the diet not only increased the concentration of corresponding trace elements in the serum, but also affected the concentration of other trace elements in the serum. The reduction of copper and zinc content in the diet contributed to reducing the copper and zinc content in feces. In conclusion, we have formulated the mutual benefit dosages of copper and zinc (9–15 kg: 5 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 15–25 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 25–60 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 10 mg/kg Zn) for weaning piglets and growing pigs, which would help ensure the healthy growth of animals and reduce environmental heavy metal residues. CapsuleThis study developed a mutually beneficial dose of copper and zinc in pig diets, which promotes animal growth and protects the environment.

Coeffects of diet and neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee mobility and food choice

Malnutrition and pesticide exposure are severe factors contributing to the current losses of honeybee colonies. As these stressors often occur combined, we studied the synergistic effects of different diets and pesticide exposure on food choice and mobility of Apis mellifera. We fed beehives with different food sources and exposed the bees to sublethal doses of thiacloprid. After that three different types of honey and pollen were offered in separate choice assays and behaviour towards food was recorded. Thiacloprid significantly affected the food choice in the honey assay, increasing the bees’ preference of polyfloral honey, while pre-pesticide diet had no influence. The pollen choice remained similar regardless of treatments, as bees always preferred polyfloral pollen. Interestingly, pesticide exposure affected bee mobility differently, depending on the previous diet. These results indicate that the diet is an important factor influencing the susceptibility to pesticides.

Effects of Diet on the Volatile Flavor and Nutritional Ingredients of Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris)

Cephalopods are important economic shellfish that have been developed extensively in the coastal water of various countries. Octopus vulgaris is a large-scaled economic cephalopod that is mainly cultured in South China. This study explored the effect of different diets on the volatile flavor and nutritional ingredients of O. vulgaris. Four diets were tested in four groups: Group A (fish (Scomberomorus niphonius)), Group B (crab (Helice tridens tientsinensis Rathbun)), Group C (clam (Mactra veneriformis)), and Group D (squid (Loligo japonica)). Octopus muscles were sampled after 36 days of feeding, and volatile flavor substances (VFSs), fatty acids (FAs), and amino acids (AAs) were detected. Results showed that the VFSs, FAs, and AAs of octopus in the four groups were obviously different. The sum of volatile ketones and aldehydes was higher in Group B than in the other groups, which could present much more flavors. All groups were abundant in unsaturated FAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In terms of content and variety, the FAs in Group B were more beneficial to human health than those in the other groups. The content of each AA in Group B was basically higher than those in the other groups and was significantly higher than that in Group D (P < 0.05). Comparing the VFSs, FAs, and AAs in samples fed with four kinds of diets, the results indicate that using crab to feed O. vulgaris can achieve better effects on volatile flavor and nutritional ingredients.

Influence of Different Types of Diets on the Growth Performance of Juvenile Guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859)

This investigation aimed to analyze the effects of different diets and determine the optimal feed on the growth performance of guppy Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859). In the present study, juvenile guppies were procured from commercial fish breeders, Kolathur, Chennai, and fed with four experimental diets, namely Diet I (Control-Pellet feed), Diet II (Formulated feed), Diet III (Dry Tubifex), and Diet IV (Live feed Brachionus plicatilis) to examine the effects on growth and survival rates. In the experiment, 12 glass circular tanks with a volume of 10 L were used, and ten juveniles having an average body length and weight of 0.8 cm and 0.01 g were randomly introduced into each aquarium (80 cm×30 cm×35 cm) in triplicates. During the experimental study, the fish were fed two times a day ad libitum for 90 days. The various growth parameters and proximate composition of the diets were calculated by following standard methods. The findings showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in the fish's various growth parameters fed with different diets. The fish fed with Diet IV 52% crude protein performed better than those provided with lower levels. The increase in growth parameters could be attributed to increased levels of dietary crude protein. However, the diet does not have any significant impact on fish survival rates. Thus, it is concluded that the Live Feed B. plicatilis with 52% crude protein is suitable for theoptimum growth of Poecilia reticulata under the current experimental set-up and recommended for feeding juvenile guppies.

Impact of Diet and Moisture Content on the Development of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different diets and moisture levels on the life-history parameters of house flies. The experiments were carried out at the Animal Physiology Research Laboratory of Ondokuz Mayıs University in 2019. House fly larvae were reared on three diets (wheat bran, fish meal poultry meal) with 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% moisture levels. The effects on the life-history parameters were compared with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Our results show significant differences in size, weight, survivorship, and development across the diet types, and moisture content tested. In this study, the larval development period was shortest when the moisture content of the poultry meal diet was 50%. Larvae of Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) did not develop on any diets at 90% moisture. The wheat bran diet was superior to the other diets for all parameters tested.

International River Summit 2019—Part II

International River Summit 2019—Part II

Effect of different diets on reproductive performance of skunk clownfish, Amphiprion akallopisos (Bleeker 1853) and water policy from Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands

AbstractThe skunk clownfish, Amphiprion akallopisos was studied to access the effect of different wet feeds on reproductive performance such as no. of eggs, spawning frequency, fertilization rate, and hatchability etc. for the first time from Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands. The wet feeds such as cuttlefish meat, squid meat, fish meat, and prawn meat as control were used. The result from the present study showed that the number of eggs was significantly influenced by the given feed. The fishes served with cuttlefish meat provided the maximum number of eggs (448 ± 5.88) whereas, others are given fewer numbers in comparison with cuttlefish meat. However, fertilization and hatchability were not affected by the tested diets. There was no significant difference in egg length and tasted diets as the capsule had maximum width 1mm in cuttlefish fed group, whereas the highest larval length was observed with squid meat‐fed group. It is revealed that the maximum number of spawning was observed in the brooder fishes fed cuttlefish and showed higher reproductive efficiency than others. Hence results from the present study will be helpful for researchers to work on deeper aspects of broodstock nutrition, entrepreneurs, and hobbyists for captive spawning. The law and policy for conservation and management of corals such as tourism, mining, as well as over fishing have been studied for the sustainable production of this species for the marine ornamental fish trade.

Evaluation of Organic Wastes as Substrates for Rearing Zophobas morio, Tenebrio molitor, and Acheta domesticus Larvae as Alternative Feed Supplements

Simple SummaryThe yellow mealworm, super worm, and house cricket are among the most widely produced insects, with high feed conversion efficiency. However, their nutritional composition and development rate generally vary with environmental conditions. From an economic point of view, rearing conditions such as diet, temperature, and time, and insect performance such as mortality and nutritional value are the most important factors. During their intensive growth period at room temperature, when fed a diet of vegetable waste, garden waste, cattle manure, or horse manure with 10% chicken feed, the worms performed better in terms of survival, but presented lower weight. Moreover, they showed differences in growth intensity with time. The yellow mealworm and super worm presented a relatively high fat concentration. House cricket is specifically high in protein; however, its nutritional composition is affected by the rearing substrate, and it was more sensitive to the low-value substrates. Feeding nutrient-poor diets resulted in a low protein concentration and high fat concentration in the larvae of all three species.Studies have focused on identifying combinations of insects and organic waste to optimise bio-conversion. Here, the effects of different diets (10% chicken feed complemented with 90% vegetable waste, garden waste, cattle manure, or horse manure) on growth and survival rates, and nutritional value of Zophobas morio and Tenebrio molitor larvae, and Acheta domesticus were investigated. Compared with chicken feed, organic waste decreased the individual larval weight, although green waste showed fewer negative effects than the manure. The macronutrient concentrations in garden waste were moderate compared with chicken feed, and vegetable waste was the poorest diet in terms of nutrient concentration, as revealed by the principal component analysis (PCA). There was no difference in weight between larvae reared on garden waste and those reared on vegetable waste. Tenebrio molitor and A. domesticus showed the maximum growth rates at 71–101 and 36–66 days of age at 22.5 ± 2.5 °C, respectively. The PCA showed that the protein and fibre concentrations were inversely proportional to fat concentration in the larvae. Acheta domesticus was rich in proteins, whereas Z. morio and T. molitor were rich in fat. Feeding nutrient-poor diets resulted in a lower protein and a higher fat concentration in the larvae.

Effect of different diets on the growth and development of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)

AbstractHarmonia axyridis (Pallas) is an important natural enemy of crop pests. Feeding H. axyridis through artificial diets (ADs) is an important means to achieve large‐scale production. In this study, the effects of different diets on the growth, development and reproduction of H. axyridis were comprehensively evaluated, and the reasons for the reduced reproductive capacity of H. axyridis fed ADs were preliminarily explored. Artificial diets were prepared using pig liver and pork as the main ingredients. Larval duration, larval survival rate, egg production and other traits were comprehensively evaluated. Harmonia axyridis fed ADs during both the larval and adult periods completed growth and development from larva to adult but had a prolonged development duration (6.13‐day extension) and reduced survival rate (15.3% reduction) in the larval stage. In addition, adults could not lay eggs. Next, individuals of H. axyridis were fed Megoura japonica (Matsumura) in the larval stage and an AD, adequate aphids (AA) or an artificial diet plus 5 (AD5), 10 (AD10) or 25 (AD25) aphids in the adult stage. The adults in the AD group produced a small number of eggs (103.3 eggs). When aphids were added to the diet, egg production gradually increased with the number of aphids added. The AD25 group exhibited no significant difference in egg production compared with that in the AA group (983.8 eggs and 1,158.3 eggs, respectively). Anatomical observations of the H. axyridis adults in these five groups revealed that ovary development was slowest in the AD group. In addition, we found that the levels of vitellogenin and juvenile hormone were significantly lower in the AD group than in the AA group. These results provide a foundation for formulating ADs for H. axyridis and improving the large‐scale reproduction of this species.

Impact of Long-term, High-fat, and High-cholesterol Diet on Murine Vertebrae Bones.

As the percentage of overweight individuals in the population rises, diseases associated with excess weight resulting from poor nutrition are becoming more and more widespread. So far, the influence of weight or nutrition on bone health has shown conflicting results. In the literature, the existing studies disagree about the effect of diet on bones. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of a long-term, high-fat, and high-cholesterol diet on the spine in a mouse model. Wild-type mice were randomly separated into two groups; one group received a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, and a control group was fed with a regular diet since birth for a duration of 8 months. The first to fifth thoracic vertebrae were extracted and investigated using histology and micro-CT. Samples were analyzed regarding different parameters: percentage of bone structure compared to the whole vertebra and the amount and thickness of the trabeculae. Both methods of the analysis showed similar results. Diet did not have a significant impact on the bone density of the vertebrae. The micro-CT examination showed that the average bone percentage of the examined vertebra was 6% (p = 0.2330) higher in the control group compared to the diet group. The same tendency was demonstrated in histology even though with a smaller difference of only 5%. The results of both methods were comparable and showed trends for the influence of different diets but not significant impacts. In summary, this study showed that a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet has a slightly negative impact on bone density. In order to further analyze the effects of different diets on bone composition, structure, and density, additional long-term studies should be carried out, and more parameters such as movement and genetic factors should be analyzed. Furthermore, other parameters such as exercise and genetic factors that could have a secondary influence on obesity should be investigated.

The Effect of Three Mediterranean Diets on Remnant Cholesterol and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Secondary Analysis.

Background: Elevated fasting remnant cholesterol (REM-C) levels have been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome (Mets) and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). We aimed to estimate the effect of different diets on REM-C levels in patients with MetS, as well as the association between NAFLD and REM-C. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the MEDIDIET study, a parallel-arm Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT). We examined 237 people with MetS who underwent Liver Ultrasound (LUS) to assess the NAFLD score at baseline, 3-, and 6-months follow-up. Subjects were randomly assigned to the Mediterranean diet (MD), Low Glycemic Index diet (LGID), or Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean diet (LGIMD). REM-C was calculated as [total cholesterol–low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)–high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. Results: REM-C levels were higher in subjects with moderate or severe NAFLD than in mild or absent ones. All diets had a direct effect in lowering the levels of REM-C after 3 and 6 months of intervention. In adherents subjects, this effect was stronger among LGIMD as compared to the control group. There was also a significant increase in REM-C levels among Severe NAFLD subjects at 3 months and a decrease at 6 months. Conclusions: fasting REM-C level is independently associated with the grade of severity of NAFLD. LGIMD adherence directly reduced the fasting REM-C in patients with MetS.

Effects of probiotic and chromium-methionine on thyroid hormones, total protein, zinc, and weight gain in dairy Holstein calves during the weaning period.

BACKGROUND: Many additives have been recommended to calf feed but the effects of each supplement have been under investigation especially during weaning stress. OBJECTIVES: The effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic (Protexin) and chromium-methionine che- late (Cr-Met) on triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), total protein, albumin, zinc, and growth body-weight gain in dairy calves during weaning period was investigated. METHODS: A total of 28 dairy Holstein calves were randomly allocated to one of the four experimental treatments (n=7). The study commenced 21 days before weaning (average 70 days).The recommended dosage for both chromium-methionine chelate (Cr-Met) and probiotic (Protexin) is 2 gr/calf daily. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein, 21 days before weaning and 3, 7 and 21 days after weaning. Serum consen- trations of T3, T4, total protein, albumin, and zinc were measured. Bodyweight (BW) was measured 7 days before, at weaning and 7 days after weaning. RESULTS: No effect of different diets nor interaction was found for body weight gain, total protein, and al- bumin. No effect of different diets was observed for T4 although the interaction was observed between groups and time. An effect of different diets and time was found for T3 and the mean T3 concentration was lowest in group Protexin + Cr-Met. The mean Zinc concentration was at its highest level 21 days after weaning, while different diets did not affect the Zinc concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: There is no benefit associated with the separate or combined feeding of Protexin and Cr- Met on calves’ growth performance according to weight gain, total protein, and thyroid hormones.

The Gut Microbiome Modifies the Protective Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Against Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

Abstract Objectives We aim to test whether the effects of different diets on an individual's cardiometabolic disease risk could be modified by the personalized nature of the gut microbiome. Methods We analyzed 925 shotgun metagenomes and 340 metatranscriptomes, dietary information longitudinally collected by food frequency questionnaires during nearly three decades, and biomarkers of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation measured on blood samples in a cohort of 307 men. A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) index was applied to quantify each participant's adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern. To evaluate each participant's cardiometabolic disease risk, we derived a composite score that summarized levels of biomarkers. Results We demonstrate that the MedDiet was associated with the abundances of phylogenetically diverse gut microbes, including both prevalent broadly anaerobic fermenters and more niche- and subject-specific biochemical specialists. A higher adherence to the MedDiet was positively associated with the abundances of major dietary fiber metabolizers, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium eligens, and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, but inversely associated with abundances of Ruminococcus torques, Clostridium leptum and Collinsella aerofaciens. The gut microbiomes of participants with greater MedDiet adherence were enriched for bacterial metabolism including plant-derived polysaccharide degradation, short-chain fatty acid production, and secondary bile acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the MedDiet index was positively associated with the transcription of several microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of pectin. Notably, our study, for the first time, identified a significant interaction between a healthy dietary pattern and the gut microbiome in relation to the cardiometabolic disease risk (P-value for interaction = 0.02). We found that better adherence to a MedDiet was specifically associated with lower cardiometabolic disease risk among participants with greater abundance of Prevotella copri. Conclusions Our findings have the potential to inform more effective and precise dietary approaches for the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health and STARR Cancer Consortium.

Impact of Nutrition on Short-Term Exercise-Induced Sirtuin Regulation: Vegans Differ from Omnivores and Lacto-Ovo Vegetarians.

Both nutrition and exercise are known to affect metabolic regulation in humans. Sirtuins are essential regulators of cellular energy metabolism; SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT4 have a direct effect on glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation. This cross-sectional study investigates the effect of different diets on exercise-induced regulation of sirtuins. SIRT1 and SIRT3–SIRT5 were measured in blood from omnivorous, lacto-ovo vegetarian, and vegan recreational runners (21–25 subjects, respectively) before and after exercise at the transcript, protein, and enzymatic levels. SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT5 enzyme activities increased during exercise in omnivores and lacto-ovo vegetarians, commensurate with increased energy demand. However, activities decreased in vegans. Malondialdehyde as a surrogate marker of oxidative stress inversely correlated with sirtuin activities and was elevated in vegans after exercise compared to both other groups. A significant negative correlation of all sirtuins with the intake of the antioxidative substances, ascorbate and tocopherol, was found. In vegan participants, increased oxidative stress despite higher amounts of the antioxidative substances in the diet was observed after exercise.

Different diets can affect the digestion and immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) according to enzyme activity assay and transcriptome sequencing

The goal of this study was to prove the benefit of mixed diet for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) liver health in rice field. Common carp is a typical omnivorous fish. They can generally prey on both plant and animal diets in rice paddy mode. In this research, the common carp were randomly divided into three groups: animal diet group (group AD), plant diet group (group PD) and mixed diet group (group MD). Growth index, enzyme activity (digestive and immune), and transcriptome profile were performed to evaluate the effect of different diets on carp health. The results showed that the final weight of common carp is lesser than initial weight and the activity of trypsin and lipase were the highest in animal diet group. On the contrary, the body weight loss and α-amylase activity were the highest in the plant diet group. The mixed diet group had the highest the acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in liver. “Protein digestion and absorption”, “bile secretion”, “hematopoietic cell lineage” and “intestinal immune network for IgA production” pathways belonging to the digestive and immune systems had significant enrichment between common carp fed a single type of diet and a mixed diet. These results indicate that rice-fish system is more conducive to common carp health, certainly, it is better for economic benefits if providing additional diet for fish.

An investigation on the effects of different diets on the growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linné, 1758)

The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of substituting a diet based on fish meal, for Nile tilapia fish fry (Oreochromis niloticus), by another food based agro-industrial by-products. Four plants and animal by-products were selected for the formulation of this diet, namely feathers Poultry flour (FPF), date stones flour (DSF), peas flour (PF) and tomato waste flour (TF). The four above-mentioned by-products were combined to obtain four experimental diets (D1-D4) containing isoproteic (29- 39% crude protein) and iso-energetic (15-21 kJ gross energy by g feed), so as to replace completely, fish meal. The fifth diet, based on fish meal was used as control died (CD). The results of livestock and biochemical analyses, such as the specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the apparent protein retention (APR) show that D3 and D4 give better results compared to the control diet (CD). The least interesting results were obtained with experimental D1 diet. Finally, for all analytical results obtained, it was highlighted that the diet D4 is relatively more efficient nutritionally, compared to the other diets formulated, which gives a better weight gain.

Effects of popular diets on anthropometric and metabolic parameters: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

AbstractIntroduction:The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and their related complications is increasing worldwide. We aimed to summarise and critically evaluate the effects of different popular diets on anthropometric parameters and metabolic risk factors.Material and methods:An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Umbrella Review Methodology. The review protocol has been registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019126103). Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2019 to identify meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of different diets on anthropometric parameters and metabolic risk factors. For each association, we estimated the summary effect size by random-effects and fixed-effects models, the 95% confidence interval, and the 95% prediction interval. We also assessed the between-study heterogeneity and evidence for small-study effects. We further applied standardized methodological criteria to evaluate the epidemiological credibility of the statistically significant associations.Results:Overall, 80 articles reporting 495 unique meta-analyses were examined, covering a wide range of popular diets: low-carbohydrate (n = 21 articles), high-protein (n = 8), low-fat (n = 9), palaeolithic (n = 2), low glycaemic index/load (n = 12), intermittent energy restriction (n = 6), Mediterranean (n = 11), Nordic (n = 2), vegetarian (n = 9), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension or DASH (n = 6), and portfolio dietary pattern (n = 1). The methodological quality of most articles (n = 65; 81%), evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 questionnaire, was low or critically low. The strength of evidence was generally weak. The most consistent evidence was reported for Mediterranean diet, with suggestive evidence of an improvement in weight, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, glucose and blood pressure. Suggestive evidence of an improvement in weight and blood pressure was also reported for DASH diet. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein, low-fat and low-glycaemic index/load diets showed suggestive and/or weak evidence of a reduction in weight and BMI, but contrasting evidence for lipid, glycaemic and blood pressure parameters, suggesting potential risks of unfavourable effects. Finally, evidence for palaeolithic, intermittent energy restriction, Nordic, vegetarian and portfolio dietary patterns was graded as weak or not statistically significant.Discussion:Most meta-analyses showed low methodological quality and the strength of evidence, assessed using evidence classification criteria, was generally weak. Among all the diets evaluated, Mediterranean diet had the strongest and most consistent evidence of a positive effect on both anthropometric parameters and metabolic risk factors.

Prevention of atherosclerosis: the role of special diets and functional foods.

The importance of diet for prevention of atherosclerosis is supported by numerous studies. However, to date, no rigorous method exists to assess its impact. Dietary ingredients and supplements and functional foods receive special attention as promising components in prevention of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the results of recent studies that demonstrate the direct and indirect effects of functional foods and dietary components on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We discuss the possible effects of different diets on the pathological mechanisms at cellular and molecular level, as well as epidemiological and clinical observations.

Effect of different diets on left ventricle and area postrema in adult male albino rats predisposed to prolonged intake of high salt

Background Excess dietary salt is the most common environmental factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. High-sugar and high-fat intakes in hypertension accelerate left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure and increase the incidence of strokes and infarctions. Aim This work aimed to assess the correlation of long-term high-salt intake with hypertension in adult male albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different dietary regimens on left ventricle and area postrema of those rats. Materials and methods A total of 24 adult male albino rats were used in this study. Rats were divided into group I (control), which included six rats that received standard diet, and group II (experimental), which included 18 rats that received high-salt diet for 8 weeks, which was then classified as subgroup IIA (reversal), IIB (high sugar), and IIC (high fat). Systolic blood pressure was measured at baseline, after 8 weeks, and after 12 weeks from the start of the experiment. Specimens from left ventricle of the heart and area postrema were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Data of the body weight, heart weight, and thickness of the left ventricle were analyzed statistically. Results The current study revealed increased weight gain, heart weight, left ventricular thickness, and systolic blood pressure in different experimental groups. These groups showed disturbed histological architecture of left ventricle of the heart and area postrema, but in subgroup IIA, partial improvement of the histological findings was found. Conclusion There is a correlation between high-salt diet and hypertension. Salt, sugar, and fat in high doses have hazardous effects on the histological architecture of the left ventricle and area postrema of adult male albino rats. Restriction of salt in diet leads to some improvement of the adverse effects.

Effects of different diets used in diet-induced obesity models on insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice

The aim of the present study was to compare different diets used to induce obesity in a head-to-head manner with a focus on insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were put on standard chow diet (SCD), normal-fat diet (NFD), cafeteria diet (CAF) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks starting at the age of 6 weeks. Both CAF and HFD led to obesity (weight gain of 179% and 194%, respectively), glucose intolerance and insulin resistance to a comparable extent. In aortas containing perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was best in the NFD group and worst in the CAF group. Reduced phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase at serine 1177 was observed in both CAF and HFD groups. Plasma coagulation activity was highest in the HFD group and lowest in the SCD group. Even the NFD group had significantly higher coagulation activity than the SCD group. In conclusions, CAF and HFD are both reliable mouse diets in inducing visceral obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. CAF is more effective than HFD in causing PVAT dysfunction and vascular dysfunction, whereas hypercoagulability was mostly evident in the HFD group. Coagulation activity was higher in NFD than NCD group.