Effects Of Detergents Research Articles

Comparative Effects of Car Wash Detergents and Biosurfactants (Rhamnolipids) on the Soil Environment: In Search of a Greener Alternative

Aims: This study investigates the comparative effects of synthetic car wash and a bio-based surfactant detergent, biotensidon, on the soil environment.
 Study Design: Evaluation studies.
 Place and Duration of Study: Geology and Woodland laboratory at William Smith Building, University of Keele, in 2018.
 Methodology: 1000 g of Topsoil purchased from a local store was dried in the oven at 1100C for 24 hours and its moisture content was determined. 100 g of the soil was irrigated with diluted detergents and cleaning solutions for 5 days. The leachates were then collected and analyzed for pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) and further analyzed with Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) while the soil sample pellets were with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) machine.
 Results: The colour of soil leachate when physically observed was consistently almost clear for tap water, light yellow for the biotensidon detergent and dark brown for the car wash detergent. For the pH for the same period, the soil leachates were between neutral and mildly alkaline among the different samples. However, for EC, the maximum EC recorded was in soil irrigated with Car Wash Detergent (1157, 1181, 1242, 1390 and 1876 µS/cm) for all of the 5 days. This is followed by soil irrigated with BioTensidon (732, 757, 796, 799 and 836 µS/cm) for the same period while the minimum EC was recorded in soil irrigated with tap water (456, 487, 500, 505 and 553 µS/cm) for the 5 days. The IR analysis of soil leachates showed peak values that did not differ with all the three leachates collected each day, while the XRF analysis showed the major elements SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 to be the most dominant for analyzed samples.
 Conclusion: Both detergents examined had similar compositions of ingredients for making detergents. Some of these ingredients are well known to be harmful to humans, soil, water and plants, and these compositions vary between the detergents. Both detergents also have similar compositions of microelements that are essential for plant growth and some that are toxic to plants. However, the car wash detergents showed no amount of the element Lead (Pb). The car wash detergents significantly bleached organic fractions of the topsoil when examined physically. An 8% soil pH increase and 43% soil EC increase were recorded after 5 days of testing by car wash detergents when compared to the biosurfactants. Also, biosurfactants were shown to contain some toxic concentrations that may be unsafe.

Effect of Detergents Based on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on Functional Metrics of Frozen-Thawed Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu) Semen.

We evaluated the effects of detergents based on sodium dodecyl sulfoxide (SDS) on the functional parameters of collared peccary frozen-thawed sperm. Semen aliquots from ten individuals were diluted in a Tris-egg yolk-glycerol extender alone or with 0.5% Equex STM® paste or SDS (at 0.1%, 0.3% or 0.5% (v/v) concentration). Samples were fast frozen in liquid nitrogen with a post-thaw evaluation of motility, membrane functionality and integrity, mitochondrial activity, sperm binding ability and thermal resistance. The treatments without SDS (41.8 ± 3.5%) and those containing Equex (41.8 ± 4.4%) or 0.1% SDS (41.2 ± 5.5%) provided greater sperm motility (p < 0.05) than those containing SDS 0.3% (30.5 ± 4.7%) and 0.5% (31.2 ± 6.3%). Immediately after thawing, only treatments containing 0.1% SDS effectively preserved sperm straightness (STR) when compared to the negative control. All treatments preserved the amplitude of lateral head (ALH) and straightness (STR) during a thermal resistance test (p > 0.05), but SDS 0.5% impaired the membrane functionality and mitochondrial activity after thawing (p < 0.05). All treatments provided a similar recovery of sperm binding ability after thawing (p < 0.05). Our results showed that the addition of 0.1% SDS to the Tris-yolk-glycerol extender optimized the freeze-thaw recovery of peccary semen.

ALTERATION IN BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON EXPOSURE TO HOUSEHOLD DETERGENT (TIDE) OF THE ASIAN SNAKEHEAD FISH CHANNA PUNCTATA

Using a 96-hour static bioassay, authors looked at the effects of household Tide detergent on the blood parameters and energy metabolism of Asian snakehead fish (Channa punctata). The median 96-hour lethal dose (LC ) of HHD was 60.0 mg/L. The control group received a non- 50 detergent-treated standard meal. RBC count and haemoglobin considerably decreased; however, WBC count level noticeably increased at sublethal of dose 12.00 mg/L. There was a substantial up regulation of total protein. Organcholesterol and triglycerides rose, but total lipids decreased. Overall, the results showed that fish's biochemical and hematological parameters were significantly altered after exposure to detergent

Assessment of Water Environment Toxicity Conditioned by the Release of Various Sanitizers

The significance of preventing an adverse effect of various detergents and sanitizers used for the treatment (sanitation) of dairy farm equipment while maintaining its proper sanitary conditions on water bodies is underlined in the paper. Probable release into the environment of the tested sanitizing agents, including alkaline (Desmol, San alkaline, and Basix) and acidic (CircoSuper SFM, Tigma-K, and Biolight ST-2) products, from the farm per 1000 cows is predicted. Water environment toxicity at different concentrations of these sanitizers was assessed by the method of bioassay in terms of the survival rate of various hydrobionts, including &lt;i&gt;Tetrahymena pyriformis, Daphnia magna, Lymnaea stagnalis, Dendrocoelum lacteum&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Poecilia reticulata&lt;/i&gt;. The zone of toxic effect of the studied agents, which forms the basis of the ecological passport of substances based on their influence on hydrobionts (LC&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;, and LC&lt;sub&gt;100&lt;/sub&gt;) was determined.

Mechanisms of polyphosphate-induced amyloid fibril formation triggered by breakdown of supersaturation.

Much effort has been devoted to elucidate mechanisms of amyloid fibril formation using various kinds of additives, such as salts, metals, detergents, and biopolymers. Here, we review the effects of additives with a focus on polyphosphate (polyP) on amyloid fibril formation of β2-microglobulin (β2m) and α-synuclein (αSyn). PolyP, consisting of up to 1,000 phosphoanhydride bond-linked phosphate monomers, is one of the most ancient, enigmatic, and negatively charged molecules in biology. Amyloid fibril formation of both β2m and αSyn could be accelerated by counter anion-binding and preferential hydration at relatively lower and higher concentrations of polyP, respectively, depending on the chain length of polyP. These bimodal concentration-dependent effects were also observed in salt- and heparin-induced amyloid fibril formation, indicating the generality of bimodal effects. We also address the effects of detergents, alcohols, and isoelectric point precipitation on amyloid fibril formation, in comparison with the effects of salts. Because polyP is present all around us, from cellular components to food additives, clarifying its effects and consequent biological roles will be important to further advance our understanding of amyloid fibrils. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, Linking Protein Folding to Amyloid Formation, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 61, p. 358-365 (2021).

Расчет эффективности собственно моющего действия детергентов

Detergents actively neutralize acidic foods and prevent the formation of deposits at high temperatures. This is realized by solubilization and through the formation of adsorption layers from micelle detergents. The article discusses aspects of the possible calculation of the detergent effect

Optimization of detergents in solubilization and reconstitution of Aquaporin Z: A structural approach

BackgroundThe exceptional capacities of aquaporins in terms of water permeation and selectivity have made them an interesting system for membrane applications. Despite the multiple attempts for immobilizing the aquaporins over a porous substrate, there is a lack of studies related to the purification and reconstitution steps, principally associated with the use of detergents in solubilization and destabilization steps. This study analyzed the effect of detergents in Aquaporin Z solubilization, considering the purity and structural homogeneity of the protein. MethodsThe extraction process was optimized by the addition of detergent at the sonication step, which enabled the omission of the ultracentrifugation and resuspension steps. Two detergents, Triton X-100, and octyl-glucoside were also evaluated. Destabilization mediated by detergents was used as reconstitution method. Saturation and solubilization points were defined by detergent concentration and both, liposomes and proteoliposomes, were analyzed by size distribution and permeability assays. Detergent removal with Bio-beads was also analyzed. ResultsOctyl glucoside ensures structural stability and homogeneity of Aquaporin Z. However, high concentrations of detergents induce the presence of defects in proteoliposomes. While saturated liposomes create homogeneous and functional structures, solubilized liposomes get affected by a reassembly process, creating vesicle defects with anomalous permeability profiles. ConclusionsDetergent concentration affects the structural conformation of proteoliposomes in the reconstitution process. General significanceSince the destabilization process is dependent on vesicle, detergent, and buffer composition, optimization of this process should be mandatory for further studies. All these considerations will allow achieving the potential of Aquaporins and any other integral membrane protein in their applications for industrial purposes.

Features of Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune liver disease that mostly affects women. A progressive disorder in the processes of bile secretion and enterohepatic bile salts circulation in patients with PBC already in its early stages, leading to an insufficient release of bile acids into the bowel and their entry into the systemic circulation. Insufficient bile acids released into the duodenum contributes to the development of malabsorption, energy malnutrition, and slowly progressive weight loss. The pathophysiological mechanisms of weight loss and its slow progression are associated with the deterioration of the fat emulsification processes and with the reduced absorption of hydrolyzed products, such as fatty acids and monoglycerides, with steatorrhea in patients with PBC, as well as in those with gut dysbiosis. Just in the early stages of the disease, this results in accelerated fatty acid β-oxidation that is aimed at compensating for progressive energy malnutrition. The entry of bile acids into the systemic circulation in PBC is accompanied by dyslipidemia. The mechanism of hyperlipidemia in patients with PBC differs from that in other conditions because along with an increase in total cholesterol (TC), there are elevated high-density lipoprotein levels and the appearance of unusual lipoprotein X (Lp-X). The appearance of Lp-X is most likely to be the body's protective reaction to inactivate the detergent effect of bile acids on the membrane structures of blood corpuscles and vascular endothelial cells. It is bile acids, rather than TC levels, that correlate with the content of Lp-X and determine its formation. Concomitant hypercholesterolemia in patients with PBC is also aimed at neutralizing the detergent effect of bile acids that have entered the systemic circulation and is most likely a compensatory reaction of the body. "Anomalous" hypercholesterolemia in PBC can serve as a model system for the search and development of new methods for the treatment of dyslipidemia since it occurs without an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events.

Concept of Unani Jali (detergents/cleansers) drugs and its scientific validation: scope for new opportunities in dermatological pharmacotherapeutics.

The use of detergent-action drugs in traditional Unani therapeutic intervention has been a long-standing Unani medicinal practice. The key aim of the article is to provide thorough information on the novel, unexplored idea of Unani Jali (detergent/cleansers) drugs for the treatment of skin ailments, as well as to identify medicinal plants that have detergent action and correlate these findings with scientific studies that may support evidence for the drug's detergent effect. The ethnobotanical classical literature of Unani medicine was investigated in order to have a comprehensive insight of Unani detergents/cleansers. Scientific studies were carried from databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and google Scholar, among others. More than fifty exclusive plant, mineral, and animal-based detergents are found specifically for skin disorders in Unani therapy. These drugs basically evacuate impurities from the body's excretory system and and have been found to have keratolytic and debris-peeling effects, as well as the ability to maintain skin tone consistency. Unani Jali drugs have also been found to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and tonic properties, suggesting its usefulness holistically. Based on phyto constituents, prospective therapeutic response, and scientific data, this review proposes that Unani Jali drugs could be a safe and promising therapeutic option for dermatological illnesses such as vitiligo, acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin sensitivity.

Effects of Detergents on the Spectral Features of B820 Bacteriochlorophyll a in Light-Harvesting Complex 3.

Excitonic coupling of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a in light-harvesting (LH) proteins of purple photosynthetic bacteria is key for efficient photon capture and energy transfer. Environmental factors can affect the spectral features of these BChl a pigments and investigating these effects can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the photosynthetic spectral tuning. The present study analyzes the spectral alterations of the Qy band of B820 BChl a within the LH3 protein in relation to the type and concentration of detergents in the buffer. Changing the detergent from lauryl dimethylamine N-oxide (LDAO) to n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DDM) caused a red shift in the B820 Qy band accompanied by hyperchromism; these spectral alterations were completely reversed by exchanging back from DDM to LDAO. These results reflect the different effects of harsh vs mild detergents on the perturbation of LH3. The B820 Qy band did not change when LDAO or NaCl concentration was altered, suggesting that electrostatic effects by external components have little influence on the spectral features of B820 BChl a in LH3.

Effectiveness of detergents and disinfectants in the production of cow’s milk

The relevance of this study is conditioned upon the need to improve the hygiene of milking cows by selecting detergents and disinfectants with different component compositions that ensure the quality and safety of dairy products. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of solutions of modern chlorine-containing and chlorine- free detergents and disinfectants on the test cultures of microorganisms, the sanitary and hygienic condition of the milking parlour, parts of milking equipment, and the skin of the udder teats of cows. The total number of bacteria was determined according to the requirements of DSTU ISO 15214:2007, by inoculating 1 cm3 of the test material on meat-peptone agar followed by incubation at an average temperature of 36°C for 24-48 h. Cultivation was performed in a thermostat at 37°C. After incubation, colonies of grown microorganisms were counted, and the number of colony-forming units was determined. Detergents and disinfectants “Chloramine B”, “Sanalcalin” and “Neochlor” have a detrimental effect on the growth of test cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. “Desmol” suppresses the growth of test cultures of E. coli and P. aeruginosa after 20 minutes. The number of colonies of microorganisms in the air of the milking parlour is minimal at the beginning and greatest at the end of milking. 0.5% solution has a detrimental effect on E. coli and S. aureus, and slightly affects the growth of Salmonella spp. At the same time, this product is effective against microbial contamination of the skin of the udder teats of cows for its use in pre-milking disinfection. During the treatment of milking equipment with a 0.5% “Gralan Gel” solution, the total bacterial inoculation of the milking gum is reduced by 94.1%, the collector – by 98.4%, the milk hose – by 96.5%, the tank of the milking machine – by 97.4% compared to the indicators before processing the milking equipment with detergents and disinfectants. According to the results of the study, the best efficiency in reducing the general bacterial contamination of milking equipment, the harmful effect on opportunistic microflora and microbial contamination of the skin of the udders of cows when used in pre-milking disinfection at milk production enterprises shows a 0.5% solution of the alkaline detergent and disinfectant “Gralan Gel”. Thus, it is advisable to use a 0.5% solution of alkaline detergent and disinfectant “Gralan Gel” for producers of cow’s raw milk to reduce the total bacterial contamination of milking equipment and cow udders

Inositol acylation of phosphatidylinositol mannosides: a rapid mass response to membrane fluidization in mycobacteria

Mycobacteria share an unusually complex, multilayered cell envelope, which contributes to adaptation to changing environments. The plasma membrane is the deepest layer of the cell envelope and acts as the final permeability barrier against outside molecules. There is an obvious need to maintain the plasma membrane integrity, but the adaptive responses of the plasma membrane to stress exposure remain poorly understood. Using chemical treatment and heat stress to fluidize the membrane, we show here that phosphatidylinositol (PI)-anchored plasma membrane glycolipids known as PI mannosides (PIMs) are rapidly remodeled upon membrane fluidization in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Without membrane stress, PIMs are predominantly in a triacylated form: two acyl chains of the PI moiety plus one acyl chain modified at one of the mannose residues. Upon membrane fluidization, we determined the fourth fatty acid is added to the inositol moiety of PIMs, making them tetra-acylated variants. Additionally, we show that PIM inositol acylation is a rapid response independent of de novo protein synthesis, representing one of the fastest mass conversions of lipid molecules found in nature. Strikingly, we found that M. smegmatis is more resistant to the bactericidal effect of a cationic detergent after benzyl alcohol pre-exposure. We further demonstrate that fluidization-induced PIM inositol acylation is conserved in pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Our results demonstrate that mycobacteria possess a mechanism to sense plasma membrane fluidity change. We suggest that inositol acylation of PIMs is a novel membrane stress response that enables mycobacterial cells to resist membrane fluidization.

The effect of chemical detergents on the decellularization process of olive leaves for tissue engineering applications

AbstractThe decellularization of plant tissues can be one of the design options of scaffolds in tissue engineering. Chemical detergents such as Triton X‐100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in different concentrations were used to decellularize olive leaves as an acellular plant matrix for tissue engineering. The samples were investigated by different analyses such as Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, SEM, tensile strength, swelling, water vapor transmission, and toxicity. The results of staining and toxicity tests showed that the Triton X‐100 decellularized samples at a concentration of 0.1% had the best morphology and the lowest toxicity. Mechanical results showed that the elasticity modulus of acellular samples was significantly reduced compared to normal leaf samples. While swelling rate and water vapor transmission in acellular samples compared to the control sample doubled and tripled, respectively. In general, acellular olive leaf can be suggested as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications.

A New Detergent for the Effective Decellularization of Bovine and Porcine Pericardia

Human and animal pericardia are among the most widely exploited materials suitable to repair damaged tissues in the cardiovascular surgery context. Autologous, xenogeneic (chemically treated) and homologous pericardia are largely utilized, but they do exhibit some crucial drawbacks. Any tissue treated with glutaraldehyde is known to be prone to calcification in vivo, lacks regeneration potential, has limited durability, and can result in cytotoxicity. Moreover, autologous tissues have limited availability. Decellularized biological tissues represent a promising alternative: decellularization removes cellular and nuclear components from native tissues and makes them suitable for repopulation by autologous cells upon implantation into the body. The present work aims to assess the effects of a new detergent, i.e., Tergitol, for decellularizing bovine and porcine pericardia. The decellularization procedure successfully removed cells, while preserving the histoarchitecture of the extracellular matrix. No cytotoxic effect was observed. Therefore, decellularized pericardia showed potential to be used as scaffold for cardiovascular tissue regeneration.

Damaging effect of admixtures used in crop protection products on high density polyethylene packaging material

The phenomenon of environmental stress cracking is still a major issue in materials engineering as well as from a scientific perspective. Especially in the case of packaging materials made of high-density polyethylene, assessing the potential of premature damage due to environmental stress cracking is complex because of the large number of components in possible liquid filling goods. As a first guideline, the well-known effect of detergents and dispersants is usually considered, but the interplay with other components, such as organic solvents is often unknown. Particularly challenging in this respect are crop protection products, consisting of several different admixtures in addition to the biologically active ingredients. This study is based on two model liquids representing these admixtures that were established for testing in this context. The model liquids as well as their constituting components were used as liquid media in the Full Notch Creep Test to characterize the environmental stress cracking behavior of a typical high-density polyethylene. Complementary to the time-to failure of a notched specimen obtained from these tests, the crack opening was monitored optically, and the fracture surface was analyzed post-failure by laser scanning microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results, the effect of various surfactants as well as the influence of organic solvents on environmental stress cracking are discussed.

Immunoassay-Compatible Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in Plasma Samples for Enhanced Handling Safety.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) inactivation is an important step toward enhanced biosafety in testing facilities and affords a reduction in the biocontainment level necessary for handling virus-positive biological specimens. Virus inactivation methods commonly employ heat, detergents, or combinations thereof. In this work, we address the dearth of information on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation procedures in plasma and their downstream impact on immunoassays. We evaluated the effects of heat (56 °C for 30 min), detergent (1–5% Triton X-100), and solvent–detergent (SD) combinations [0.3–1% tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) and 1–2% Triton X-100] on 19 immunoassays across different assay formats. Treatments are deemed immunoassay-compatible when the average and range of percentage recovery (treated concentration relative to untreated concentration) lie between 90–110 and 80–120%, respectively. We show that SD treatment (0.3% TNBP/1% Triton-X100) is compatible with more than half of the downstream immunoassays tested and is effective in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in plasma to below detectable levels in plaque assays. This facile method offers enhanced safety for laboratory workers handling biological specimens in clinical and research settings.

STUDY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLYCOSYLATED RECOMBINANT XYLANASE

The main renewable source of energy and raw materials on Earth is plant biomass, most of which consists of plant cell wall polymers: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Hemicelluloses are divided into three main types: xylans, mannans and arabinogalactans. Xylan is the second most abundant carbohydrate in nature after cellulose. The specific enzymes that hydrolyze xylan into xylooligosaccharides and D-xylose are xylanases. Prospective xylanases are enzymes derived from bacteria and mycelial fungi. Bacterial xylanases are characterized by high unitary activity, and additional manose chains can significantly increase the stability of the enzyme protein globule. Obtaining a glycosylated variant of bacillary xylanase, which are known for their high specific activity, seems promising. The Bacillus sonorensis T6 xylanase gene was cloned and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant xylanase was isolated and purified. The biochemical characteristics of the glycosylated recombinant xylanase were studied. It was found that the recombinant xylanase had maximum activity at 47-50°C and pH 6.0. The Km, Vmax and Kcat values are 3.037 ± 0.362 (mg/ml), 667.8 ± 31 (units/mg) and 100.3 ± 4.6 (s-1), respectively. The unitary activity of the recombinant enzyme is 873.8 units/mg. The glycosylated recombinant xylanase was found to have high temperature stability and retained 47% activity after a 2-hour incubation at 55°C. In addition to temperature stability, recombinant xylanase showed high pH stability - 10 h incubation in buffers with pH 3-11 did not decrease the activity. The effect of metal ions, detergents, and organic solvents on the activity of recombinant glycosylated xylanase was studied. The high biochemical parameters of recombinant glycosylated xylanase from Bacillus sonorensis T6 suggest that this enzyme is promising for use in the biotechnology and food industry.

Оцінка потенційної токсичності мийно-дезінфекційних засобів на культурі клітин in vitro

Detergents with disinfectants properties today are widely used in various fields of human activity for cleaning surfaces, equipment, tools while destroying infectious agents. An active substance, as disinfectants, it contains various chemical compounds with antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal properties. To establish the safety of these substances, along with toxicological studies on animals, experiments are conducted on alternative in vitro test systems, in particular on cell culture, which allows to quickly assess and predict the potential toxicity of detergents to humans and other living organisms. The purpouse of the study was assessment of the potential danger of detergents and disinfectants for humans by determining their cytotoxic effects in experiments on cell culture in vitro. Material and methods. Studies were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of detergents with disinfectants properties : "Bioblysk", "Blysk Plus" and "Blysk" (manufactured by PE "HYGIENICS", Poland) on the lung cancer cells (line A-549) using cytochemical methods: MTT- with methyltetrazolium blue and CRB - test with sulforodamine B. Results. It was found that all detergents have the greatest cytotoxic effect on A-549 cells at a concentration of 1.0% of the native solution. The lowest concentrations 0.03% and 0.015% have no toxic effect on cells. With the help of probit analysis based on the obtained results, LC50 values were calculated: for Bioblysk - 0.15% (MTT test) and 0.15% (CRP test); for Blysk Plus LC50 - 0.25% (MTT test) and 0.2% (CRP test); for Blysk - 0.2% (MTT test and CRP test). LC50 values for detergents were 10 times lower than the recommended minimum concentrations of working solutions Conclusions. The obtained data indicate that the citotoxicity effect of detergents on A-549 cells was manifested by the effect on mitochondrial function and protein synthesis. The severity of studied drugs toxic effect depended on its chemical composition and pH, concentration in the incubation medium. The calculated LC50 values indicate their possible danger to the respiratory system, so they require appropriate protection.

Evaluation of disinfectant “Enzidez” according to physical and chemical parameters

The dependence of the national economy on disinfectants is constantly growing through prevention strategies and the development of resistance in microorganisms. Therefore, new disinfectants with different mechanisms of biocidal activity for a wide range of pathogens are appearing on the market. The aim of work has been to determine the physical and chemical parameters of the created disinfectant “Enzidez” active on biofilm forms of bacteria and the possible organic load. The magnitude of the surface tension of disinfectant “Enzidez” at different concentrations of solutions has been determined using a device with a Traube stalagmometer. The wettability of solutions has been determined by the method of measuring the wetting angle with a catheter. Washing properties and stability of foam by the method of washing animal fats, followed by application of indicator liquid. Proteolytic activity has been determined using milk and the effect of Enzidez solutions of different concentrations on it, followed by measurement of the optical density of the solutions spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 600 nm. It is established that the disinfectant with enzymes – “Enzidez” for disinfection in veterinary clinics for pre-sterilization disinfection and treatment of products and instruments of surgical purpose (plastic, rubber, glass, stainless steel) and objects of veterinary supervision (tables, utensils, walls, floors, doors, windows, etc.) with organic load is well soluble in water and has a pH of 0.25–1.0 % solutions in the range of 8.2–8.0 units. At a solution temperature of +20 ± 1 °С it has had a surface tension not higher than 37.63 ± 0.50 mN/m and a wetting angle of 69.5 ± 0.7 degree. The disinfectant has provided an excellent detergent effect only at solutions with a concentration of 1.0 % and above. When assessing the corrosive action of Enzidez in the concentration of solutions from 0.25 to 1.0 %, the amount of corrosion on stainless steel has been hundreds of times lower than the allowable regulatory limit. The impact on galvanized steel is slightly higher than that of stainless steel, but also several tens below the norm. A study to determine the proteolytic activity of the disinfectant “Enzidez” on milk proteins has revealed that the disinfectant broke down proteins at a concentration of solutions 0.5–1.0 % at a temperature of + 20 °C at 41.3–43.1 %, respectively, for 15 min of exposure. However, increasing the temperature of solutions to +60 °C and exposure for 30 min has provided an increase in proteolytic activity up to 70 %. Thus, disinfectant “Enzidez” is a highly active disinfectant for disinfecting surfaces even in the case of organic contamination.

Biochemical effects of three personal care products on growth and development in Cicer arietinum (chickpea) and Vigna aconitifolia (moth bean)

Personal Care Products (PCPs) contain numerous hazardous compounds, which affect the plant growth. The effects of common brands of soap, shampoo and detergent on early germination and growth of chickpea and moth bean were studied. The aim was to determine a threshold or “environmentally relevant” level of each PCP with respect to biochemical growth parameter and, thereby, establish a focused estimate of the toxicology profile of each product. Detergents had the greatest impact on biochemical parameters, namely, photosynthetic pigment, total soluble protein, dehydrogenase activity, cell viability and relative cell injury (RCI). RCI analysis was used to measure intracellular electrolyte leakage of metabolically significant ions such as sodium and potassium. Consequently, the findings yielded indications of heat tolerance corresponding to plant specimens, which would prove useful in arid locations and regions with low humidity. A harsher effect of detergents on growth and development was seen as compared to soaps and shampoos.