Effect Of Different Additives Research Articles

Determination of endogenous GHB in ante-mortem whole blood, urine, and oral fluid by LC–MS/MS: The effect of different additives and storage conditions on the stability of GHB in blood

Two challenges in detecting γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake are its endogenous presence and in vitro production after sampling. This study developed an LC–MS/MS method for selective GHB determination in human antemortem blood, urine, and oral fluid at endogenous concentrations. Furthermore, the stability of GHB in blood samples and its endogenous concentrations in samples taken under controlled circumstances were investigated. Samples were extracted in methanol/acetonitrile and processed by anion exchange solid-phase extraction. GHB was separated from structural isomers using a reversed–phase LC column with anion properties. The validated limit of quantification was 0.005 µg/mL in blood and 0.010 µg/mL in urine and oral fluid, at which the relative reproducibility standard deviation and bias were <15 %. The mean extraction recovery was ≥90 %. The average GHB concentration increased by 1.2 µg/mL in fluoride/citrate- preserved blood after 28 days of storage at 4°C; however, in fluoride/oxalate (FX)-preserved blood, the mean concentration increased by only 0.055 µg/mL. No change was observed at −20°C. In 105 randomly selected samples of FX-preserved blood collected for forensic antemortem toxicological analysis, all concentrations were <0.066 µg/mL, even after long-term storage at −20°C. In blood, urine, and oral fluid samples from a clinical study of GHB intake, endogenous baseline levels from 30 participants ranged from 0.0069–0.050, 0.024–0.38, and 0.034–0.93 µg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that the current cut-off level of 5 µg/mL for discriminating between endogenous and exogenous GHB in antemortem blood could be considerably lower for FX-preserved blood stored at −20°C.

The effect of different additives on bacteria adsorption, compressive strength and ammonia removal for MICP

Abstract Microbial induced calcite precipitation is a commonly used technique for the application of biocementation. The metabolism of urea by ureolytic active bacteria leads, among other metabolic products such as ammonium, to carbonate ions. In the presence of calcium ions, calcium carbonate formation occurs. It was investigated whether the addition of different additives (Ca-bentonite, Na-bentonite, clinoptilolite, natrolite, limestone, marl clay, concresol, secursol, and activated carbon powder) can optimize this process. First, the influence of these additives on the adsorption rates and distribution of the ureolytic active organism Sporosarcina pasteurii in quartz sand columns was tested. Moreover, an investigation was conducted on the impact of various additives on ammonium immobilization to mitigate its leaching from soils subjected to the biocementation process. For eight additives uniaxial compressive strength tests in quartz sand columns and a storage method according to DIN EN 12390–2 were carried out. Each additive showed a characteristic adsorption and localisation progression. Furthermore, each additive was able to enhance the immobilization behavior of the present ammonium, with a maximum immobilization capacity of 10.76 $$\frac{mg (NH^+_4)}{g (additive)}$$ m g ( N H 4 + ) g ( a d d i t i v e ) . The uniaxial compressive strength of biocemented columns out of quartz sand could sectionally be increased by the addition of each additive. However, the storage methodology shows a much greater influence on column strength. Overall, the best results were achieved with the two additives, Ca-bentonite and clinoptilolite, resulting in strength increases in sand columns of up to 4.64 and 3.22 $$\frac{N}{mm^2}$$ N m m 2 , respectively.

Isolation of ice structuring proteins from winter wheat in frigid region (Dongnongdongmai1) and the effect on freeze–thaw stability of dough

In this study, ice structuring proteins (WISPs) extracted from winter wheat in a frigid region were prepared and added to frozen-thawed dough. The WISPs were characterized, revealing that they contained a higher proportion of hydrophilic amino acids and had a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa. The highest thermal hysteresis activity (THA) observed was 0.62 °C. The secondary structure of WISPs was determined to be as follows: β-sheet: 49.33 %, random coil: 13.87 %, α-helix: 16.35 %, β-turn: 20.45 %. The study investigated the effects of different additions of WISPs on the water mobility, glass transition temperature, microstructure, rheological properties, and texture analysis of frozen-thawed dough. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of WISPs reduced the fluidity of water and water migration in the dough during the frozen-thawed cycle. This protective effect preserved the internal structure and gluten network of the dough, leading to increased viscosity, elasticity, and improved texture properties of the frozen-thawed dough. Furthermore, the addition of WISPs at concentrations ranging from 0 % to 0.7 % resulted in a 1.8 °C increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg). Overall, these findings suggest that WISPs can serve as a beneficial additive for enhancing the freeze–thaw stability of dough.

Effects of Different Additives on the Chemical Composition, Fermentation Quality, Bacterial Community and Gene Function Prediction of Caragana korshinskii Kom. Silage

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lentilactobacillus plantarum (LP), cellulase (CE), and xylanase (XE) supplementation on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, and bacterial community of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage. Four groups were designed for the study. No additives were used in the control group (CK), and LP (1 × 106 cfu/g), CE (1 × 104 IU/g) and XE (2 × 105 IU/g) were added to the experimental groups on a fresh matter basis, with three replicates per group. To promote fermentation, 5% molasses was added to all of the groups. On days 15 and 60, fermentation quality, chemical composition and the bacterial community were analysed. The pH of groups CE and XE was lower than that of the CK group at 60 days. During ensiling, the lactic acid (LA) content in the experimental groups and the acetic acid (AA) content in the CK and LP groups increased. At 60 days, the dominant genera in the CK and LP groups was Weissella and the dominant genera in the CE and XE groups was Lentilactobacillus. At different times during silage, nucleotide metabolism was enhanced, whereas the metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acids, energy, cofactors and vitamins was inhibited in the LP group. However, the metabolism of amino acids, energy, cofactors and vitamins in the CE and XE groups was increased, whereas the metabolism of nucleotides was inhibited. In conclusion, LP, CE and XE could exert a positive effect on the fermentation quality of C. korshinskii Kom. silage by shifting the bacterial community composition.

Effects of Different Additives and Ratios on Broom Sorghum Straw Silage Characteristics and Bacterial Communities

As a large agricultural country, China produces a large number of agricultural and sideline products while harvesting agricultural products every year. Crop straw is one of them. Broom sorghum is a traditional crop in China, which produces a large amount of straw resources every year. These straw resources are placed in the field and cannot be used efficiently. The purpose of this study was to solve the problem of straw utilization of Broom sorghum, one of the main food crops in arid and semi-arid areas of northern China. Broom sorghum is not only a nutritious food crop, its straw is also rich in crude fiber and mineral elements, which has high utilization value. However, due to the high content of lignocellulose in straw, the texture is hard, which limits its digestion and utilization efficiency as feed. In this study, the broom sorghum straw was used as the research object, and the straw raw materials were treated with Lactobacillus plantarum, cellulase and xylanase, respectively. After silage fermentation for 30 d and 60 d, the bags were opened to determine the nutritional quality, fermentation quality, microbial community structure and other indicators. The best fermentation time and additives for broom sorghum straw silage were comprehensively screened to improve the nutritional value of straw and animal production performance. The results showed that the nutritional quality of silage straw increased with the extension of fermentation time. Compared with silage straw after 30 days of fermentation, the nutritional quality and fermentation quality of straw were significantly improved after 60 days of fermentation. Lactobacillus plantarum, cellulase and xylanase could improve the silage performance of broom sorghum straw by improving the microbial community structure in straw, and the effect of cellulase was the best. When cellulase was used in straw at the standard of 20 U/g FM, the content of water-soluble carbohydrates could be significantly increased to 31.35 g/kg FM, and the concentration of lactic acid was also significantly increased to 23.79 g/kg FM. Therefore, in actual production, it is recommended to use cellulase at a dose of 20 U/g FM in broom sorghum silage and open the bag after 60 days of silage fermentation. The results of this study provided a scientific basis for the efficient utilization of broom sorghum straw as feed.

Textural enhancement and glycemic potency reduction of sugarcane fiber-incorporated white bread with ascorbic acid and xanthan gum

In this study, ascorbic acid (0.02 % w/w), xanthan (0.75 % or 1.5 % w/w), and their combination have been added into sugarcane fiber (SCF) incorporated (5 % or 10 % w/w) wheat flour-based white breads. The effects of different additives on the physical characteristics, and the in-vitro and in-vivo glycemic potency of breads were evaluated. Addition of xanthan alone and the combination of additives reduced hardness and increased specific volume. SEM images showed that xanthan caused larger, more uneven holes in breadcrumbs due to xanthan's high elasticity and viscosity. FTIR spectrum indicated that the combination of SCF, xanthan, and ascorbic acid resulted in higher β-turn, lower α-helix protein structures, and lower ratios of α-helix/β-sheet, indicating a more flexible gluten structure formed. In-vitro digestibility results suggested that all SCF-incorporated breads had a lower glycemic index (GI) value than reference. Samples with 0.02 % (w/w) ascorbic acid and 1.5 % (w/w) xanthan reported the lowest in-vitro and in-vivo GI values.

Effects of additives (NaCl, citric acid, and ethanol) on the cooking quality and sensory quality of vermicelli produced from freeze–thaw‐dehydrated whole potato powder

SummaryTo conform to the trend of whole‐food diets in recent years, whole potato powder has been used for the processing of extruded vermicelli. The effects of different additives, such as NaCl, citric acid and ethanol, on the cooking quality and sensory quality of whole potato vermicelli obtained via twin‐screw extrusion were investigated. The colour, gelatinisation properties, water absorption, cooking loss, texture profile analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis and correlation analysis of the whole potato vermicelli were determined and discussed. The brightness of the whole potato vermicelli increased from 52.0 to 55.4 at 1% NaCl addition and increased from 52.0 to 54.9 at 0.8% citric acid addition, and the water absorption of the whole potato vermicelli increased from 83.1% to 159.1% at 0.4% citric acid addition and increased from 83.1% to 258.9% at 8% ethanol addition. The cooking loss of the whole potato vermicelli decreased from 5.3% to 5.1% at 8% ethanol addition, indicating that ethanol could improve the cooking quality of whole potato vermicelli. The texture properties of the whole potato vermicelli decreased with the addition of ethanol, and the ΔH of the whole potato vermicelli decreased from 3.7 to 1.8 J g−1 at 0.8% citric acid addition and decreased from 3.7 to 1.5 J g−1 at 8% ethanol addition, respectively. Moreover, the addition of ethanol was negatively correlated with the max force, break distance, stretching work, hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness of the whole potato vermicelli. The addition of NaCl was positively correlated with the peak gelatinisation temperature. All three additives affected the microstructure of the whole potato vermicelli, including roughening the cross section and increasing the number of pores. In this study, NaCl improved the gelatinisation properties of whole potato vermicelli, citric acid and ethanol improved the water absorption of the whole potato vermicelli, and citric acid improved the anti‐browning effects of the whole potato vermicelli.

Effects of different adzuki bean flour additions on structural and functional characteristics of extruded buckwheat noodles.

Understanding the effects of different additions of adzuki bean flour (ABF) on structural and functional characteristics of extruded buckwheat noodles is important in developing high-quality starchy foods with desirable glycemic indexes. This study explored how varying amounts of ABF in extruded buckwheat noodles influenced their structural and functional characteristics. The findings indicated that adding ABF substantially boosted the levels of protein and flavonoids, while decreasing the content of fat and starch. Adding ABF to the noodles extended the optimum cooking time and led to a reduction in both the stickiness of the cooked noodles and the pore size of the starch gel structure, compared with pure buckwheat noodles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that R1047/1022 increased with the content of ABF increased, while R1022/995 decreased. X-ray diffraction showed that the relative crystallinity of buckwheat noodles was enhanced with increasing ABF amount. Adding ABF notably significantly decreased the estimated glycemic index. The buckwheat noodles extruded with 20% ABF addition demonstrated notably stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory effects than those extruded with no ABF addition. The present study demonstrates that the additions of ABF improved the structure and hypoglycemic activity of extruded buckwheat noodles while decreasing starch digestibility, and the optimal value was reached at an ABF addition of 20%. The study might fill gaps in starch noodle research and provide a new strategy for the development of functional food in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Additives improve the fermentation quality, anthocyanin content, and biological activity of purple Napier grass silage.

Purple Napier grass (PNG), a widely used grass rich in anthocyanin, is commonly employed in the production of silage. However, there is currently limited research on the retention of anthocyanin with or without additives during ensiling. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different additives (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCZZ1 (LP), glucose, acetic acid, and dried soybean curd residue) on fermentation quality, anthocyanin content, and microbial community structure of PNG silage. Ensiling PNG without additives led to poor fermentation quality and rapid degradation of anthocyanin, resulting in a decline in antioxidant activity and the persistence of harmful microorganisms with high relative abundance. The use of additives, especially LP, effectively increased the relative abundance of L. plantarum, enhancing fermentation quality, the retention of anthocyanin (up to 166% increase rate) and antioxidant activity, while reducing the relative abundance of harmful microorganisms during ensiling for 30 days. Additionally, prolonged ensiling negatively affected the preservation of anthocyanin. Based on both fermentation quality and bioactivity, PNG should be ensiled for 30 days with LP inoculation. The employment of additives, especially LP, improved the fermentation quality, anthocyanin retention, and microbial community structure in PNG silage. To optimize both fermentation quality and bioactivity, it is recommended that PNG be ensiled for 30 days with LP inoculation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cs-Doped WO3 with Enhanced Conduction Band for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Driven by Long-Wavelength Visible Light.

Cesium doped WO3 (Cs-WO3) photocatalyst with high and stable oxidation activity was successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method using Cs2CO3 as the doped metal ion source and tungstic acid (H2WO4) as the tungsten source. A series of analytical characterization tools and oxygen precipitation activity tests were used to compare the effects of different additions of Cs2CO3 on the crystal structure and microscopic morphologies. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of Cs-doped material exhibited a significant red shift in the absorption edge with new shoulders appearing at 440-520 nm. The formation of an oxygen vacancy was confirmed in Cs-WO3 by the EPR signal, which can effectively regulate the electronic structure of the catalyst surface and contribute to improving the activity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The photocatalytic OER results showed that the Cs-WO3-0.1 exhibited the optimal oxygen precipitation activity, reaching 58.28 µmol at 6 h, which was greater than six times higher than that of WO3-0 (9.76 μmol). It can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the increase in the conduction band position of Cs-WO3-0.1 (0.11 V) and oxygen vacancies compared to WO3-0, which accelerate the electron conduction rate and slow down the rapid compounding of photogenerated electrons-holes, improving the water-catalytic oxygen precipitation activity of WO3.

Clay Properties in the Mukdadiya Formation for Drilling Fluid Production from Shorau and Shewsoor, N Kirkuk, Iraq

The present study involves assessing the potential of the clay layers in the Muqdadiya Formation (late Miocene–Pliocene) for use in oil well drilling fluids. It is achieved through conducting various tests on the samples under investigation and comparing the results with the standard specifications for drilling fluids set by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The study also compares the effectiveness of different additives in improving the local clays and the impact of adding XC-polymer on the current wicking values. It has been found that XC-Polymer possesses superior properties compared to other polymers when used in the same concentrations. This substance is extremely important due to its direct correlation with the operation of drilling fluid. The test was used to determine that the two research models (Shorau and Shewasoor) at their usual concentrations did not produce the necessary characteristics of the drilling fluid in accordance with API requirements. Appropriate specifications for the drilling fluid were obtained by conducting a series of laboratory tests, increasing the model's concentration to 25 grams, and adding high-viscosity CMC and XC-Polymer to the sample in order to assess the current properties of the two study models in fresh media. The Shurao (M1) and Shewsoor (M2) models did not show current properties suitable for drilling fluid in salty media. After adding XC-Polymer to 25 grams of the models activated with 4 grams of Na2CO3, the two study models showed a response to the activation process and obtained results for current properties suitable for drilling operations in salty media. It turned out that the Shewsoor model had more appropriate specifications than the Shorau model.

Study of the Effect of Different Additives on the Shelf Life of Microencapsulated Vitamin C

Vitamin C (Vit C) is sensitive to oxidation, so maintaining its stability is the biggest challenge in its preparation and use. The aim of this research was to study the effect of adding various additives on the stability of Vit C microencapsulated in microparticles prepared by solvent evaporation method. The results showed that the system viscosity had an effect on the particle size, encapsulation efficiency EE was affected by PVA, Vit C and polymer concentrations. The additives that have shown a positive effect on EE are sucrose concentration, addition of alginate Na and chitosan. The results also showed that using (sucrose, glucose, cysteine, alginate Na and chitosan) as additives can protect AA in microparticles and increase shelf lives (AA shelf life increased significantly from 15 to 42 days by using sucrose as additive).

A Review of the Studies on the Effect of Different Additives on the Fatigue Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures

The fatigue phenomenon significantly weakens road pavement due to repeated reloading. To enhance fatigue resistance, numerous studies have explored various additives in asphalt mixtures. This review focuses on key variables influencing the effectiveness of additives, including fibers, polymers, nanomaterials, waste materials, and biomaterials, in improving the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures. The study initially identifies different additives and fatigue testing methods used for asphalt mixtures. It evaluates the impact of factors such as modifier content and size, base asphalt binder type, mixing processes, dispersion behavior, and testing conditions on the fatigue behavior of modified asphalt mixtures. The cost-effectiveness and environmental impact of additive application have also been assessed. Additionally, research gaps and future prospects for modified asphalt mixes are outlined. Existing studies demonstrate the benefits of additives like basalt fiber, polyester fiber, styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), nanosilica, crumb rubber, and biooils in enhancing the fatigue life of pavement constructions. However, challenges exist in the application of modifiers due to limited practical implications and insufficient knowledge. Further research is needed on factors such as additives’ dispersity, compatibility, aging resistance, economic viability, and modifying mechanisms in morphological and micromechanical aspects to enhance the fatigue performance of the modified asphalt mixture.

Effect of different additives and sintering regimes on the optical properties of DLP printed translucent alumina

Additive manufacturing of components with enhanced characteristics to combine the geometrical flexibility of layer-by-layer manufacturing and the remarkable thermomechanical and optical properties of advanced materials has become a focus for research in the last decades. In this investigation, in-house developed Al2O3 slurries mixed with either MgO or MgAl2O4 were digitally light processed and the resulting green parts underwent slow thermal debinding at low heating rates to produce dense and stable brown samples, which were subsequently subjected to different sintering regimes to obtain translucent samples. Air sintering trials were conducted at 1700 °C and the effect of different heating rates and holding times at the sintering temperature were investigated. In addition, vacuum sintering at 1600 °C was conducted for the best conditions to assess the effect of an oxygen-reduced atmosphere. Geometrical dimensions and density data were collected at the brown and fired stages to observe their evolution through the process with the help of high-magnification optical microscopy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the sintered samples were collected to observe and characterise the obtained microstructure. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the crystal structure and assess the insurgence of secondary phases. Finally, total transmittance and in-line transmittance were measured to evaluate the translucency level achieved by the produced sintered samples. Translucent alumina samples exhibiting a maximum total transmittance of 90.4% and a maximum real in-line transmittance (RIT) of 16.9% in the visible and near-infrared regions were fabricated.

Conjugated safflower seed oil and its oleogels stabilization properties: Thermodynamic properties, rheology, oxidative stability

Conjugated safflower seed oil (CSSO) was used as the base oil, and beeswax (BW) was used as the gelling agent to prepare BW-CSSO oleogel. The effects of different additions of wax on the properties of BW-CSSO oleogel, as well as their oxidative stability, were investigated. The results indicated that an oleogel could be formed with CSSO at a BW concentration of 5 wt% at 25 °C, and the oil-holding capacity and hardness of the oleogel increased significantly as the BW concentration increased from 5 wt% to 11 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the peak crystallization and melting temperatures of the oleogel generally increased with the increase of wax addition, and both the crystallization and melting peaks became clearer and sharper. The rheological results indicated that all the samples showed shear-thinning behavior and higher concentrations of BW-CSSO oleogel were more capable of forming robust structures with lower frequency dependence. The free fatty acid release rate from BW-CSSO oleogel decreased with increasing BW concentration because the oleogel was stronger due to the formation of a more robust network, and the network of strong crystals influences the contact between lipase and oil, slowing down the release of oil from the interior of the oleogel structure and affecting the hydrolysis of oil. The network structure of the oleogel could inhibit the generation of CSSO secondary oxidation products and improve the oxidative stability of CSSO. This study provides the relevant parameters of the BW-CSSO oleogel and lays the foundation for subsequent studies.

Preparation and characterization of titanium gypsum artificial aggregate

Abstract In this study, solid waste titanium gypsum (TG) was used as raw material to design the basic mix ratio of aggregate, and TG artificial aggregate (TGA) was prepared based on alkali-activated cold bonding technology. The effects of different additives (slag, silica fume, and fly ash) on the properties of TGA were preliminarily investigated by using NaOH as activator in laboratory test, and the additives of TG aggregate were determined. Furthermore, the aggregate mix ratio was designed based on the additive, and the physical and mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis, and dry–wet cycle test of artificial aggregate were carried out. The results show that the artificial aggregate prepared by the same process and the aggregate prepared by silica fume as an additive has a high balling rate; it is technically feasible to use TG as the main raw material, silica fume as an additive, and NaOH as an activator to select a suitable mix ratio to prepare artificial aggregates. The microscopic test results reveal the internal products and structural degradation process of TG aggregate.

Ternary Phase-Field Simulation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Microporous Membrane Structures Prepared by Nonsolvent-Induced Phase Separation with Different Additives and Solvent Treatments.

In this study, an existing ternary membrane system based on nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) with a phase-field model was optimized. To study and analyze the effects of different additives on the formation of the skin layer and the effects of the three solvents on membrane characterization under the same conditions, two-dimensional simulations of the relevant parameters of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane system were performed. The specific application of quaternary substances in ternary membrane systems was elaborated by determining the cohesive energy density between the additives and solvents, followed by the interaction parameters χ under the joint effect of the two. The results showed that the PVDF microporous membrane formed a dense surface layer at the mass transfer exchange interface, and with an increase in the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration, the phase separation of the skin layer was predominantly transformed from liquid-solid partitioning to liquid-liquid partitioning; the number of membrane pores increased with increasing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) concentration. The N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent system had the most stable thermodynamic properties; the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent system had mostly large pores running through the membrane and exhibited a porous structure. Related experiments also validated the model. Therefore, this model can be applied to other PVDF ternary membrane systems to better understand the structural development of microporous PVDF membranes under different conditions.

Experimental study on thermal stability and burn-back performance of aqueous film forming foam agent(AFFF) with short-chain fluorocarbon surfactant or flame retardant

Long-chain fluorocarbon surfactant is widely used in aqueous film-forming AFFF due to its excellent interfacial property. It can effectively improve the extinguishing efficiency of foam by improving the stability of foam. However, due to its severity environmental damage, some studies in recent years have focused on using short-chain fluorocarbon surfactants or flame retardants to replace long-chain fluorocarbon surfactants. However, the stability mechanism of foam after adding new additives and its performance in high-temperature thermal radiation environment are still unclear and require further clarification. Therefore, in this work, the effect of different additives on the interfacial properties of foam solution, foaming ability and foam stability, thermal stability and burn-back performance under the heat radiation environment are discussed. The results indicate that the thermal stability and burn-back performance of AFFF mixed with long-chain fluorocarbon surfactant (FS-30) or flame retardant (APP and MCA) was not significantly improved. However, the foam mixed with FS-50 exhibits excellent thermal stability and burn-back performance, it could be a proper substitute for long-chain fluorocarbon surfactants to be used in the AFFF mixed system. Through exploring the adsorption behavior of surfactant molecules on the liquid-air interface of the foam, FS-50 molecules and hydrocarbon surfactant molecules have a strong synergistic effect, which making it more difficult for water molecules to enter the surface of the mixed system. and the stability of foam will be enhanced. Besides, the proper mass concentration will also affect the interfacial properties of foam solution, foaming ability and foam stability, thermal stability and burn-back performance of the foam in fire environment, the mass concentration of additive in the foam solution should be remained at 0.3 wt%.

Investigation of the effect of different additives on the qualities, &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; degradation, and rumen fermentation profile of indigo waste silage

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Natural indigo dye production produces indigo waste as a by-product. Our purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), cellulase (CE), molasses (MO), and their combinations on the silage quality, &lt;italic&gt;in vitro&lt;/italic&gt; degradability, and rumen fermentation parameters of indigo waste silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the experiment. Indigo waste was chopped and ensiled in a small-scale silo with no additive (control), Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, MO, CE, Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:MO, Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:CE, MO:CE, and MO:CE:Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. After 30 days of storage, the silages were tested for quality and chemical composition, as well as an &lt;italic&gt;in vitro&lt;/italic&gt; fermentation. The ruminal fluid inoculum was collected from two beef cattle with a body weight (BW) of 200±10 kg, and the inoculum had been pre-heated before being transported to the laboratory. Silage with MO, CE, or their combination increased the amount of lactic acid (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). The silage pH was lowest in MO:CE (4.5) and was highest in Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:CE (10.6) in indigo waste (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). In comparison to the control (19.5% CP), the CP content of all additives increased by 20.7% to 21.5% (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; = 0.02). The addition of Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:MO and Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:CE resulted in a reduction of NDF content by 60.7% and 59.4%, respectively, in comparison to the control group (72.4%) (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). Silage with additives had no effect on the cumulative gas production or gas kinetics, except that the constant rate of gas production for the insoluble fraction (c) was higher in MO (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; = 0.03). &lt;italic&gt;In vitro&lt;/italic&gt; dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was higher in CE and MO and highest in MO:CE-treated silage (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). The &lt;italic&gt;in vitro&lt;/italic&gt; organic matter degradability (IVOMD) increased in Ca(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:MO compared with the control (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; = 0.03). The additives alone or in their two combinations in silage reduced the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N) concentration (28.0 to 31.5 mg/dL) when compared to the control (32.7 mg/dL) (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). In addition, the highest total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level was found in the silage of the MO (92.9 mmol/L) compared with the control (71.3 mmol/l) (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01). The proportion of propionic acid and butyric acid increased (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01) whereas acetic acid decreased (&lt;italic&gt;p&lt;/italic&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01) in the rumen of silage with MO and CE. In summary, the addition of MO and CE has the potential to be used in the silage of indigo waste.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Effects of different additives on cattle feed intake and performance - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural feed additives in animal feed. These can be used as replacements for antibiotics, to alter rumen fermentation and increase feed efficiency in ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding different feed additives in the diet of beef and dairy cattle on their performance, dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency, through a systematic review followed by meta-analysis. The systematic review suggested 43 peer-reviewed publications, according to the pre-established criteria. In beef cattle, the ionophore antibiotics reduced the DMI, improved the feed efficiency without interfering in the average daily gain (ADG). Non-ionophore antibiotics and propolis extract increased the ADG. In dairy cattle, the ionophores, yeast-based additives, and enzyme additives increased the feed efficiency, DMI, and daily milk production (MY), respectively. Essential oil supplementation in beef and dairy cattle had no effect on the feed intake and animal performance. The systematic review and meta-analysis allowed us to conclude that different feed additives have different effects on cattle performance, however, our results suggest that there are a few gaps regarding their effects on animal performance.