Effects Of Detergents Research Articles

Detergent-assisted sample preparation for MALDI-MS: Investigation of octylglucoside and docecylmaltoside for matrix crystallization, on-plate digestion, and trypsin activity.

We show an easy and fast method for improved detection of lipophilic peptides with MALDI-MS utilizing the nonionic detergents n-octylglucoside and n-dodecylmaltoside (laurylmaltoside). Investigations comprised on-plate digestion of proteins with trypsin, detergent effects on the protease trypsin, and the changes in MALDI matrix crystallization. Investigations also exhibited a higher tryptic activity in trypsin activity assay of 139% when using laurylmaltoside as supplement. Crystallization changed toward a more homogeneous crystal distribution and especially trypsinized insulin spectra recorded with MALDI-MS showed improved detectability of lipophilic peptides.

The Effect of Using Different Detergents in Cleaning Cows' Udders on The Microbial Content of Produced Milk

This study investigated the effect of different detergents used to clean cows' udders on the microbial content of the produced milk using twenty cows in Ajloun, a northern city in Jordan. The milking process was repeated from same cows on three successive days. On day 1, we milked the cows after cleaning their udders using water only. This was repeated on the two successive days. Thereafter, the cows were milked after cleaning their udders by a different detergent each day. The process was also repeated for three successive days for each detergent. Microbial Analysis was carried out on the collected milk samples. The results indicated that cleaning cows' udders before milking has improved the hygiene conditions and reduced the total bacterial count, total coliform, staphylococci and enterococci spp counts and the values of yeast and molds. Different detergents had different effects on the microbial counts. Finally, the effectiveness of the detergent differed according to its brand. Our findings are important to public health because milk has been a traditional food and ironically a very potent carrier of gastrointestinal infections, if contaminated.

ВИДІЛЕННЯ, ОЧИЩЕННЯ, СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЯ ТА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ФЛАВОЦИТОХРОМУ b2 ІЗ КЛІТИН НАДПРОДУЦЕНТА OGATAEA POLYMORРHA «tr1» (gcr1 catX CYB2)

A new method of isolation, purification, and stabilization of L-lactate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3; flavocytochrome b 2 , FC b 2 ) from the cells of recombinant yeast Ogataea ( Hansenula ) polymorpha “tr1” ( gcr1 catX CYB2 ) has been developed and physico-chemical characterisation of purified preparations has been done. The strain is characterized by impairment of glucose catabolic repression and a five-fold overproduction of FC b 2 , compared to a parent wild-type strain. The effect of several detergents on the yield of membrane-incorporated FC b 2 was studied and the enzyme isolation procedure has been optimized. A new method of affinity chromatography for purification of FC b 2 , based on the use of cytochrome c as a natural ligand, immobilized on aminopropyl silochrome, has been developed. The efficiency of the developed affinity chromatography was compared to ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl 650M cellulose. The specific activity of FC b 2 preparations for both types of chromatography was about 10 U·mg -1 and enzyme yield was in the range of 75–95 %. The purity of the purified FC b 2 was evaluated by SDS-PAAG electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The effect of a number of stabilizing agents and storage conditions has been investigated in order to provide the maximum activity of the FC b 2 . The best stabilizing effect was observed using 70 % ammonium sulfate and by storage of the preparation at -20 °C. Some physico-chemical parameters of the purified enzyme from O. polymorpha “tr1” cells have been studied (molecular mass and spectral characteristics of oxidized and reduced enzyme forms).

Partial Purification Characterization and Application of Bacteriocin from Bacteria Isolated Parkia biglobosa Seeds

Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. Fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds (African locust bean) were screened for bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the characterization of putative bacteriocins. Bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified by 16s rDNA sequencing. Molecular sizes of the bacteriocins were determined using the tricine-sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (tricine-SDS–PAGE) and effects of enzymes, pH, detergents and temperature on bacteriocin activity investigated, using standard procedures. Bacteriocins production and activities were measured by spectrophotometric analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out using student t-test and Analyses of Variance. Bacteriocigenic LAB isolated were Lactobacillus plantarum Z1116, Enterococcus faecium AU02 and Leuconostoc lactis PKT0003. They inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The sizes of bacteriocins Z1116, AU02 and PKT0003 were 3.2 kDa, 10 kDa and 10 kDa, respectively. The synergistic effects of characterized bacteriocins and rifampicin tested on organisms showed significant differences (P < 0.05), as compared with the effects of only one of the two. The antimicrobial activity of the three bacteriocins was deactivated after treatment of the cell-free supernatants with proteinase K, papain, pepsin and trypsin. Parkia biglobosa seeds are, therefore, rich in LAB bacteriocins which could be explored. The biosynthetic mechanisms of LAB bacteriocins could be employed in food safety and security, preservation, peptide design, infection control and pharmacotherapy. This should help in the control of undesirable bacteria and in designing more potent and selective antimicrobial peptides.

Monte Carlo simulations probing the liquid/vapour interface of water/hexane mixtures: adsorption thermodynamics, hydrophobic effect, and structural analysis

ABSTRACTKnowledge about the interfacial properties of water/oil mixtures is important for the petrochemical industry and for understanding detergency and hydrophobic effects. Here, we probe the liquid/vapour interface of water/n-hexane mixtures using configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the osmotic Gibbs ensemble. We study the effect of n-hexane at several partial pressures ranging from 25% to 95% of its saturated vapour pressure and observe that the surface tension decreases with increasing n-hexane pressure. Additionally, we analyse the simulation trajectories to provide molecular-level insights on the spatial distribution of n-hexane and the structure of the interface. The n-hexane molecules strongly adsorb from the vapour phase onto the liquid interface with a preferentially parallel orientation with respect to the interface. The surface excess, from the Gibbs adsorption isotherm equation, is calculated and used to systematically define the domain of adsorbed n-hexane. Integrating over this gives the free energy of adsorption of n-hexane, which is highly favourable, varying from to kJ/mol as the partial pressure of n-hexane is increased. The enrichment of n-hexane molecules on the interface yields a positive deviation from Henry's law at higher partial pressures, providing evidence for favourable adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.

Periodic graphics: Soap versus body wash

Chemical educator and Compound Interest blogger Andy Brunning explains the similarities and differences between the two bath products To download a pdf of this article, visit cenm.ag/soap. References used to create this graphic: Cosmetic formulations: Body wash Soaps and detergents Make your own soap! Part 1: The chemistry behind soap making Surfactants Skin pH: From basic science to basic skin care Effect of detergents on skin pH and its consequences A collaboration between C&EN and Andy Brunning, author of the popular graphics blog Compound Interest To see more of Brunning’s work, go to compoundchem.com. To see all of C&EN’s Periodic Graphics, visit cenm.ag/periodicgraphics.

Abstract 122: Increased Plasma Sulfide in Vascular Surgery Patients Correlates with Reduced Post-Operative Mortality

Objective: Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with the potential to modulate vascular functions. Free plasma sulfide can be measured by various techniques, but no consistent relationship with cardiovascular disease has yet emerged. For example, sulfide levels are decreased in CHF patients, but elevated in PAD. We therefore sought to compare plasma sulfide levels from PAD patients to matched controls, and explore links between mortality rates and sulfide levels using two assays. Approach & Results: Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (n=49), open lower extremity revascularization (n=44) or leg amputation (n=22) were enrolled (mean age 68.9±9.6, 67% male). Blood was collected from 20 matched control patients, without PAD or CAD (mean age 67.9± 1.3, male 65%). Plasma sulfide was measured using two methods, first detection using lead acetate, and second using mass spectrometry. Controls had increased plasma sulfide levels measured by both methods (lead acetate, Fig. A; mass spec, Fig. B) compared to PAD patients (p<0.001, p=0.013). Also, PAD patients were divided into high (n=57) and low (n=58) sulfide (lead acetate) groups by median split. Low sulfide PAD patients had increased probability of post-op mortality (p=0.0337, Fig. C). To determine the source of plasma H 2 S detected by lead acetate, we tested the effects of detergent and proteolytic denaturation of plasma as well as of reducing agents on H 2 S release. We found denaturation increased plasma sulfide release, and that dithiothreitol was most effective at liberating H 2 S, suggesting bound sulfane sulfur as source of H 2 S detected using the lead acetate assay. Conclusions: Plasma free and bound sulfide were reduced in PAD patients compared to controls, and correlated with mortality. These findings provide evidence linking circulating sulfide to clinically meaningful events, and support directed H 2 S investigations toward diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

The K-path entrance in cytochrome c oxidase is defined by mutation of E101 and controlled by an adjacent ligand binding domain

Three mutant forms of Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c oxidase (RsCcO) were created to test for multiple K-path entry sites (E101W), the existence of an “upper ligand site” (M350 W), and the nature and binding specificity of the “lower ligand site” (P315W/E101A) in the region of a crystallographically-defined deoxycholate at the K-path entrance. The effects of inhibitory and stimulatory detergents (dodecyl maltoside and Tween20) on these mutants are presented, as well as competition with other ligands, including the potentially physiologically relevant ligands cholesterol and retinoic acid. Ligands are shown to be able to compete with natural lipids to affect the activity of membrane-bound RsCcO. Results point to a single K-path entrance site at E101, with a single ligand binding pocket proximal to the entrance. The affinity of this pocket for amphipathic ligands is enhanced by removal of the E101 carboxyl and blocked by substituting a tryptophan in this area. A new crystal structure of the E101A mutant of RsCcO is presented that illustrates the structural basis of these results, showing that the loss of the E101 carboxyl creates a more hydrophobic groove consistent with altered ligand affinities.

A Novel esterase from Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003: Enzymatic properties toward model substrate and catalytic performance in chiral fungicide intermediate synthesis

Abstract Only a few esterases have been used for the synthesis of optically pure fungicide. For example, (R)-metalaxyl synthesized using esterase-involved bioreaction displays fungicide activity, whereas (S)-enantiomer is redundant. However, the biosynthesis of (R)-metalaxyl is currently hampered by the lower activity, selectivity and thermostability of esterase. Therefore, to obtain a better biocatalyst, several esterase genes were cloned from Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003. The esterase PAE07, among eight enzymes, was selected because it exhibited the highest hydrolysis activity toward (R,S)-DMPM. The DNA and amino acid sequence analysis suggested that PAE07 is a new member of lipolytic enzyme family V. The enzymatic properties of PAE07 toward (R,S)-DMPM and model substrate (p-nitrophenyl acetate) were investigated. PAE07 was found to be a highly active esterase with excellent enantioselectivity. The reaction conditions including temperatureand pH were optimized, and the effects of metal ions, organic solvents and detergents were also investigated. Results indicated that PAE07 is a competitive candidate for (R)-metalaxyl manufacturing.

Cellular and Metabolic Basis for the Ichthyotic Phenotype in NIPAL4 (Ichthyin)–Deficient Canines

Mutations in several lipid synthetic enzymes that block fatty acid and ceramide production produce autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs) and associated abnormalities in permeability barrier homeostasis. However, the basis for the phenotype in patients with NIPAL4 (ichthyin) mutations (among the most prevalent ARCIs) remains unknown. Barrier function was abnormal in an index patient and in canines with homozygous NIPAL4 mutations, attributable to extensive membrane stripping, likely from detergent effects of nonesterified free fatty acid. Cytotoxicity compromised not only lamellar body secretion but also formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) and attenuation of the cornified envelope (CE), consistent with a previously unrecognized, scaffold function of the CLE. Together, these abnormalities result in failure to form normal lamellar bilayers, accounting for the permeability barrier abnormality and clinical phenotype in NIPA-like domain-containing 4 (NIPAL4) deficiency. Thus, NIPAL4 deficiency represents another lipid synthetic ARCI that converges on the CLE (and CE), compromising their putative scaffold function. However, the clinical phenotype only partially improved after normalization of CLE and CE structure with topical ω-O-acylceramide because of ongoing accumulation of toxic metabolites, further evidence that proximal, cytotoxic metabolites contribute to disease pathogenesis.

The effect of domestic laundry detergents on the light fastness of certain reactive dyes on 100% cotton

This study presents findings on the effect of several domestic laundry detergents on the fastness to light of selected fiber reactive dyes applied to cotton. Cotton fabric dyed with commonly used reactive dyes were laundered with water only, several domestic detergents, and a laboratory-formulated neutral detergent, and then exposed to light for 2 h in the wet state. Exposures were repeated 15 times, equivalent to 30 h of exposure. Color loss and color difference were measured after 5, 10, and 15 wash cycles, and 10 h, 20 h, and 30 h of exposure. When the fabric was exposed to light wet, the color faded more rapidly than when it was exposed dry. The presence of an oxidizing bleach (sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate) in the detergent increased color loss during washing and wet exposure to light. Ultraviolet radiation from the light source, heat, moisture, alkali, and oxidizing bleach during exposure resulted in hydrolysis of the dye–fiber bond, causing dye desorption during washing and rinsing. The combination of ultraviolet radiation and oxidizing bleaches altered the chemistry of the dye and hence its shade. This was particularly evident on the black dye and one of the navy blue dyes.

Properties of branched alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates

A novel anionic surfactant alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates with three branched chains (A13EC5-Na, A13EC7-Na) were studied in the paper. Their surface properties were investigated by surface tension and dynamic surface tension. It was found that branched surfactants showed lower surface tension, which can decrease the surface tension of water to around 27 mN/m. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of A13EC5-Na is lower than that of A13EC7-Na. What's more, A13EC5-Na molecules can adsorb to the surface faster than A13EC7-Na. The wetting abilities, emulsifying capacities, foam ability and detergency of branched surfactant aqueous solutions were studied in contrast to that of linear surfactants. The wetting ability of A13EC5-Na is better than that of A13EC7-Na. Compared with linear alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (A12EC5-Na, A12EC7-Na), branched surfactants exhibit preferable wetting ability. Broadly speaking, the emulsifying capacities of branched surfactants for liquid paraffin and soybean oil are relatively good than that of linear surfactants. When the hydrophobic chains are the same, the emulsifying capacities of surfactants with smaller oxyethene (EO) number for liquid paraffin and soybean oil perform better. The foam ability and foam stability of A12EC5-Na are the best. The foam ability of A13EC7-Na is better, but the foam stability is poor. In short, the foam stability of branched surfactants is inferior to that of linear surfactants. The detergency performance of linear and branched surfactants to sebum cloth performs the best compared with protein stain and carbon black cloth. The detergency effect of A12EC7-Na for sebum cloth is the best, A13EC7-Na takes second place and A13EC5-Na is the worst. Branched surfactants are expected to become a promising product for their outstanding wetting abilities and emulsifying capacities and their better foam ability and detergency.

The Conformation of Human Phospholipid Scramblase 1, as Studied by Infrared Spectroscopy. Effects of Calcium and Detergent

Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) is a membrane protein that catalyzes the transmembrane (flip-flop) motion of phospholipids. It can also exist in a non membrane-bound form in the nucleus, where it modulates several aspects of gene expression. Catalysis of phospholipid flip-flop requires the presence of millimolar Ca2+, and occurs in the absence of ATP. Membrane-bound SCR contains a C-terminal α-helical domain embedded in the membrane bilayer. The latter domain can be removed giving rise to a stable truncated mutant SCRΔ that is devoid of scramblase activity. In order to improve our understanding of SCR structure infrared spectra have been recorded of both the native and truncated forms, and the effects of adding Ca2+, or removing detergent, or thermally denaturing the protein have been observed. Under all conditions the main structural component of SCR/SCRΔ is a β-sheet. Removing the C-terminal 28 aa residues, which anchor SCR to the membrane, leads to a change in tertiary structure and an increased structural flexibility. The main effect of Ca2+ is an increase in the α/β ratio of secondary structure components, with a concomitant increase in the proportion of non-periodic structures. At least in SCRΔ, detergent (Zwittergent 3-12) decreases the structural flexibility, an effect somewhat opposite to that of increasing temperature. Thermal denaturation is affected by Ca2+, detergent, and by the presence or absence of the C-terminal domain, each of them influencing in different ways the denaturation pattern.

Effect of Mild and Harsh Detergents on the Stability of the Model Membrane Protein Proteorhodopsin

Effect of Mild and Harsh Detergents on the Stability of the Model Membrane Protein Proteorhodopsin

Phosphorylation-induced lateral rearrangements of thylakoid protein complexes upon light acclimation.

Understanding the mechanistic basis of balanced excitation energy distribution between photosystem II and photosystem I (PSII and PSI) requires detailed investigation of the thylakoid light‐harvesting system composed of energetically connected LHCII trimers. The exact mechanisms controlling the excitation energy distribution remain elusive, but reversible phosphorylation is known to be one important component. Here, we addressed the role of grana margins in regulation of excitation energy distribution, as these thylakoid domains host all the complexes of photosynthetic light reactions with dynamic response to environmental cues. First, the effect of detergents for the thylakoid membrane connectivity is explained. We show that a specific interaction between the separate LHCII trimers as well as between the LHCII trimers and the PSII and PSI–LHCI complexes is a prerequisite for energetically connected and functional thylakoid membrane. Second, we demonstrate that the optimization of light reactions under changing light conditions takes place in energetically connected LHCII lake and is attained by lateral rearrangements of the PSII–LHCII and PSI–LHCI–LHCII complexes depending especially on the phosphorylation status of the LHCII protein isoform LHCB2.

The Detergent Effect of Mesalazine Interferes with Phosphatidylcholine Binding to Mucin 2

Objectives: Therapeutically applied delayed-release phosphatidylcholine (PC) revealed mucosa protection and clinical improvement of ulcerative colitis. However, a recent trial with simultaneous application of delayed-release PC and mesalazine showed lack of efficacy. It is hypothesized that mesalazine acts as detergent to prohibit PC integration into mucus as target compartment, thus preventing topical mucus protection. Methods: In vitro PC-binding studies with mucin 2 and intestinally differentiated CaCo2 cells as well as outcome analysis of a therapeutic trial with delayed-release PC and additional mesalazine. Results: Choline-containing phospholipids, in particular PC, bind to mucin 2 as main scaffold protein of intestinal mucus to establish a hydrophobic barrier towards microbiota in the intestinal lumen. PC also binds to the apical surface of polarized CaCo2 cells with membrane-anchored mucin 3. Mesalazine removes mucin-bound PC and, thus, reduces transepithelial resistance. A post hoc analysis of patients from a previous multicenter phase IIB trial with delayed-release PC revealed that those without mesalazine showed a PC dose-dependent outcome with regard to achievement of partial and complete remission (p < 0.05 for 1.6 and 3.2 g PC daily) whereas those treated simultaneously with mesalazine showed no PC dose dependency. Conclusion: Mesalazine solubilizes PC and, thus, prevents the protective action of therapeutically applied delayed-release PC within mucus.

Biochemical Characterization of Lipases Obtained from &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter psychrotolerans&lt;/i&gt; Strains

In this study, extracellular lipases obtained from Acinetobacter psychrotolerans strains (Xg1 and Xg2) were characterized. The effects of varying pH values (3.0-10.0) and various temperatures (10-90 °C) on lipase activities were examined. Also the effects of different metal ions, organic solvents and detergents on lipases were studied. The extracellular crude lipases were concentrated using ultrafiltration. Zymogram analysis of these lipases was performed. Lipases exhibited maximum activity at pH 8 and 30 °C. While lipase obtained from the Xg1 strain exhibited the highest stability in the presence of various organic solvents, including hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and N,N dietil formamide, lipase obtained from the Xg2 strain was sensitive in the presence of isopropanol, acetonitrile, and butan-1-ol. The lipases of the Xg1 and Xg2 strains were inhibited in the presence of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ . Also, the lipase of the Xg1 strain was inhibited in the presence of Fe 3+ . In the presence of EDTA, the lipase activities of the Xg1 and Xg2 strains were partially inhibited. In presence of SDS, they were exactly inhibited. According to the zymogram results, the molecular weights of the lipases obtained from the Acinetobacter psychrotolerans Xg1 and Xg2 strains have been found approximately 37 and 30 kDa, respectively.

A review of shampoo surfactant technology: consumer benefits, raw materials and recent developments.

Surfactants form the core of all shampoo formulations, and contribute to a wide range of different benefits, including cleansing, foaming, rheology control, skin mildness and the deposition of benefit agents to the hair and scalp. The purpose of this review was to assist the design of effective, modern, shampoo surfactant technologies. The mechanisms through which surfactants help deliver their effects are presented, along with the appraisal techniques through which surfactant options can be tested and screened for product development. The steps that should be taken to select the most appropriate blend of surfactants are described, and useful information on the most widely used surfactants is provided. The review concludes with an examination of recent developments in 'greener' surfactants, 'sulphate-free' technologies and structured liquid phases for novel sensory properties and for suspending benefit agents.

Direct buffer composition of blood pre-process for nucleic acid based diagnostics.

Recently, a variety of methods, so called “direct buffer”, have been developed to utilize nucleic acid in the blood for the measurement of infectious bacteria and virus without any equipment in the field. In here, we first investigated the individual and combinatory effects of candidate chemicals which might be composed of the direct buffer on the PCR inhibition reduction of main compositions in whole blood. The long and short PEGs, Na2SO4 and GuSCN were selected as representative kosmotropic and chaotropic salts, respectively. MgCl2 were chosen as divalent cation source and NaOH was used to control blood pH. The effect of common non-ionic biological detergent was tested with Triton X-100 and SDS (Sodium Dodecyl sulfate) was chosen as anionic detergent. These results could provide a foundation for the development of sample preparation solution in nucleic acid based diagnostic field. As a result, the direct buffer developed in this study was able to detect viruses with a concentration of 102 pfu/100 μL of whole blood by a very simple method.

Effect of detergent and sawdust addition on hydrocarbon reduction and growth of &lt;i&gt;Abelmoschus esculentus&lt;/i&gt; L (Okra) in a petroleum-contaminated soil

A study to investigate the effect of sawdust and detergent on hydrocarbon reduction and the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in petroleum polluted soil was carried out. The study was conducted at the Centre for Ecological Studies, University of Port Harcourt. Bonny light crude (300 ml) was used to pollute 10 kg soil. Detergent (20 g), sawdust (200 g) and sawdust: detergent (200 g: 20 g) were used as the amendment materials alongside a control (pollution but un-remediated) arranged in a completely randomized design of 12 replications. After 30 days post-amendment, 3 seeds of okra (var: V35-45 days) were grown in each treatment pot for 6 weeks. Soil Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) and okra growth performance (shoot length, leaf number, root length, total fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio) were analyzed. Results showed significant (p=0.05) reductions in THC of 44.23%, 26.5%, 70.80% and 10.79%, in detergent (20 g), sawdust (200 g), sawdust (200 g) + detergent (20 g) and control, respectively. Improved growth performances of okra were observed in the amended soil as compared to the control. Okra growth performance was in the order of: 200 g sawdust + 20 g detergent combination &gt; 200 g sawdust &gt; 20 g detergent. This implies that these two materials are good bio-stimulation materials especially when used in combined form for THC reduction and growth of okra.Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L., contamination, crude oil, sawdust, total hydrocarbon content