Effects Of Different Cleaning Methods Research Articles

Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Bond Strength of Resin to Saliva-Contaminated Zirconia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of in Vitro Studies

Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Bond Strength of Resin to Saliva-Contaminated Zirconia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of in Vitro Studies

Research on pulse laser cleaning and rust removal technology in power systems

In this paper, pulse laser cleaning and angle grinder polishing were used to clean the surface rust of carbon steel, and the cleaning effects of different cleaning methods for carbon steel surface rust were studied. The change of the micro-region morphology and element composition of the cleaned surface was analyzed. Comparative experiments were conducted on the corrosion resistance and paint anticorrosion ability of cleaned metal surfaces. Through comparison and analysis, the use of laser cleaning technology can improve the surface cleanliness and corrosion resistance of metals, reduce maintenance times, and extend service life. Laser cleaning machines with a power of 100 W or above can effectively perform precision cleaning and can be widely promoted in the field of power systems.

Cleaning methods of contaminated zirconia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aims of this study were to systematically review the literature and statistically analyze the effectiveness of different cleaning methods on the bond strength of resin cement to zirconia in short- and long-term aging conditions. The literature was electronically searched in PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Wiley, Scopus, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations databases to select relevant articles that evaluated the bond strength between contaminated zirconia and resin cements. A manual search was performed by scanning the reference lists of included studies. All articles were published online before April 2022 and in English. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) between uncontaminated zirconia and various cleaning methods in two aging conditions (short- and long-term). Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I-square statistics. The risk of bias of all included studies was assessed. All statistical analyses were conducted using STATA (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). Of the 1181 studies, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analyses. In short-term aging condition, cleaning contaminated zirconia with water, alcohol, or acid etching reported significantly lower bond strength than uncontaminated zirconia. For long-term aging condition, cleaning contaminated zirconia with water, cleaning agents, alcohol, or acid etching reported significantly lower bond strength than uncontaminated zirconia. Alumina air-abrasion or cleaning with sodium hypochlorite were comparable to uncontaminated zirconia for both short- and long-term aging conditions. This meta-analysis appeared to indicate that the cleaning methods of contaminated zirconia restoration have an effect on zirconia bonding.

Efficacy of removing calcium hydroxide deposits from endodontic instruments prior to sterilization using different cleaning methods

Introduction. Endodontic instruments during root canal treatment come into contact with dentinal debris, irrigation solutions and medication agents, which reminants should be eliminated before sterilization. The aim of the study was to verify the effectiveness of different cleaning methods for removing calcium hydroxide paste residues from the surfaces of the working parts of hand instruments, as well as to propose an effective protocol for cleaning endodontic instruments before sterilization. Material and methods. Forty-two new hand endodontic instruments were used to remove calcium hydroxide paste from the filled canals of extracted teeth. After contamination with medication, they were divided into the four groups and subjected to individual decontamination methods - mechanical, chemical and ultrasonic, as well as a combined protocol. The instruments were then observed under a light microscope. The effectiveness of the methods was evaluated based on the amount of residual matter on the surface of the working parts of the instruments. Results. The combined protocol showed a statistically significant difference in the achieved level of cleanliness compared to mechanical (?2 = 12.00 p < 0.05) and chemical methods (?2 = 12.00 p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference compared to ultrasonic cleaning in disinfectant solution (?2 = 2.4 p > 0.05). By applying combined protocol, instruments with completely clean surfaces were found, as well as the lowest values of contamination at the level of the entire group of instruments (8.33%). Conclusion. The protocol that consisted of mechanical cleaning with a sponge soaked in chlorhexidine gluconate, chemical soaking in sodium hypochlorite, and ultrasonic cleaning in a disinfectant showed the best efficiency in removing calcium hydroxide residues.

Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Bond Strength of Resin to Saliva-Contaminated Zirconia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of in Vitro Studies

Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Bond Strength of Resin to Saliva-Contaminated Zirconia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of in Vitro Studies

The effect of different methods of cleansing temporary cement (with and without eugenol) on the final bond strength of implant-supported zirconia copings after final cementation: An in vitro study.

The temporary cement remaining inside the dental prosthesis can act as a source of microbial colonization and contamination and decrease the final cement retention. Consequently, complete removal of temporary cement before permanent cementation is suggested. This study aimed to assess the effect of different cleaning methods for removing temporary cement on the tensile bond force (TBF) of permanently cemented implant-supported zirconia copings. In this in vitro study fifty titanium abutments were screwed onto 50 analogs with 30 Ncm torque into in acrylic resin blocks. Each abutment was scanned separately, and 50 zirconia copings were designed and milled. Permanent resin cement was used to cement copings of control group (N = 10). Copings were divided into two temporary cementation types that in each group, two cleansing methods were used: Temp-S (temporary cement with eugenol and sandblasted after debonding), Samples of the control group were placed in the universal testing machine, and the TBF values were recorded. Samples of the test groups after debonding and cleaning the abutments were subjected to cement with permanent resin cement, aging, and removing. Levene test, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tamhane post hoc tests were applied. α = 0.05. The highest and lowest TBF values were found for the TempNE-SU (554.7 ± 31.5 N) and Temp-S (492.2 ± 48 N) groups, respectively. The two groups of isopropyl alcohol baths in ultrasonics in combination with sandblasting showed statistically higher TBF values than the other two groups that used only sandblasting (P < 0.001) and had similar values compared to the control group. Sandblasting combined with immersion in an ultrasonic bath containing isopropyl alcohol resulted in statistically similar values to the values of cementation with resin cement from the beginning. However, cleaning the inside of the copings only by sandblasting method reduced the values of the final retention force in comparison to cement with permanent resin cement from the beginning.

Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Contaminated Zirconia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cleaning methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement to contaminated zirconia specimens. Eighty rectangular-shaped specimens (2 × 5 × 10 mm) were fabricated from Zirconia blocks (IPS e.max ZirCAD) and randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 10). Group A (control) was not exposed to contaminants. The following tests specimens were contaminated with saliva and silicone indicating paste. Group B was coated with ceramic primer, then subjected to contamination. Groups C, D, E, F, G, and H were contaminated; cleaned with water rinse, Ivoclean, air particle abrasion, hydrofluoric acid, KATANATM Cleaner and ZirCleanTM, respectively, and then coated with ceramic primer and bonded to dual cure resin cement cylinders. All the specimens were subjected to artificial aging and surviving specimens were subjected to the SBS test. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and multiple comparison methods at the 0.05 significance level were used. There was no statistically significant difference among Ivoclean (21.48 ± 2.90 MPa), air particle abrasion (21.92 ± 2.85 MPa), and the control group (24.68 ± 5.46). The application of ceramic primer before contamination did not preserve the SBS of resin cement to zirconia. Cleaning the contaminated zirconia surface with hydrofluoric acid (15.03 ± 3.63) or KATANATM Cleaner (17.27 ± 7.63) did not restore SBS to the uncontaminated state, but it was significantly higher than simply rinsing with water (12.46 ± 5.17) or the use of ZirCleanTM (11.59 ± 5.53). The bond strength of resin cement to zirconia was influenced by cleaning methods.

The effect of different cleansing methods for removing temporary cement on the tensile bond force of permanently cemented implant-supported metal copings: An in vitro study.

ObjectivesComplete cleaning of temporary cement before permanent cementation of cement‐retained implant‐supported prosthesis (CISP) when recementing the crown is critical. This study evaluated the effect of different cleaning methods for removing traces of temporary cement on the final tensile bond force (TBF) of CISP recemented with resin cement.Materials and MethodsSeventy computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing metal implant‐supported copings were prepared and distributed into seven groups (N = 10). Copings of six groups (60 samples) were cemented with temporary cement with eugenol and subjected to 5000 thermocycling. After debonding by a universal testing machine, the internal surfaces of the copings were cleaned using one of the six following methods: 1‐an ultrasonic water bath (UW), 2‐sandblasting, then washing with water (SW), 3‐sandblasting and an ultrasonic water bath (SUW), 4‐an ultrasonic isopropyl alcohol bath (UA), 5‐sandblasting, then washing with isopropyl alcohol (SA) or 6‐sandblasting and an ultrasonic isopropyl alcohol bath (SUA). Then the subjects were subsequently cemented by dual‐cure self‐adhesive resin cement. In the seventh group (control, N = 10), the copings were cemented by dual‐cure self‐adhesive resin cement without the temporization phase. The TBF was tested using a universal testing machine with a cross‐head speed of 1 mm/min. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post‐hoc Tamhane tests were used for statistical analysis at a significance level of α = .05.ResultsThe maximum mean of TBF value was observed in SUA group (845 ± 203 N), and the minimum was observed in the temporary cement group (49 ± 20 N). All groups which were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol showed significantly higher TBF values compared with those cleaned with water.ConclusionsCleaning of the inner surface of metal copings after debonding with sandblasting and isopropyl alcohol results in the highest value of TBF by eliminating the effect of remaining eugenol and removing traces of temporary cements.

The effect of different cleaning methods for titanium chips on the carbon content of ferrotitanium after remelting

Titanium is an important structural metal. Titanium alloy have the characteristics of low density, high strength, good corrosion resistance, good biocompatibility and strong surface decoration, which are widely used in aerospace, medical, construction, sporting goods and other fields. However, titanium alloys are difficult to process, and a large amount of titanium chips stained with oils such as cutting fluid will be produced. Since the high-titanium ferrotitanium used to produce high grade steel requires low carbon content, titanium chips cannot be directly used for remelting and need to be pre-cleaned. In order to obtain the best cleaning conditions of titanium chips, the effects of ultrasonic cleaning of titanium chips with different cleaning agents, different temperatures and different times were investigated in this study. It was determined that the oil removal rate could reach 83.5% by using 5% sodium carbonate solution at 50 °C, 40 kHz ultrasonic cleaning for 20 min. In addition, the cleaning mechanism was analyzed, and the influence modes of slight vibration, saponification and emulsification reaction, and cavitation in ultrasonic cleaning were explained according to Young equation. This paper has positive significance for promoting the production of low-carbon, high-purity and high-titanium ferrotitanium from titanium chips and realizing the secondary recycling of resources.

Evaluation of Cleaning Methods on Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic Surfaces After Organic Contamination.

The purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate the effectiveness of different cleaning methods from a previously etched and silanized lithium disilicate glass ceramic (EMX) surface after contact with organic fluids (saliva or human blood) and 2) assess the effect of applying a new silane layer after the cleaning methods on the microshear bond strength (mSBS) of resin cement to EMX. EMX discs were etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) and properly silanized. Three control groups were created (n=10): control (without contamination), saliva positive, and human blood positive. Later, after new contaminations, the samples were distributed into four groups according to the cleaning method (n=20): air-water spray (AWS), 35% phosphoric acid, 70% alcohol, or Ivoclean cleaning paste. After the cleaning methods, subgroups were submitted to a new silane layer application, or not (n=10). All samples received a thin layer of a bonding agent and, subsequently, three light-cured resin cement cylinders were prepared on each EMX surface for the mSBS test. This test was performed on a universal testing machine at a vertical speed of 1 mm/minute until rupture. Contaminated and cleaned silanized EMX surfaces were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n=1). The noncontaminated control group showed an average mSBS of 18.7 MPa, and the positive saliva and human blood control groups yielded a 34% and 42% reduction in bond strength, respectively, compared to the uncontaminated control (p<0.05). For saliva-contaminated surfaces, all cleaning methods were effective and not different from one another or the control group (p>0.05). However, for human blood contamination, only Ivoclean cleaning paste was effective in restoring μSBS to uncontaminated control group levels (p>0.05). SEM images showed a clean surface (ie, with no contaminant residues) after the cleaning methods, regardless of the organic contaminant type. All the assessed cleaning methods were effective in removing saliva from the silanized EMX surface; however, only Ivoclean was able to restore the adhesion quality when the silanized EMX surface was contaminated with human blood.

Effect of different cleaning methods after surface treatment of dental ceramics on the surface characteristics and adhesion to resin-based luting agents

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cleaning methods after the surface treatment of dental ceramics. Ceramic slabs (zirconia – Yz; lithium disilicate-reinforced glass – Ld; and porcelain – Pc), were submitted to different surface treatments (air abrasion for Yz and hydrofluoric acid etching for Ld and Pc), and after, six cleaning methods were tested: DW – distilled water for 60 s; AL – 70% alcohol for 60 s + DW; UDW – ultrasonic bath with distilled water for 60 s; UAL – ultrasonic bath with 70% alcohol for 60 s + DW; IVC – ivoclean for 20 s + DW; PAC – 37% phosphoric acid for 20 s + DW. Microshear bond strength to luting agent was tested after 24 h (baseline) or 6 months storage (aged) in water at 37 °C. Complementary analysis of failure pattern, surface topography and composition, and contact angle measurements were executed. The cleaning methods promoted similar bond strength for Ld and Pc, regardless of the condition (baseline and aged) and for Yz after aging. DW, AL, and PAC decreased the contact angle for Yz, while UAL decreased for Ld. Pc presented a higher wettability with UDW, UAL, and PAC. The use of IVC and PAC resulted in precipitates in the Pc surface. For Yz, more air-abrasion remnants were observed using DW; for both Ld and Pc, a higher presence of fluorine was observed in groups treated with IVC. Despite differences in surface composition, topography and contact angle measurements, after aging the bond strength to the tested ceramic materials was similar regardless of the different cleaning methods.

The Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Protein Deposition and Optical Characteristics of Orthokeratology Lenses.

Orthokeratology lenses are commonly used for myopia control, especially in children. Tear lipids and proteins are immediately adsorbed when the lens is put on the cornea, and protein deposition may cause discomfort or infection. Therefore, we established an in vitro protein deposition analysis by mimicking the current cleaning methods for orthokeratology lens wearers for both short-term and long-term period. The results showed that the amounts of tear proteins accumulated daily and achieved a balance after 14 days when the lens was rubbed to clean or not. Protein deposition also affected the optical characteristics of the lens regardless of cleaning methods. Our results provided an in vitro analysis for protein deposition on the lens, and they may provide a potential effective method for developing care solutions or methods that can more effectively remove tear components from orthokeratology lenses.

Studies on the Separation and Purification of the Caulis sinomenii Extract Solution Using Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration

The separation and purification process of alkaloids faces great challenges of pollution, high energy consumption and low continuity. In this study, the effects of ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane (membrane pore size of 0.50 μm, 0.20 μm, 0.05 μm) and organic ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (membrane molecular weight cut-off of 10 KDa and 1 KDa) on the separation and purification of Caulis sinomenii extract solution in pilot scale were studied. The cleaning effects of different cleaning methods (pure water, 1% HCl-NaOH, 1% sodium hypochlorite) were investigated. The experimental results indicated that 0.05 μm ceramic membrane and 1 kDa UF membrane have higher sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) permeabilities and total solids (TS) removal rates. The ceramic membrane was circulating cleaned by 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 h; the membrane flux can be restored to more than 90% of the original, the membrane flux of 1 kDa UF membrane can be restored to 99.2% of the original by pure water washing. From the above study, the optimal technic parameters was determined in which 0.05 μm ceramic MF membrane and 1 kDa UF membrane were used to separate and purify the Caulis sinomenii extract solution to remove the invalid ingredients, and the two kinds of membranes were cleaned with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and pure water, respectively, to keep satisfactory membrane fluxes. The study provided an environment-friendly alternative for the separation and purification of alkaloids in natural products, which has a good prospect for the industrial application.

The effect of different cleaning agents and resin cement materials on the bond strength of contaminated zirconia

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different cleaning methods and resin cements on the shear bond strength (SBS) of contaminated zirconia. A total of 92 disc-shaped zirconia specimens were contaminated with different procedures. Then, the specimens were grouped according to cleaning methods and resin cements: no cleaning + Variolink Esthetic DC (CNV ), no cleaning + Panavia V5 (CNP ), sandblasted + Variolink Esthetic DC (SBV ), sandblasted + Panavia V5 (SBP ), Ivoclean + Variolink Esthetic DC (ICV ), Ivoclean + Panavia V5 (ICP ), Katana Cleaner + Variolink Esthetic DC (KCV ), and Katana Cleaner + Panavia V5 (KCP ). Following an aging protocol in a 37°C for 1week, SBS analysis was performed with a universal test machine. For the surface topography and elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used. Significance was evaluated as p< .05 and p< .01. The highest SBS results were found in the SBP group, showing a statistically significant difference from all other groups (p <.05). For the same cleaning method, Panavia V5 showed statistically significantly higher SBS values than Variolink Esthetic DC (p< .01), except the CNP -CNV (p= .880) and KCP -KCV (p= .082) groups. The most detected surface elements by EDS were Zr, O, C, and N, respectively. The contaminated zirconia surfaces must be cleaned for successful adhesion. The use of phosphate-containing adhesives in combination with sandblasting will increase the adhesion strength, and universal cleaning agents can be a good alternative to sandblasting.

Comparison of Cleaning Effects of Different Cleaning Methods on Regenerative Instruments of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Comparison of Cleaning Effects of Different Cleaning Methods on Regenerative Instruments of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Preparation of cleaning and repairing agent and its double cleaning effect on surface contamination of silicone rubber external insulation

Due to the long-term operation of power grid and the interference of external uneven electric field environment, silicone rubber insulators are prone to aging and scaling, and their hydrophobicity and external insulation performance are easily affected. In order to solve this problem, a kind of silicone rubber insulator outer surface cleaning and repairing agent was prepared with self-made composite solvent and silicone as the main raw materials, supplemented by catalyst, surfactant and other additives. So as to achieve the dual effect of efficient cleaning and aging repair, improve its hydrophobicity and prolong its service life. Through hardness test, hydrophobicity test, SEM test, FT-IR test, EDS test, mechanical property test and aging test characterization, and comparing the cleaning effect of different cleaning methods, it is found that the cleaning effect of cleaning repair agent is the best. In addition, it is found that the hydrophobicity of insulator has been greatly improved, from HC4 to HC1, and the mechanical properties have also been improved. This is because after using the cleaning and repairing agent, the powdered layer on the insulator surface is removed, and more hydrophobic methylene (Si–(CH3)2) and methylene (Si–(CH3)3) are attached to the insulator surface, which reduces the -OH binding force between the insulator surface and water molecules. In addition, through the observation of the surface and cross-section micro morphology, it is found that the surface roughness of the insulator is greatly reduced and the micro cracks disappear after using the cleaning and repairing agent, which highlights a certain repairing effect. Finally, the aging test also shows that the cleaning repair layer has a certain durability.The results show that the cleaning and repairing agent can effectively clean and repair the aged insulator, improve its anti- pollution flashover ability and prolong the service life of silicone rubber insulator.

Effect of different cleaning methods on resin bond strength of contaminated monolithic zirconia

The present study evaluated the effects of cleaning methods on resin bond strength to contaminated monolithic zirconia. A total of 180 bar-shaped monolithic zirconia specimens (12 mm × 4 mm × 1.2 mm) were abraded with aluminum oxide and divided into nine groups (n = 10). The control group (Cnt) comprised non-contaminated or cleaned monolithic zirconia specimens. Half of the remaining samples were contaminated with saliva (S) and the other half with a silicone disclosing agent (F; Fit checker). The bonding surfaces of the specimens were cleaned with water (Sw and Fw), 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution (Sh and Fh), 37% phosphoric acid gel (Sa and Fa), or plasma treatment (Sp and Fp). The bars were luted end-to-end on the bonding surfaces using a self-adhesive resin cement with a custom-made stainless-steel mold. After 72 h of water storage, the bond strength was measured using a four-point bending test. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The Cnt group showed the highest four-point bending strength (p < .05). There were no significant differences among the groups subjected to the cleaning methods, except the NaOCl groups (p > .05). These findings indicate that the cleaning protocol for saliva- or fit checker-contaminated monolithic zirconia ceramics must be taken into account to ensure zirconia–resin cement bond strength resistance. The plasma treatment that an alternative cleaning method for decontamination did not affect the bond strength between monolithic zirconia and resin cement.

The Effect of Different Cleaning Methods on Needles for Assessing the Atmospheric Heavy Metal Retention Capacity of Three Coniferous Trees

Urban air pollution has received increasing attention in recent years. To investigate the interaction between several heavy metal elements and the degree of atmospheric pollution, the leaves of three evergreen tree species—Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.), dragon juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Kaizuca’), and cedar (Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don)—were collected from main road intersections in the urban area of Tianjin, China. Two different treatments—water washing (WW) and ethanol washing (EW)—were used, and the contents of Cu, Mn, Cd, and Zn were measured in both washed and unwashed (UW) leaves. It was found that the heavy metal contents within Chinese juniper and dragon juniper were ranked as Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Cd, and the metal accumulation index (MAI) value was higher for dragon juniper. For the three plants, water washed off 5.36% to 58.58% of the total heavy metals in the needles, while ethanol washed off 16.08% to 71.60% of the total. Both washes were more effective for Cu, Zn, and Cd, and especially for the element Cd. Ethanol could clean off 38.64% to 71.60% of the total Cd from the leaves. Ethanol had a better elution effect compared to water, and the trend of the Cd content in the leaves of the three plants showed a change after the use of different washing methods, which suggests that the water washing may have masked the real difference.

Effect of 2% Sodium Hypochlorite, Denture Cleansing Tablet and Tea on the Discolouration and Surface Roughness on Two Types of Denture Acrylic Resin: An In vitro Study

Introduction: Denture cleansers affect the physical properties of denture materials, such as colour and surface roughness. Using denture cleanser with the least side effects in the best choice. There are only limited studies available evaluating the effects of denture cleaners in association with staining solutions on acrylic resins. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of denture cleansers in association with staining solution (tea), on the denture colour and surface roughness. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study conducted at Dental Faculty of Tabriz Medical University of Science, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan, Iran, from May 2018 to June 2019, 56 samples each were prepared from two types of acrylic resin (Acrosun and TDV Dental). The 2% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution and professional cleansing tablets were used as detergents, and tea was used as a dye. The samples were assigned to seven groups (n=8 samples in each group) for each type of acrylic used. The study groups consisted of group 1 (NaOCl solution for 10 minutes), group 2 (NaOCl solution for 8 hours), group 3 (cleansing tablet solution for 8 hours), group 4 (tea solution for 2 hours), group 5 (first tea solution and then NaOCl), group 6 (tea solution and then cleansing tablets) and group 7 (distilled water). Surface roughness was analysed with Ra and Rz indices, and colour changes were evaluated with CIELAB index before and after the experiment, and the data were recorded. Finally, data analysis was performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The results of 112 disk-shaped samples prepared showed that in all the study groups, the colour change of Acrosun acrylic resin was more severe compared to that in TDV dental acrylic resin, which was significant only in groups 1, 2, and 5 (p-value &lt;0.05). Comparison of the mean Ra index showed that surface roughness was the maximum and minimum in groups 6 and 1, respectively, compared to other groups. A comparison of the effect of different cleaning methods on acrylic resin surface roughness showed that the surface roughness indices of Ra and Rz were not significantly different in any of the groups (p-value &gt;0.05). Conclusion: The two types of acrylic resin did not differ significantly in surface roughness after the experiments. However, the TDV dental acrylic resin was superior in terms of colour stability.

Influence of different cleaning procedures on the shear bond strength of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate-containing self-adhesive resin cement to saliva contaminated zirconia.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of different cleaning methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-containing self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia after saliva contamination.Methods Sixty zirconia specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n=15) according to treatment surface. Except for the control group, all samples were contaminated with saliva and were then rinsed with water-spray and air-dried. Subsequently, the specimens were either treated with a cleaning paste (CP), with argon plasma (AP), or did not undergo an additional cleaning process (WS). An MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement was applied onto the ceramic surfaces. Specimens were stored in water (24 hours) followed by thermocycling (5°C to 55°C for 10.000 cycles). SBS tests were performed in a universal testing machine, and the results (MPa ± SD) were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Fractured surfaces were examined to identify the failure types using a stereomicroscopy and SEM.Results The surface cleaning treatment (p<0.05) significantly affected the results. The highest SBS values were observed in the control group (12.16 ± 1.22 MPa) and were statistically comparable to values for the CP group (11.38 ± 1.65 MPa). The AP group (9.17 ± 1.06 MPa) showed significantly higher bond strength than the WS group (6.95 ± 1.20 MPa), but it showed significantly lower strength than the control and CP groups.Conclusions The CP application was the most effective method in removing saliva contamination. The AP treatment could not restore the SBS to the same level as uncontaminated specimens.