Effects Of Dietary Restriction Research Articles

Effect of restricted diet with or without aerobic training program on cardio respiratory fitness and anthropometric indices in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis

Effect of restricted diet with or without aerobic training program on cardio respiratory fitness and anthropometric indices in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis

Effect of Dietary Restriction on Immune Response of Laboratory Mice Divergently Selected for Basal Metabolic Rate

To study whether dietary restriction (DR; 70% of ad lib. feeding)-elicited immunosuppression results from the trade-off between the costs of mounting an immune response and the metabolic costs of maintenance, we subjected mice from two divergent lines selected for high basal metabolic rate (H-BMR) and low BMR (L-BMR) to 4 wk of DR and then challenged them with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) antigen. Those line types differ genetically with respect to BMR and to the mass of metabolically expensive internal organs, which are larger in H-BMR mice. In mice of both line types, DR resulted in a significant reduction of body mass, an immune response, and the downsizing of spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, heart, and kidneys but not small intestines. DR resulted in a greater reduction of the spleen and lymph nodes in mice of the H-BMR line type, whereas the thymus was more affected in L-BMR line type. In contrast, immunization resulted in an increase of liver mass in DR mice of both line types. A comparison of the results of current and earlier studies on the same mouse line types suggests that metabolic trade-offs involving the costs of an immune response are more apparent when animals are forced to increase energy demands (e.g., by cold exposure) compared to when energy demands are decreased through DR. Our findings also suggest that divelrgent selection on BMR resulted in between-line-type differences in T-cell- and B-cell-mediated types of an immune response. More generally, our results indicate that production of a wide repertoire of antibodies is not correlated with high BMR.

FDA-approved drugs that protect mammalian neurons from glucose toxicity slow aging dependent on cbp and protect against proteotoxicity.

Screening a library of drugs with known safety profiles in humans yielded 30 drugs that reliably protected mammalian neurons against glucose toxicity. Subsequent screening demonstrated that 6 of these 30 drugs increase lifespan in C. elegans: caffeine, ciclopirox olamine, tannic acid, acetaminophen, bacitracin, and baicalein. Every drug significantly reduced the age-dependent acceleration of mortality rate. These protective effects were blocked by RNAi inhibition of cbp-1 in adults only, which also blocks protective effects of dietary restriction. Only 2 drugs, caffeine and tannic acid, exhibited a similar dependency on DAF-16. Caffeine, tannic acid, and bacitracin also reduced pathology in a transgenic model of proteotoxicity associated with Alzheimer's disease. These results further support a key role for glucose toxicity in driving age-related pathologies and for CBP-1 in protection against age-related pathologies. These results also provide novel lead compounds with known safety profiles in human for treatment of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and diabetic complications.

Changes in behaviors of male C57BL/6J mice across adult life span and effects of dietary restriction

Behavioral analysis is a high-end read-out of aging impact on an organism, and here, we have analyzed behaviors in 4-, 22-, and 28-month-old male C57BL/6J with a broad range of tests. For comparison, a group of 28-month-old males maintained on dietary restriction (DR) was included. The most conspicuous alteration was the decline in exploration activity with advancing age. Aging also affected other behaviors such as motor skill acquisition and grip strength, in contrast to latency to thermal stimuli and visual placement which were unchanged. Object recognition tests revealed intact working memory at 28 months while memory recollection was impaired already at 22 months. Comparison with female C57BL/6J (Fahlström et al., Neurobiol Aging 32:1868-1880, 2011) revealed that alterations in aged males and females are similar and that several of the behavioral indices correlate with age in both sexes. Moreover, we examined if behavioral indices in 22-month-old males could predict remaining life span as suggested in the study by Ingram and Reynolds (Exp Aging Res 12(3):155-162, 1986) and found that exploratory activity and motor skills accounted for up to 65% of the variance. Consistent with that a high level of exploratory activity and preserved motor capacity indicated a long post-test survival, 28-month-old males maintained on DR were more successful in such tests than ad libitum fed age-matched males. In summary, aged C57BL/6J males are marked by a reduced exploratory activity, an alteration that DR impedes. In light of recently published data, we discuss if a diminishing drive to explore may associate with aging-related impairment of central aminergic pathways.

Discriminating between energetic content and dietary composition as an explanation for dietary restriction effects

A reduction in dietary calories has been shown to prolong life span in a wide variety of taxa, but there has been much debate about confounding factors such as nutritional composition of the diet, or reallocation of nutrients from reduced reproduction. To disentangle the contribution of these different mechanisms to extension of life span, we study the effect of caloric restriction on longevity and fecundity in two species of sugar-feeding parasitoid wasps. They have a simple diet that consists of carbohydrates only, and they do not resorb eggs, which rules out the proposed alternative explanations for beneficial effects of caloric restriction. Two caloric restriction treatments were applied: first, dietary dilution to investigate the effect of carbohydrate concentration in the diet; and second, intermittent feeding to examine the effect of feeding frequency on longevity and fecundity. Only the dietary dilution treatment showed an effect of caloric restriction with the highest longevity recorded at 80% sucrose (w/v). No effect of dietary regime was found on fecundity. We also measured the weight increase of the parasitoids after feeding to obtain an estimate of consumption. A constant quantity of the sugar solution was consumed in all dietary dilution treatments, hence caloric intake was proportional to sucrose concentrations. Although the present study does not disqualify the relevance of nutrient composition in other species, our data unequivocally demonstrate that caloric restriction alone is sufficient to extend life span and invalidate alternative explanations.

Longevity hits a roadblock

Increased expression of sirtuin proteins has been shown to enhance lifespan in several organisms. New data indicate that some of the reported effects may have been due to confounding factors in experimental design. Here, experts discuss the significance of these data for research into ageing. See Letter p.482 Overexpression of sirtuins has been reported to increase lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The effects of dietary restriction on the lifespan of flies have also been reported to be Sir2-dependent. Here it is shown that these findings are attributable to the confounding effects of genetic background. This work suggests that the life-extending effect of sirtuin overexpression may be limited to yeast, and also supports studies in yeast and C. elegans that show that the effects of dietary restriction are not mediated by sirtuins.

Absence of effects of Sir2 overexpression on lifespan in C. elegans and Drosophila

Over-expression of sirtuins (NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases) has been reported to increase lifespan in budding yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster1-3. Studies of gene effects on ageing are vulnerable to confounding effects of genetic background4. We re-examined the reported effects of sirtuin over-expression on ageing and found that standardisation of genetic background and use of appropriate controls abolished the apparent effects in both C. elegans and Drosophila. In C. elegans, outcrossing of a line with high level sir-2.1 over-expression1 abrogated the longevity increase, but not sir-2.1 over-expression. Instead, longevity co-segregated with a second-site mutation affecting sensory neurons. Outcrossing of a line with low copy number sir-2.1 over-expression2 also abrogated longevity. A Drosophila strain with ubiquitous over-expression of dSir2 using the UAS-GAL4 system was long-lived relative to wild-type controls, as previously reported3, but not relative to the appropriate transgenic controls, and nor was a new line with stronger over-expression of dSir2. These findings underscore the importance of controlling for genetic background and the mutagenic effects of transgene insertions in studies of genetic effects on lifespan. The life extending effect of dietary restriction (DR) on ageing in Drosophila has also been reported to be dSir2 dependent3. We found that DR increased fly lifespan independently of dSir2. Our findings do not rule out a role for sirtuins in determination of metazoan lifespan, but they do cast doubt on the robustness of the previously reported effects on lifespan in C. elegans and Drosophila.

The potential role of epigenetic responses to diet in ageing

Epigenetic changes may be causal in the ageing process and may be influenced by diet, providing opportunities to improve health in later life. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of several areas of research relevant to this topic and to explore a hypothesis relating to a possible role of epigenetic effects, mediated by sirtuin 1, in the beneficial effects of dietary restriction, including increased lifespan. Epigenetic features of ageing include changes in DNA methylation, both globally and at specific loci, which differ between individuals. A major focus of research on dietary influences on epigenetic status has been on nutrition in utero, because the epigenome is probably particularly malleable during this life-course window and because epigenetic marking by early exposures is a compelling mechanism underlying effects on lifelong health. We explore the potential of diet during adulthood, including the practice of dietary restriction, to affect the epigenetic architecture. We report progress with respect to deriving data to support our hypothesis that sirtuin 1 may mediate some of the effects of dietary restriction through effects on DNA methylation and note observations that resveratrol affects DNA methylation and other epigenetic features. Disentangling cause and effect in the context of epigenetic change and ageing is a challenge and requires better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and also the development of more refined experimental tools to manipulate the epigenetic architecture, to facilitate hypothesis-driven research to elucidate these links and thus to exploit them to improve health across the full life-course through dietary measures.

Genetic variation of dietary restriction and the effects of nutrient-free water and amino acid supplements on lifespan and fecundity ofDrosophila

We measure genetic variation in lifespan and fecundity at two food levels in 34 core lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel collection. Lines were significantly different from each other in lifespan and fecundity at both restricted and full food. There was a strong food-by-line interaction for the slope of age-specific mortality, fecundity and proportion of fertilized eggs, indicating the presence of genetic variation for the strength of the dietary restriction effect, likely to represent standing genetic variation in a natural population from which the lines used have originated. No trade-off between fecundity and lifespan manifested in life-history variation among inbred lines. Our data partially corroborate the recent proposition that availability of nutrient-free water eliminates the apparent dietary restriction at least in some conditions. Although flies on full food with water added had lifespan slightly higher than those without a water source, it was still significantly lower than that in flies on restricted food, with no indication of interaction. We fully corroborate the recently discovered effect of addition of essential amino acids to the medium: addition of 1.5 mM methionine to restricted food significantly increased fecundity without a measurable decrease in lifespan; addition of each of 10 essential amino acids increased fecundity and decreased females lifespan to the levels observed on full food, again with no evidence of line-by-food interactions. We propose a mechanistic hypothesis explaining the observed data, based on the assumption that food consumption by flies is adjusted according to flies' saturation in water and methionine.

In silico analysis supports a role for DNA methylation in Sirt1-mediated effects of dietary restriction

In silico analysis supports a role for DNA methylation in Sirt1-mediated effects of dietary restriction

Mitochondrial Protection by Resveratrol

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are thought to play important roles in mammalian aging. Resveratrol is a plant-derived polyphenol that exerts diverse antiaging activities, mimicking some of the molecular and functional effects of dietary restriction. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial protective effects of resveratrol, which could be exploited for the prevention or amelioration of age-related diseases in the elderly.

Dietary restriction improves systemic and muscular oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction leading to hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia. Dietary intervention seems to improve some of these cellular complications, namely insulin resistance. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of dietary restriction on systemic and skeletal muscle oxidative stress and insulin resistance in normal Wistar rats and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a non-obese type 2 diabetic animal model. Four-month-old normal and diabetic rats were separated in four groups. One group of each strain was maintained with ad libitum standard diet, and the other group was submitted to a dietary restriction (50% of control animals daily food intake), during 2months. Metabolic profile, insulin resistance indexes and muscle lipids were determined. Oxidative stress parameters were also measured at systemic and muscle levels: protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and free 8-isoprostane. Dietary restriction improved lipid profile in both strains and urinary free 8-isoprostane and plasma carbonyl compounds in diabetic rats. An improvement of muscle triglycerides accumulation and 8-isoprostane concentration and a reduction of insulin resistance were also observed in GK rats. Our data show that dietary restriction ameliorates systemic and skeletal muscle oxidative stress state in type 2 diabetes, which is associated with improved insulin resistance.

Effect of Restricted Diet on ADHD Symptoms

Effect of Restricted Diet on ADHD Symptoms

Beneficial impact of aerobic exercises on bone mineral density in obese premenopausal women under caloric restriction

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of caloric restriction diet versus caloric restriction diet combined with aerobic exercises on bone mineral density (BMD) in obese premenopausal women. Forty premenopausal obese women were classified randomly into two groups equal in number. The first group (group A) received caloric restriction diet, while the second (group B) received caloric restriction diet combined with a program of aerobic exercises, over 3months. The variables measured in this study included age, weight, height, body mass index, fat weight, lean mass, fat percent, basal metabolic rate, and BMD. The comparison between group A and group B showed significantly higher post-treatment lean mass, basal metabolic rate, and BMD in weight-bearing bones (L2-L4 lumbar spine and total hip) in group B compared to group A. In contrast to the BMD of the weight-bearing bones, the BMD of the radius showed significant decrease between the pre- and post-treatment results in groups A and B with no significant differences between the two groups. A greater improvement in the BMD of weight-bearing bones was observed in obese premenopausal women undergoing caloric restriction combined with exercise than in those not undergoing exercise. Anaerobic exercises incorporated into weight loss programs help offset the adverse effects of dietary restriction on bone.

Hormetins, antioxidants and prooxidants: defining quercetin-, caffeic acid- and rosmarinic acid-mediated life extension in C. elegans

Quercetin, Caffeic- and Rosmarinic acid exposure extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. This comparative study uncovers basic common and contrasting underlying mechanisms: For all three compounds, life extension was characterized by hormetic dose response curves, but hsp-level expression was variable. Quercetin and Rosmarinic acid both suppressed bacterial growth; however, antibacterial properties were not the dominant reason for life extension. Exposure to Quercetin, Caffeic- and Rosmarinic acid resulted in reduced body size, altered lipid-metabolism and a tendency towards a delay in reproductive timing; however the total number of offspring was not affected. An indirect dietary restriction effect, provoked by either chemo-repulsion or diminished pharyngeal pumping was rejected. Quercetin and Caffeic acid were shown to increase the antioxidative capacity in vivo and, by means of a lipofuscin assay, reduce the oxidative damage in the nematodes. Finally, it was possible to demonstrate that the life and thermotolerance enhancing properties of Caffeic- and Rosmarinic acid both rely on osr-1, sek-1, sir-2.1 and unc-43 plus daf-16 in the case of Caffeic acid. Taken together, hormesis, in vivo antioxidative/prooxidative properties, modulation of genetic players, as well as the re-allocation of energy all contribute (to some extent and dependent on the polyphenol) to life extension.

Abstract 4327: Fasting enhances the response of Gl26-glioma to radiation and multiple chemotherapies

Abstract Malignant gliomas like anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM) are among the most commonly diagnosed malignant adult brain tumors. GBM is highly invasive and angiogenic and causes mortality rates higher than any other brain tumor, resulting in a median survival for GBM patients that is ∼12 to 15 months. Treatment of GBM is multimodal, usually initiated by surgical resection, followed by the adjuvant therapy of radiation and chemotherapy. Temozolomide is the current standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed gliomas and is well tolerated. Temozolomide has been shown to delay tumor-progression and prolong patient survival. As the treatment of GBM remains elusive, the improvement of existing therapies becomes important. The beneficial effects of dietary restriction (DR) on reducing age-dependent diseases, such as cancer, are well established. However, DR is expected to require weeks or even months for efficacy in human patients, which eventually would prove ineffective for cancer patients with fast progressing disease status. We have previously reported that fasting, an intense but brief form of DR differentially protects normal, as opposed to various cancer cells, against the toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy in in-vitro and in-vivo in a neuroblastoma-bearing mice model by causing major changes including the reduction of glucose, and IGF-I. We termed this phenomenon Differential Stress Resistance (DSR). We show that mimicking plasma-fasting conditions in-vitro sensitizes Gl26-glioma cells to chemotherapy treatment by Temozolomide and causes enhanced cell death of the starved glioma cells. We than applied this model of sensitization of cancer cells under fasting conditions to an intracranial and a subcutaneous glioma-tumor model in-vivo. We demonstrate that short term fasting enhances chemo- and radiotherapy in the in-vivo model and prolongs survival of tumor bearing mice even when compared to Temozolomide treated animals. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4327. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4327

Validating growth and development of a seabird as an indicator of food availability: captive-reared Caspian Tern chicks fed ad libitum and restricted diets

For seabirds raising young under conditions of limited food availability, reducing chick provisioning and chick growth rates are the primary means available to avoid abandonment of a breeding effort. For mostseabirds,however,baselinedatacharacterizingchickgrowthanddevelopmentunderknownfeedingconditions are unavailable, so it is difficult to evaluate chick nutritional status as it relates to foraging conditions near breeding colonies. To address this need, we examined the growth and development of young Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia), a cosmopolitan, generalist piscivore, reared in captivity and fed ad libitum and restricted (ca. one-third lower caloric intake) diets. Ad libitum-fed chicks grew at similar rates and achieved a similar size at fledging as previously documented for chicks in the wild and had energetic demands that closely matched allometric predictions. We identified three general characteristics of food-restricted Caspian Tern chicks compared to ad libitum chicks: (1) lower age-specific body mass, (2) lower age-specific skeletal and feather size, such as wing chord length, and (3) heightened levels of corticosterone in blood, both for baseline levels and in response to acute stress. Effects of diet restriction on feather growth (10-11% slower growth in diet-restricted chicks) were less pronounced than effects on structural growth (37-52% slower growth) and body mass (24% lower at fledging age), apparently due to preferential allocation of food resources to maintain plumage growth. Our results suggest that measurements of chick body mass and feather development (e.g., wing chord or primary length) or measurement of corticosterone levels in the blood would allow useful evaluation of the nutritional status of chicks reared in the wild and of food availability in the foraging range of adults. Such evaluations could also inform demography studies (e.g., predict future recruitment) and assist in evaluating designated piscivorous waterbird conservation (colony) sites.

Effect of Dietary Restriction in Dams during Pregnancy and Lactation on Preferential Fat Intake in Their Pups after Weaning

母親の食餌制限が, 離乳後の仔ラットの食物選択に及ぼす影響を調べた。妊娠ラットを対照群と制限食群の2群に分け, 対照群にはAIN93Gを自由に摂取させ, 制限食群には対照群が摂取した飼料の65%の飼料を与えて妊娠・授乳期間飼育した。離乳後は, すべての仔ラットに糖質・たんぱく質飼料 (CPD) と脂質・たんぱく質飼料 (FPD) の選択摂取を24日間行わせた。出生時体重は両群間で有意な差はみられなかったが, 離乳時の体重は制限食群が対照群に比べて有意に低かった。しかし, 選択摂取期間の体重増加率 [体重増加量 (g) /離乳時体重 (g) ] は, 対照群の雄と雌がそれぞれ2.6倍と2.0倍であり, 制限食群の雄と雌がそれぞれ4.0倍と3.0倍であり, 雌雄ともに, 制限食群が対照群よりも高かった。また選択摂取期間の2週目と3週目に, 制限食群の雄のFPD摂取割合 [FPD摂取量 (g) /総摂取重 (g) ] は対照群よりも高かった。したがって, 制限食群の雄仔ラットは, 離乳後にcatch-up growthを達成するために, 脂質に対する強い嗜好性を示したと推測された。

Dietary Restriction Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy through Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Regulation of the Autophagy via Restoration of Sirt1 in Diabetic Wistar Fatty (fa/fa) Rats: A Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Aim. Despite the beneficial effects of dietary restriction (DR) on lifespan, age-related diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, its effects on type 2 diabetic nephropathy remain unknown. This study examined the renoprotective effects of DR in Wistar fatty (fa/fa) rats (WFRs). Methods. WFRs were treated with DR (40% restriction) for 24 weeks. Urinary albumin excretion, creatinine clearance, renal histologies, acetylated-NF-κB (p65), Sirt1 protein expression, and p62/Sqstm 1 accumulation in the renal cortex, as well as electron microscopic observation of mitochondrial morphology and autophagosomes in proximal tubular cells were estimated. Results. DR ameliorated renal abnormalities including inflammation in WFRs. The decrease in Sirt1 levels, increase in acetylated-NF-κB, and impaired autophagy in WFRs were improved by DR. Conclusions. DR exerted anti-inflammatory effects and improved the dysregulation of autophagy through the restoration of Sirt1 in the kidneys of WFRs, which resulted in the amelioration of renal injuries in type 2 diabetes.

Erratum

Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 43, Issue 1 p. 121-121 Free Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares A. H. A. DUGDALE, G. C. CURTIS, P. CRIPPS, P. A. HARRIS, C. McG. ARGO, Volume 42Issue 7Equine Veterinary Journal pages: 600-610 First Published online: June 25, 2010 First published: 10 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00344.xCitations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Two errors have occurred in the article by Dugdale et al. (2010) ‘Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares’ published in the October issue of EVJ. In the Summary on page 600 the Hypothesis should read: ‘Restriction of dry matter intake [DMI] to 1% of body mass (BM, 67% of predicted maintenance digestible energy [DE] requirements) would promote weight loss without compromise to health.’ On page 606 the units in the reference range for for Triglycerides in Table 3 have been wrongly quoted as µmol/l. This should read ‘Triglycerides (0–1.0 mmol/l)’. The correct table is reproduced here: Table 3. Mean (± s.e.) weekly concentrations of blood biochemical variables and insulin for the 5 ponies from one week before the onset of the current trial (Baseline), when animals were fed ad libitum and throughout subsequent the 12 successive weeks of restricted feed intake. All analytes were evaluated in plasma with the exception of β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids, which were determined from serum samples. Values that differed (P<0.05) from Baseline are indicated with an asterisk Analyte (Reference range) Baseline Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Albumin (22–42 g/l) 30.8 ± 0.6 31.0 ± 0.5 32.8 ± 0.6 32.8*± 0.8 30.8 ± 0.7 32.4 ± 0.8 32.8 ± 0.6 Total protein (53–89 g/l) 61.5 ± 1.6 61.9 ± 1.7 67.5*± 1.3 66.8*± 1.5 61.3 ± 1.5 64.9 ± 2.1 64.7 ± 2.4 Urea (2.3–8.7 mmol/l) 4.7 ± 0.1 4.6 ± 0.4 3.8*± 0.3 3.7*± 0.3 3.5*± 0.2 3.1*± 0.2 3.5*± 0.2 Creatinine (57–123 µmol/l) 68.2 ± 2.1 79.5*± 2.1 88.5*± 2.9 92.1*± 3.3 90.4*± 4.0 96.6*± 4.9 97.4*± 1.8 Triglycerides (0–1.0 mmol/l) 0.3 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.6*± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 Total cholesterol (1.5–2.9 mmol/l) 2.7 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.2 2.5*± 0.1 2.5*± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.3 Nonesterified fatty acids (0–0.5 mmol/l) 0.17 ± 0.04 0.57*± 0.04 0.49*± 0.04 0.47*± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.02 0.44*± 0.12 0.74*± 0.16 β-hydroxy butyrate (recommended 0–0.96 mmol/l) 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 Bile acids (0–44.5 µmol/l) 7.3 ± 1.3 Glucose (4.1–6.6 mmol/l) 4.7 ± 0.1 4.9 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.2 5.5*± 0.2 5.3 ± 0.3 5.8*± 0.3 5.4*± 0.1 Insulin (1.22–40.40 mu/l) 55.41 ± 19.77 23.56 ± 7.53 Analyte (Reference range) Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Albumin (22–42 g/l) 33.8*± 0.5 32.7 ± 0.9 33.0 ± 0.6 34.1*± 0.5 33.8*± 0.7 33.8*± 0.3 Total protein (53–89 g/l) 67.6*± 1.7 64.0 ± 1.7 66.1 ± 2.4 66.0 ± 2.4 66.3 ± 2.3 59.2 ± 2.9 Urea (2.3–8.7 mmol/l) 3.3*± 0.3 3.3*± 0.2 3.5*± 0.3 3.5*± 0.2 3.4*± 0.3 3.8*± 0.2 Creatinine (57–123 µmol/l) 102.1*± 2.2 101.3*± 2.6 104.3*± 2.4 103.4*± 1.9 105.8*± 2.1 103.2*± 1.9 Triglycerides (0–1.0 mmol/l) 0.4 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.0 Total cholesterol (1.5–2.9 mmol/l) 2.5 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.3 2.4 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.3 Nonesterified fatty acids (0–0.5 mmol/l) 0.69*± 0.09 0.64*± 0.08 0.60*± 0.08 0.59*± 0.07 0.58*± 0.04 0.57*± 0.08 β-hydroxy butyrate (recommended 0–0.96 mmol/l) 0.16 ± 0.01 Bile acids (0–44.5 µmol/l) 8.3 ± 1.2 Glucose (4.1–6.6 mmol/l) 5.6*± 0.2 5.5*± 0.2 5.4*± 0.2 5.7*± 0.2 5.8*± 0.2 4.7 ± 0.1 Insulin (1.22–40.40 mu/l) 17.52 ± 7.04 We apologise for these errors and any inconvenience they may have caused. Reference Dugdale, A.H.A., Curtis, G.C., Cripps, P., Harris, P.A. and Argo, C.McG. (2010) Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares. Equine vet. J. 42, 600- 610. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume43, Issue1January 2011Pages 121-121 ReferencesRelatedInformation