Effect Of Diammonium Phosphate Research Articles

The Effect of Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) towards Flammability Properties of Polyester-Cotton Military Fabrics

Polyester-cotton fabric is one of the most common materials used in military fabrics. The study of the suitable fabric material is critical because military personnel must prepare themselves from inevitable events such as heat exposure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the flammability features of various cotton compositions in polyester-cotton military textiles with and without the presence of Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP). We performed a full flammability test, including a cone calorimeter test and a limited oxygen index (LOI) test on three distinct types of polyester-cotton textiles treated with 10% di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). The result shows that, the higher the percentage of cotton, the lower the fire-retardant properties. Besides that, this study also found that the di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) improves the flammable properties of the military fabric.

The effect of diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate as filler on moisture content and rate of water absorption of corn-based film

A global issue of the shortage oil and gas resources and an increasing environmental awareness led to the development of starch-based film. Starch-based film offers a lot of advantages such as affordable prices, non-toxic, biodegradable, and easily accessible. However, starch-based film also has several drawbacks which limiting their application such as a poor mechanical properties, moisture sensitivity and high moisture absorption. In order to overcome those drawbacks, a lot of research has been focusing on incorporation of filler to produce a starch-based film with better properties. The work aims are to study the effect of diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate on the moisture content and water absorption rate of the corn-based films. The corn-based film containing corn starch, plasticizer (distilled water and glycerol) and addition of 5% of each filler (diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate) were prepared by using the solvent casting method. The effect of diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate on moisture content and the water absorption rate of the films were investigated. It was found that, adding diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate into the corn-based film had decreased the moisture content by 6.5% and 6.9% respectively compared to control film with 20%. A corn-based film with diammonium phosphate has 70% of water absorption meanwhile control film (88%) and potassium nitrate (91%). It can be concluded that by adding fillers in corn-based film can improve their moisture content and a lower rate of water absorption (corn-based film with diammonium phosphate) compared to film without filler.

Effect of DAP and glutamine supplementation on sulfur-containing volatiles and sensory properties of Chardonnay wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.

Volatile compounds in wine have a critical impact on the consumers' senses. In this study, the effect of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and glutamine on sulfur-containing volatiles and sensory properties of Chardonnay wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast were evaluated. Fermentation kinetics was determined by monitoring reducing sugar consumption rates during fermentation. The volatile profile of wines was analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS. Flavor attributes of wines were assessed by a sensory panel with quantitative descriptive analysis. A total of 53 volatiles, including 6 VSCs, were identified and quantified in the Chardonnay wine. The results suggested that glutamine supplementation at the beginning of fermentation could help to initiate fermentation earlier and promote the formation of isoamyl acetate, phenethyl acetate, ethyl nonanoate, methyl decanoate, diethyl succinate and phenethyl alcohol, isobutanol, while DAP supplementation had no obvious effect on the volatile composition of the resulting wine and fermentation kinetics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Suitable nitrogen source is helpful to a healthy fermentation, and can also prevent the off-flavor and regulate aroma profile of wine. This study provides insights on the volatile and sensory characteristics of Chardonnay wines affected by different nitrogen source addition.

The effect of diammonium phosphate and sodium silicate on the adhesion and fire properties of birch veneer

Abstract In built environments the combustibility of wood is a great concern, which limits the use of wood as a building material due to legislation. The reaction-to-fire properties of wood can be altered with the use of fire-retardant chemicals, and most of the commonly used fire retardants already have a long history of use. However, only limited information is available on the impact of different fire retardants on the adhesion properties of wood. Additionally, comparative studies between chemicals from different groups of fire retardants is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of two commonly used fire retardants, sodium silicate (SS) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), on veneer properties, the focus being especially on thermal behavior and adhesion. Thermal properties and combustibility were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flame test and calorimetry. Glue bond strength was analyzed with an automated bonding evaluation system (ABES) and the leaching of chemicals was determined according to EN84. Additionally, the surface characteristics of modified veneers were imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed notable differences in the thermal properties of SS and DAP, with DAP having better fire-retardant performance in all thermal testing. SS also affected thermal properties and combustibility of modified veneers, but the effect was only moderate compared to DAP. Neither SS or DAP had any significant resistance against leaching but ABES testing showed a notable increase in the glue bond strength of DAP modified veneers.

Effect of Diammonium Phosphate as In‐Furrow Starter Fertilizer on Winter Canola Grain Yield and Quality

Core Ideas In‐furrow application of diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a starter fertilizer could be a beneficial component of a comprehensive soil fertility program for winter canola production. Effect of in‐furrow starter, DAP, on the oil and protein content of winter canola was not significant. It is important to account for both soil test P (STP) and soil pH completely when providing nutrient recommendations in winter canola. Winter canola is a valuable rotational crop in Oklahoma. Starter fertilizer application is viewed as a way to improve canola yields. Field experiments were conducted in Dacoma, El Reno, Fairview, Fort Cobb, Kingfisher, Lahoma, Lamont, Miami, and Perkins, OK to evaluate the effect of applying diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18–46–0: N–P2O5–K2O) in‐furrow on winter canola grain yield and quality. Diammonium phosphate was applied with the seed at planting at 22 and 30 lb/ac in no‐till (NT) and minimum/conventional till (CT) systems, respectively. Canola variety ‘DKW 46–15’ was seeded from September 10 to October 10, 2016 at 3.75 lbs/ac spaced at 7.5 (CT) and 15 in (NT). Four of the 10 locations responded to in‐furrow application of DAP. Yield response ranged from 1 to 6 bu/ac. Locations that had low soil test phosphorus and low soil pH generally had higher yield response (3–6 bu/ac) than all other locations. Effect of in‐furrow DAP on the oil and protein content of winter canola was not significant. Results indicated the importance of accounting for both soil test phosphorus and soil pH completely when providing nutrient recommendations in winter canola.

Effect of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Fertilization on Growth of Sage Plant (Salvia officinalis L.) and Concentration of Volatile Oil

This work was carried out to study the effect of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer during spring 2014 to produce the volatile oil from sage plant. Four levels of DAP (21%P, 18%N) (0, 100, 200 and 300 Kg/ha) were used on sage plants. The experiment was designed according to complete randomized design (CRD). The measurements of plant heights, Fresh and dry weights, surface area of the aerial leaves and active compound concentration were recorded as control before flowering. Results revealed significant differences (p ≤0.05) in Plants height, fresh and dry weights and surface area between treatments. In the control group measures were (18.00cm, 100.22 g/pot, 18.55 g/pot and 5.22 cm2) respectively. The highest values were reported with 300 kg/ha treatment (26.50 cm, 118.25, 21.86 g/pot and 7.21 cm2) respectively. Volatile concentration was measured using Clevenger with steam distillation apparatus. Diammonium Phosphate addition levels showed different effect on Volatile oil content in aerial part (Shoots). The lowest was (1.68%) for 300 kg/ha, and the highest was (3.07%) in 100 Kg/ha

Thermal Degradation and Fire Retrandancy of Wood Impregnated with Nitrogen Phosphorus Flame Retardant

In this research, the effect of diammoniumphosphate (DAP) as fire retardant additive during thermal degradation of wood samples from shorea obtuse (Dipterocarpaceae) has been investigated. Thermal properties of wood samples impregnated with DAP ranging from 0-40 %wt were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). Leachability of DAP from impregnated samples kept under running water was also investigated. The results indicated that the rate of weight loss obtained from TGA reveal that impregnation of DAP reduced the degradation rate from 0.95%/°C to 0.56%/°C. Furthermore, LOI of woods specimens trended to be increase from 24.8 to 30.6 when they were treated with DAP having a range of 0-30 %wt. Based on the results of this study, wood samples impregnated with 30%wt of DAP can be classified as self-extinguishing materials and cloud meet the requirement for non-flammability in construction. The leachability test indicated that only trace amount of unreacted DAP leached from the samples.

Effects of diammonium phosphate on the flammability and mechanical properties of bio-composites

The flammability, thermal stability and mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic bio-composites were measured using a horizontal burning test, thermogravimetric analyzer, and universal testing machine, respectively. The composites were fabricated from film resins (Polylactic-acid, PLA and Polypropylene, PP) and natural fibers (coconut filter and jute fiber) by a hot press machine. To improve the flame retardancy of the bio-composites, various diammonium phosphates (DAP) were treated into the fibers. In general, the results indicate that increasing the percentage of DAP used to treat the fibers effectively improves the flame resistant, weight loss rate, and flexural modulus but decreases the flexural and tensile strengths of the bio-composites. Bio-composites with DAP-treated fibers showed a greater flexural modulus than those with untreated fibers, and the flexural modulus was even greater than that of neat polymers (PLA and PP). Also, increasing the percentage of DAP for treatment of the fibers in the composites decreases the temperature required for 5% weight loss and the decomposition rate, but increases the char residual at 500°C. The best linear burning rate and weight loss rate were observed for fiber treatment with 5% DAP. The compressive and wear properties of these bio-composites were also studied.

Yield Formation and Plant Metabolism of Spring Barley in Response to Locally Injected Ammonium

AbstractThis study was conducted to elucidate the crop physiological basis for yield differences frequently observed in experiments comparing top‐dressing of N fertilizers with injection of ammonium or ammonium/urea solutions into the soil. The effects of diammonium phosphate (NH4‐N) injected at the two‐leaf stage, calcium nitrate (NO3‐N) broadcasted and incorporated before sowing, and a control without N fertilization (‐N) were assessed from measurements of growth, N‐uptake and N‐partitioning, light interception, gas exchange, leaf anatomy and the activity of key enzymes of N‐metabolism. The experiment was performed with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in 80‐l containers in a vegetation hall in Braunschweig, Germany. The plants in the NH4‐N treatment produced a 20 % higher grain yield than those in the NO3‐N treatment. The grain yield superiority of the NH4‐N plants was attributable to a higher number of ears per plant (+13 %) and more grains per ear (+6 %). The NH4‐N plants exhibited lower concentrations of inorganic cations than plants supplied with NO3‐N. In the NH4‐N treatment, the light penetrated more deeply into the crop canopy and the NH4‐N plants exhibited a higher leaf carbon exchange rate at the different leaf layers than the NO3‐N plants. It is concluded that as opposed to predominantly nitrate nutrition, provision of a persistent source of ammonium enables plants to take advantage of the positive yield effect of mixed N nutrition.

Effect of diammonium phosphate on the flammability of wood and wood–polymethylmethacrylate composites

AbstractThe effect of diammonium phosphate has been examined on sawdust–polymethylmethacrylate composites. It has been observed that the char formation depends on the distribution of DAP in sawdust and polymethylmethacrylate. An interesting correlation was found between the mass burning rates of the composites and the extent of char formation during thermal degradation.

Pyrolysis of Cellulose I. Effect of Diammonium Phosphate on Fire Retardation

AbstractThe mechanism which Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) works on cellulose, at thermal state, has been investigated. The thermal behavior was examined by differential scanning calorimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Infrared spectra of samples before pyrolysis and at several temperatures in pyrolysis were used to obtain further information regarding the pyrolysis reaction.The effect of added DAP, in the temperature range above 200°C, alters the thermal pattern by lowering transition temperature, decreasing far formation and increasing char formation.These observations are interpreted that DAP is acting as an acid, at thermal state, to catalize cellulose dehydration. It is the most significant contribution of fire retardation on cellulose.