Effects Of Detergents Research Articles

Probing the conformational impact of detergents on the integral membrane protein LeuT by global HDX-MS

Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSS) are integral membrane proteins (IMP), responsible for reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft. Due to challenges in production of mammalian NSS in their active form, the prokaryotic hydrophobic amino acid transporter, LeuT, served here as a steadfast model for elucidation of structure-function relationship. As NSS proteins reside within phospholipid bilayer, they require stabilization by artificial membrane systems upon their extraction. Right choice of artificial membrane system is crucial as suboptimal detergent and/or lipids can lead to destabilization or non-native stabilization. Here we study the effect of related detergents, dodecyl maltoside (DDM) and lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG), on the conformational dynamics of LeuT by global HDX-MS, in the presence of functionally relevant ligands. We observed that LeuT is more dynamic when solubilized in DDM compared to LMNG. Moreover, LeuT exhibited increased HDX in the presence of K+ compared to Na+, indicating a more dynamic conformation in the presence of K+. Upon addition of leucine, LeuT underwent additional stabilization relative to the Na+-bound state. Finally, peak broadening was observed, suggesting that LeuT undergoes slow unfolding/refolding dynamics in detergent solution. These slow dynamics were verified by local HDX, also proving that detergents modulate the rate of these dynamics. SignificanceOverall, we show the efficacy of global HDX-MS to evaluate the effect of artificial membrane systems on integral membrane proteins and the importance of carefully selecting compatible detergent (and/or lipid) for the solubilization of this class of proteins.

Development of Durable Antibacterial Textile Fabrics for Potential Application in Healthcare Environment

Recently, efforts at development of functional textiles with antibacterial effect have accelerated, the purpose being to provide protection against airborne bio-particles and micro-organisms. Growth of microbes on surface of textile materials can be inhibited by biocidal approach and biostatic approach. This paper describes the development of a healthcare textile with durable antibacterial properties by optimizing the conventional and commercialized antimicrobial agent polybiguanide derivative—poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) (PHMB). Pad-dry-cure method was used to coat PHMB on cotton fabrics. The durability to simulated healthcare laundering of the fabric samples was evaluated in detail. Specifically, effects of detergent and washing cycles were examined. It was found that the optimum finishing condition can impart to the fabrics excellent durability for simulated healthcare washing. The fabric samples showed 100% bactericidal effect after 52 washing cycles, and 104 washings slightly reduced the bactericidal activity. Nevertheless, both simulated healthcare washing and coating treatment were found to have slightly negative influence on the hand feel and tearing strength properties of cotton fabrics.

Assessment of Histopathological Damages in African Catfish (Clarias garienpinus) as Influenced by Nittol Detergent Aquatic Pollution in Nigeria

Toxicity of Nittol detergent on the histopathology of the African catfish (C. gariepinus) sub adult was investigated. The experiment was conducted in triplicates of four treatments. Behavioral changes in fish exposed to different concentrations of Nittol detergent ranged from erratic swimming, moribund movement, jumping and lack of balance. Similar changes were not observed in the control throughout the experiment. Nittol detergent is composed of linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (LABS), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium perborate and sodium silicate (perfume) as active ingredients. The fish were exposed to concentrations 1.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 3.0 g/L and 4.0 g/L. At 1.0 g/l concentration, the mean mortality was 80% with an initial erratic swimming. It was observed that mean mortality increased drastically with increase in concentration of the pollutant (Nittol detergent). At concentration 3.0 g/L, total mortality was observed within 72 hours of exposure preceding moribund swimming while total mortality was observed in 4.0 g/L. The concentration at which 50% of the experimental fish were killed (LC50) was 1.9 g/L. Results from statistical analysis indicated that mortality varied (p<0.05) significantly with concentrations as higher values recorded higher mortalities. However, mean values showed highest mortality (74%) with Nittol detergent. Histopathology of the liver of fish exposed to Nittol after 96hrs revealed severe damage and necrosis of the liver cells when compared with the control which had a normal distribution of hepatic cells. Similarly, results from histopathology of the gills of the exposed fish to Nittol detergent revealed fusion and damages to gills lamellae when compared with the control which has normal distribution of the gills lamellae. Severe changes in the epithelia of the gill arch were also observed. Findings from histopathology of the intestine also revealed severe damages to the intestinal walls and mucosa when compared with the control. Images from the histopathology of the gills revealed severe damages to the gill lamellae by the Nittol detergent whereas the control showed a normal distribution of gills lamellae. And in the same vein, histopathology result on the effect of Nittol Detergent on the intestine of the exposed fish revealed chronic damages to the intestinal mucosa when viewed with motic electron microscope at x10 magnification. It was therefore concluded that Nittol Detergent causes significant and severe damages to C. gariepinus and recommended the control disposal of this detergent into aquatic bodies to reduce the negative impact on the histopathology of aquatic organisms.

Visual and simple determination of glucose-induced acidification by yeast cells: application to rapid cytotoxicity test

This study demonstrated that glucose-induced proton release from yeast cells was more sensitive to various inhibitors than cell proliferation. In this study the inhibition of glucose-induced proton release was determined on the basis of color change of pH indicator, methyl red, from pH 5 to pH6 at cell density of 2.5 × 107 cells/ml. When yeast cells were incubated with the inhibitors of glucose intake, glycolysis, and plasma membrane H + -ATPase for 1 h, these cytotoxic effects were observed by following the change in absorbance at 527 nm due to methyl red for 5 min. The cytotoxic effects of heavy metal ions, detergents and quinones were observed in the same manner. The above method was superior in sensitivity and measurement time to cell proliferation measurement that required 9 h. This visual cytotoxicity test (methyl red test) is expected to be useful as simple and rapid cytotoxicity test with yeast cells.

Encapsulation of HRP Enzyme onto a Magnetic Fe3O4 Np–PMMA Film via Casting with Sustainable Biocatalytic Activity

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was effectively encapsulated onto an Fe3O4 nanoparticle–polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film via the casting method. The HRP was immobilized on the 0.5% Fe3O4Np–PMMA film and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the reusability, thermal stability, optimum pH, optimum temperature, the influence of metal ions, and the effects of detergent and organic solvent were investigated. After optimizing the immobilization conditions, the highest efficiency of the immobilized enzyme was 88.4% using 0.5% Fe3O4Np–PMMA. The reusability of the immobilized HRP activity was 78.5% of its initial activity after being repeatedly used for 10 cycles. When comparing the free and immobilized forms of the HRP enzyme, changes in the optimum temperature and optimum pH from 30 to 40 °C and 7.0 to 7.5, respectively, were observed. The Km and Vmax for the immobilized HRP were estimated to be 41 mM, 0.89 U/mL for guaiacol and 5.84 mM, 0.66 U/mL for H2O2, respectively. The high stability of the immobilized HRP enzyme was obtained using metal ions, a high urea concentration, isopropanol, and Triton X-100. In conclusion, the applicability of immobilized HRP involves the removal of phenol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, therefore, it could be a potential catalyst for the removal of wastewater aromatic pollutants.

Interaction of FNR with the Cytochrome b6f Complex: Thermodynamic Parameters

The cytochrome b6f complex, for which a crystal structure has been obtained at 2.5 Å resolution (Hasan and Cramer, Structure, 2014) has a central role in the regulation of oxygenic photosynthetic electron transport. The photosytem I peripheral electron transfer proteins ferredoxin (Fd) and ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (FNR) participate in the pathway of NADP+ reduction. Cyclic electron transfer pathway provides an alternate source of electron transfer-mediated membrane energization for ATP production. The present study focuses on the physical interaction of FNR with the cytochrome b6f complex, with relevance to the participation of FNR in a cyclic pathway. The presence of FNR in purified cytochrome b6f complex has been documented and found to be present in sub-stoichiometric levels (Zhang et al. JBC, 2001). It is known that linear electron transfer does not require direct interaction of the cytochrome complex with FNR. In the present study, isothermal calorimetry (ITC) was used to detect and characterize the interaction of FNR with the dimeric cytochrome b6f complex, derived from a plant (spinach) source, in detergent solution. The interaction is relatively weak, with thermodynamic parameters: Kd, 48 μM; ΔH, −23.3 kJ/mol; ΔS, 3.3 J/mol K, at pH 6.5, and ionic strength of 170 mM. It is of interest that such interactions were not detected at pH 8.0, implying a significant pH dependence. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) analysis of the structure stability of FNR was employed to analyze the pH dependence of the interactions and the effect of detergent. This analysis reveals the decrease in structure stability of FNR and less efficient interaction with the b6f complex in the presence of the detergent UDM. Study supported by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE DE-SC0018238).

The harmful effect of commercial powder detergent on water flea (Daphnia sp.)

Detergents are a chemical product that is commonly used in personal care and household product on a daily basis. Its huge consumption in human activities resulted in the increasing awareness of its toxicity in the aquatic environment due to their active ingredients. Daphnia is a planktonic invertebrate organism that usually found in freshwater ecosystems. It plays an essential part in the lower trophic level of food chains. Because of its sensitivity to various environmental changes, they are generally used as a model organism in toxicology. In the present study, we analyzed the toxic effect of household detergent exposure on Daphnia sp. Four different concentration of detergent (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg.L−1) were prepared and the aquadest was used as control. The mortality of Daphnia was observed for 24 hours. The result showed that the mortality of Daphnia increased along with the increasing concentration of detergent exposures. LC50-24 hours values obtained in this study was 28.89 mg.L−1. This result described that the higher level of detergent in a water body can be harmful to the aquatic organism, especially on Daphnia sp. as predominant food for planktivorous fish.

THE EFFECT OF GIVING DETERGENTS TO THE GROWTH OF Azolla microphylla IN BRACKISH WATER

This research conducted on March to April 2019 with the aim of knowing the effect of detergent on the growth of A. microphylla. The results showed wet weight growth ranging from 2-23.81 grams (control) and 1.43-8.35 grams (addition of detergent). Absolute weight growth ranges from 3.63-8.47 grams and 1.77-3.28 grams. Growth in the number of colonies between 39.66-295 colonies and 37.66-98.33 colonies. Growth doubling time day 3-23 and 3.63-7.66 days. The growth of wet weight and the number of colonies of A. microphyla increased in each data collection on the control treatment media, while the addition of detergent treatment increased on the day 5 and day 10 and on the day 15 and day 20 decreased.

Effect of Synthetic Detergents on Soil Erosion Resistance

The effect of soil contamination with synthetic detergents (SD) Labomid-203, MS-8 and ML-51 in combination with potassium monoborate (MBP) on the change in the potential of soil erosion resistance (PER) was evaluated. PER characterizes the soil resistance to water erosion and is equal to the energy of a water jet acting perpendicular to the soil surface, required for the destruction and removal of a unit of soil mass from the area of its natural occurrence. Soil water retention curve (SWRC) and hydraulic conductivity were selected for the research as parameters determining soil erodibility. SWRC and moisture conductivity function are dependent on the surface tension and viscosity of the moisture in the soil, which are changed on soil contamination with surfactants of washing solutions. Integrating the expression for SWRC in the range of moisture content values from a fixed initial value to the value, corresponding to the complete filling of soil pores with moisture, gave the result correlating with the energy determining the potential for erosion resistance. Soil contamination with SD and MBP led to the significant decrease in soil erosion resistance, which is particularly evident at low moisture values. The largest decrease in soil erosion resistance (by an average of 39.6%) was caused by MS-8 (1.0% MS-8, 0.3% MBP). The smallest decrease in soil erosion resistance (by an average of 12.4%) was caused by ML-51 (0.5% ML-51, 0.1% MBP). The experiments were carried out with dark-gray and light-gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic (Russia).

Bile acids and ceramide overcome the entry restriction for GII.3 human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. We previously reported that stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures support replication of multiple HuNoV strains and that some strains (e.g., GII.3) replicate only in the presence of bile. Heat- and trypsin-treatment of bile did not reduce GII.3 replication, indicating a nonproteinaceous component in bile functions as an active factor. Here we show that bile acids (BAs) are critical for GII.3 replication and replication correlates with BA hydrophobicity. Using the highly effective BA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), we show BAs act during the early stage of infection, BA-dependent replication in HIEs is not mediated by detergent effects or classic farnesoid X receptor or Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 signaling but involves another G protein-coupled receptor, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2, and BA treatment of HIEs increases particle uptake. We also demonstrate that GCDCA induces multiple cellular responses that promote GII.3 replication in HIEs, including enhancement of 1) endosomal uptake, 2) endosomal acidification and subsequent activity of endosomal/lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), and 3) ceramide levels on the apical membrane. Inhibitors of endosomal acidification or ASM reduce GII.3 infection and exogenous addition of ceramide alone permits infection. Furthermore, inhibition of lysosomal exocytosis of ASM, which is required for ceramide production at the apical surface, decreases GII.3 infection. Together, our results support a model where GII.3 exploits rapid BA-mediated cellular endolysosomal dynamic changes and cellular ceramide to enter and replicate in jejunal HIEs.

Assessment of the toxicity and biochemical effects of detergent processed cassava on renal function of Wistar rats

Fufu is a major component of food in West Africa. Local cassava farmers use detergent to ferment cassava root tuber during processing into fufu. Studies have established the hazardous health effects of detergent in humans. This study was carried out to determine the median lethal toxicity of detergent-processed cassava, and assessed its effects on the renal function of male Wistar rats. Fufu with different concentrations of detergent (250, 500 and 750 g/l) were given as food twice daily to the rats for the acute toxicity study. The sub-chronic test lasted for four weeks, during which the fufu samples prepared with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g/l of detergent, were separately given to five groups of five rats, respectively. The results of the acute toxicity test showed increase in mortality with corresponding increase in detergent concentration. Plasma and urine creatinine and urea concentrations of all the detergent-treated rats were significantly higher than that of the negative and positive controls. Urinalysis showed significant presence of glucose and ketone bodies, as well as, blood and protein. Renal photomicrographs showed deranged cortical structure with diffuse loss of tubules, inflammatory cells infiltrate in the interstitium. The study concluded that detergent-processed cassava has adverse effects on the structure and function of the kidneys of rats.

Effect of detergents on alkaline invertase and alkaline phosphatase activity of fungi Mucor plumbeus Bonord, 1864, Aspergillus Niger Tiegh, 1867 and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, 1969

Due to their diverse metabolic potential, many filamentous fungi have a great ability for degradation of different waste substances. The present research was aimed to investigate ability of fungi Mucor plumbeus, Aspergillus Niger and Trichoderma harzianum, isolated from sewer and industrial waste water, to conduct degradation of high concentrations of commercial detergent (0.3%). Within enzyme extracts of samples taken during period of 3-16 days, activity of alkaline invertase and alkaline phosphatase was followed spectrophotometrically at room temperature. Obtained results proved that all examined fungi affected degradation of detergent. Quality (inhibition/stimulation) and quantity of action of detergent on activity of investigated enzymes depended on fungal species and incubation period. The highest inhibiting effect of detergent was recorded on 9th day of incubation in samples of T. harzianum and A. Niger, while its most obvious stimulating effect was noticed on 3rd day of incubation in samples of T. harzianum and M. plumbeus. Investigated fungi can be used for purification of waste water containing high concentrations of detergent.

Catholyte as an environmentally friendly detergent: effect on the colourfastness of black dyed textiles

ABSTRCTDecreasing the impact of pollution caused by laundry detergents could be beneficial to the environment and global textile industry. Catholyte is electrochemically activated aqueous media which has no detrimental effects on water systems. Catholyte’s pH and detergency properties remain in an altered state of metastability for 48 h, subsequently returning to its pre-activation state. The effect of Catholyte on appearance properties of dyed cotton was compared to non-phosphate detergent and evaluated. Laundering cotton with Catholyte caused slightly less colourfastness (sulphur and direct black), higher wash fastness (reactive black) and less staining (direct black). Using non-phosphate detergent resulted in less staining (sulphur and reactive black). The effects of Catholyte and detergent on the colourfastness to dry rubbing (sulphur, direct and reactive black) and colourfastness to wet rubbing (direct and reactive black) was similar. Catholyte has high potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to laundry detergents for sustainable consumption of cotton textiles.

Effect of Water and Chemical Stresses on the Silver Coated Polyamide Yarns

E-textiles; new emerging hybrid systems and devices require novel standards regarding their reliability and durability in order to gain the attraction and satisfaction for the customers and market readiness. Launderability of e-textiles is one of the key problems for their reliability and maintenance. Standards should fulfill the requirements for both: the textile and electronic parts of e-textile products. In this article, an analysis of water and detergent influence on the conductive yarns which are generally used as a connection in e-textile products is investigated. During the washing process various stresses (mechanical, temperature, chemical, etc.) damage the connection elements such as electrically yarns that make all together a textile circuit board (textile motherboard). All those stresses are moreover interdependent. Water or chemical stresses are supposed to be strongly damaging and should be discussed in details. During the washing procedure it is important to understand the water and detergent effects on the conductive yarns. Therefore, experimental studies are conducted by dipping conductive yarns in those solutions and by extended characterization. Structural changes of yarns are tested by FTIR-ATR, and peaks before and after dipping in the solutions were noted. Results point out the level of damage on the yarn surface caused by chemical stresses due to dipping in solutions. Furthermore, yarn surfaces were analyzed with optical microscopy. Remaining solutions after removing the dipped yarn were also analyzed by UV-Visible Spectroscopy to check any possible removal of silver coating from the yarn into solution, due to water or water detergent solutions. UV-Visible Spectroscopy validated our results obtained by FTIR-ATR peaks. By these experiments, time duration e-textiles can withstand in liquid solution without any loss of conductivity can be evaluated and predicted.

Gene therapy for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 in a clinically relevant mouse model

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3) is a rare monogenic disease caused by mutations in the ABCB4 gene, resulting in a reduction in biliary phosphatidylcholine. Reduced biliary phosphatidylcholine cannot counteract the detergent effects of bile salts, leading to cholestasis, cholangitis, cirrhosis and ultimately liver failure. Here, we report results from treating two- or five-week-old Abcb4−/− mice with an AAV vector expressing human ABCB4, resulting in significant decreases of PFIC3 disease biomarkers. All male mice achieved a sustained therapeutic effect up through 12 weeks, but the effect was achieved in only 50% of females. However, two-week-old females receiving a second inoculation three weeks later maintained the therapeutic effect. Upon sacrifice, markers of PFIC3 disease such as, hepatosplenomegaly, biliary phosphatidylcholine and liver histology were significantly improved. Thus, AAV-mediated gene therapy successfully prevented PFIC3 symptoms in a clinically relevant mouse model, representing a step forward in improving potential therapy options for PFIC3 patients.

Purification and characterization of latent polyphenol oxidase from truffles (Terfezia arenaria)

The polyphenol oxidase was extracted and purified from truffles (Terfezia arenaria) and it exhibited a molecular weight of 67 kDa. The truffle PPO was able to oxidize monophenolic, o-diphenolic and triphenolic substrates. Thus, the enzyme seems to be stable under wide range of pH and temperature. Best catalytic efficiency was observed for catechol as substrate (Kcat/km; 674.2 S−1 mM−1).The effect of detergents, chaotropic agents, metal ions and eleven different inhibitors on relative activity of Truffles PPO was also investigated. A latent form of enzyme was observed and its activity was stimulated using 4 mM of SDS. Likewise, the type of inhibition and the values of KI and IC50 were reported for L-cysteine, Sodium fluoride, sodium metabisulfite and kojic acid. Besides, the effect of four concentrations of kojic acid(0.05.,0.1.,0.2 and 0.3 mM) on thermal inactivation of PPO was performed in temperature range “ 60–75° C”. The use of Kojic acid increase the rate of inactivation process and disrupt enzymatic activity. Moreover, the combined effect of temperature and kojic acid prevent from enzymatic browning reaction and maintain high antioxidant activities including ABTS scavenging activity, FRAP, and total phenolic contents.

Is the Diet Industry Disrupting Your Microbiota?

Gut microbes are essential to human health and dietary patterns can influence bacterial diversity and abundance, resulting in either health or disease. Here, we review if high-fat diets motivated by the diet industry can result in disruption of microbiota, which in turn leads to disease. A high-fat diet induces microbiota dysbiosis, which is related to obesity and chronic diseases. Some mechanisms include higher bile acid secretion, which conduct its detergent effect on bacterial cell membranes, inducing the loss of non-bile-resistant species. In addition, by adopting a low-carbohydrate dietary pattern, microorganisms are deprived from short-chain fatty acids. Evidence shows that a high-fat diet can unchain dysbiosis resulting in chronic illness and obesity.

Natural Rice Starch Granules for Green Cleaning

Detergents are steadily becoming one of the necessities in our daily life. However, synthetic detergents are threatening the global environment and human health, as most of them are derived from petrochemicals. Inspired by one of the ancient Asian traditions that the rice-washing water served as a natural detergent for bathing and washing, this work provides insights into the mechanism of the detergent effect of rice-washing water. It is proposed that starch granules existing in the rice-washing water are interfacially active, which can facilitate the formation of O/W Pickering emulsions. This principle is successfully extended to rice flour that is made by mechanical media milling in a large scale. Pickering emulsions loading different organic solvents as dispersed phase can be stabilized by these food-grade granules without adding other chemical additives. Practical trails of removing pesticide residues and meat cleaning confirm the possibilities to render these natural rice starch granules as sustainable detergents for food cleaning with high safety assurance.

The synergistic effect of enzymatic detergents on biofilm cleaning from different surfaces

Biofilm growth is a significant source of contamination in the food industry. Enzymes are considered green countermeasures against biofilm formation in the food industry owing to their biodegradability and low toxicity. In this study, the synergistic effect of enzymes was studied against biofilm cleaning from hard surfaces. A mixed-microbial sample was sourced from a meat packaging line and biofilms were grown under high shear conditions on stainless steel and polyethylene surfaces. A model cleaning-in-place (CIP) parallel-plate flow chamber was used for firstly, the enzymatic cleaning and secondly, a disinfection step. The cleaning effectiveness was evaluated in response to different formulations containing non-foaming commercial surfactants among with amylase, protease and lipase at neutral pH. The formulation combining all three enzymes was the most effective, showing a synergy essential for the deformation of biofilm structure and consequently better disinfection of both material surfaces.

Effects of detergents on natural ecosystems and wastewater treatment processes: a review.

Among the different contaminants, detergent as an important pollutant has serious risks to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, detergents can pass into the wastewater treatment plants and have bad effect on their performance. They are part of human life and consumed for different aims especially hygienic purposes. Therefore, detergent components can enter to soil and water bodies from different sources. Detergents affect fauna and flora, and they have direct and indirect effects on ecosystems. Eutrophication, foaming, and altering parameters such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, and pH are more important, and their effects need to be managed and controlled. Researchers confirmed that aerobic processes are able to degrade the most of detergents but anaerobic degradation is not possible because of restricted metabolic pathways and toxicity of them. Therefore, production of environment-friendly detergent is an important issue around the world. Graphical abstract.