Effect Of Deposition Time Research Articles

Effects of Deposition Time And PH on The Characterization of Chemically Synthesized Composite Nano-Wires of Cu2S Thin Films


 The chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) had used for depositing Cu2S thin films on the glass substrates. It found that thickness and deposition rate were significantly dependent on deposition parameters (deposition time and pH value). XRD data indicates that at different deposition times and pH values are given amorphous structure except for the deposited thin film of (8hours) and, pH of (10.4) the structure was crystalline. The morphology of the deposited thin films remarkably changed as the deposition time increased. Optical transmittance measurements illustrate that transmission of the thin films decreases from 93.27% for a deposition time of 4 hours to 81.73 for deposition time of 10 hours and, the maximum transmission rate of the films is 95.21 % with pH=8.4 and decreases to 28.39 % with pH=11.4. Also, optical studies revealed that Cu2S thin film with direct energy bandgap decreased from 3.04 to 2.78 eV as deposition time increased and from 3.09 to 2.32 eV as pH increased.

Effect of deposition time on electrical properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Ag0.2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Effect of deposition time on electrical properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Ag0.2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Effects of deposition time on structural and optical properties of ZnS and ZnS/Au thin films grown by thermal evaporation

In this work, by exploiting the thermal evaporation technique, Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films are grown on glass substrates at 473 K. The effects of the deposition time on the thickness, structural, morphological, and optical properties of the thin films are investigated. The samples were deposited at 4 × 10−6 mbar with different deposition times (10, 20, and 30 min) whereas the thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometers (UV–Vis). XRD analysis indicates that all fabricated films have a cubic structure of β-ZnS phase. Moreover, crystallite size, lattice constant, dislocation density, and micro-strain are calculated from XRD data. According to the results, crystallite size shows an increasing trend from 7.05 to 12.28 nm as deposition time increases. The dependency of surface roughness on deposition time is also observed. Optical parameters of the films such as transmittance spectra, direct optical band gap energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, complex dielectric constant, dispersion energy parameters, static refractive index, and static high-frequency dielectric constant are carefully determined. The films exhibit high transparency and zero absorption in the visible and infrared regions. The refractive index values can be well fitted to Cauchy's relations for extrapolation to near strong absorption region. The prepared ZnS thin film with low surface roughness, high transparency, and large optical band gap may find its application as optical interfacing and CIGS solar cells. Moreover, a thin layer of Au ∼20 nm was deposited by the thermal evaporation method on the prepared ZnS films and the optical transmittance spectra show that the bilayers possess a good transmittance ratio while the disappearance of spectral interference was observed as a result of Au deposition.

Effect of Zn film thickness on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of WE43 alloy

A layer of Zinc (Zn) film is prepared on the surface of WE43 alloy using filtered cathode vacuum arc (FCVA) deposition equipment, and the effect of deposition time on the corrosion resistance of the film was discussed. The experimental results show that the film layer is mainly composed of Zn and ZnO. The deposition time has a greater impact on the quality of the film. When the deposition time is 800 s, the film is densest and has fewer defects. The polarization curve fitting results show that Zn800 alloy has the best corrosion resistance, and its corrosion current density is 34.8 ± 5.91 μA·cm−2, which is 77.2% lower than that of the substrate. At the same time, the nano-hardness (HIT) and elastic modulus (EIT) of Zn800 alloy are 0.35 ± 0.03 GPa and 24.45 ± 3.20 GPa, respectively, which has an EIT closer to human bones.

Effects of deposition time and RF power on the film characteristics of magnetron sputtered silicon carbide thin films

In this work, deposition time and RF power was shown to significantly influence the microstructure and properties of silicon carbide (SiC) thin films deposited on aluminum substrates by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Three different deposition times of 40, 60 and 75 min and at RF powers of 90 and 120 W were considered. The surface morphology of the thin films was investigated using an optical profilometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Vickers hardness test was also used to determine the hardness of the films. Grain size measurements revealed that increasing the deposition time and RF power results in larger SiC grains. Moreover, the surface roughness also increased with deposition time, however a decrease in roughness was observed when the RF power was increased from 90 to 120 W. The hardness of the SiC thin films generally increased with both deposition time and RF power, with the power having a more pronounced effect on the film hardness.

Synthesis of Composite Graphene/ Fe3O4 by Electrophoretic Deposition Using Pulse Direct Current

Composites Graphene/Fe3O4 have been successfully synthesized by the electrophoretic deposition method using pulse direct current (PDC) on a nickel foam substrate. In this study, we synthesized graphene and Fe3O4 separately before the two materials were composited. We synthesize graphene from coconut shell charcoal and synthesize Fe3O4 from pure iron. Graphene and Fe3O4 which have been formed, are dissolved with demineralized water as a dispersing medium so that a solution of 1.5 mg / mL is obtained which is then compiled layer by layer on the surface of the substrate with variations in deposition time of 10 to 30 minutes at room temperature. This aims to determine the effect of deposition time on the formation of graphene/Fe3O4 composites. The results showed that the use of PDC was able to precipitate graphene/Fe3O4 composites on the surface of the substrate. The use of longer deposition time, results in more graphene/Fe3O4 composites which adhere to the substrate surface. This result is also supported by XRD testing which shows the longer the deposition time, the diffraction peaks appear sharper.

Effect of deposition time and annealing process in chemical bath deposited CdS thin film

Effect of deposition time and annealing process in chemical bath deposited CdS thin film

Effects of deposition time on growth of Ir buffer layer on MgO(1 0 0) support layer by magnetron sputtering

The effects of deposition time of Ir buffer layer on MgO(100) support layer were investigated during the fabrication of the Ir/MgO compliant substrates with the use of the magnetron sputtering technique. It was observed that the XRD FWHM of Ir(200) decreases rapidly at first and then slowly with increasing deposition time, and the XRD FWHM data versus the deposition time can be fitted into the Logistic curve. For the surface roughness Ra of the Ir buffer layer, it increases firstly and then declines with increasing deposition time; the experimental data of Ra versus the deposition time can be fitted to the Lorentz curve. And the fitting functions corresponding to the two curves can be used for the determination of the deposition time of desired Ir buffer layer quality easily and conveniently, which provides a solid foundation for subsequent heteroepitaxy of high-quality diamond films on the Ir/MgO compliant substrate.

Optimization of ITO thin film properties as a function of deposition time using the swanepoel method

This work reports the effect of deposition time on the properties of indium tin oxide ITO thin film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on glass and Si substrates. The structural investigation shows that the as-deposited ITO thin films on a glass substrate have a polycrystalline structure, where the crystalline size increase with the deposition time. Moreover, the XRD results reveal that the ITO films have a cubic structure preferentially oriented along (222) and (622) planes. AFM results show an increase of the surface roughness from 1.2 nm to 2.2 nm. The optical transmittance spectra show high transmittance of more than 80 % for all samples at the visible and near-infrared ranges. The optical band gap varied between 3.52 eV and 3.59 eV with the increasing deposition time. In addition, the optical analysis gives a normal dispersion for the refractive index that has values varied between 1.5 and 1.65. The Swanepoel method was deployed for calculating thicknesses of ITO thin film. The method demonstrated the thicknesses increase from 141.3 nm to 816.0 nm for 60 min. Further, the calculated thickness agrees with the FESEM cross-section results. The EDX results of the ITO thin film show the concentration of the element increased with the increase of the film thickness. The properties of ITO thin films can be controlled by the amount of deposition time. This is an important parameter in the applications of solar cell work as a transparent conducting layer. • This article applied the Swanepoel method to determine the thickness ITO thin films. • The article study the growth of ITO thin films for different deposition time. • The analysis show an agreement between the results of Swanepoel method and the cross-section results.

A woven electrode with convex structure for electrical impedance tomography

We developed a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) woven electrode, which was woven in a convex high-density structure. The convex structure can decrease the motion artifacts caused by the slippage between human skin and the electrode. The high density can reduce the noise caused by the change of contact resistance. The model of the electrode–skin interface was proposed, and its equivalent circuit model was built, which can present an intuitive understanding of electrode design principles. Furthermore, AgCl particles were electrochemically deposited on the Ag electrode in terms of 23 schemes to optimize the deposition uniformity. The effects of deposition time, electrolyte concentration, and current/voltage magnitude were investigated. According to the result, the best combination is a constant current method, with the current at 0.01 A, the deposition time set to 300 s, and the electrolyte concentration as 0.05 M. The resistances of the deposited electrodes are qualified for impedance monitoring due to their small resistance. A bioimpedance system was assembled followed by the electrical impedance tomography mechanism. The frequency response and bioimpedance–time relationship were measured and analyzed in our bioimpedance system. The result reveals that the frequency response from [Formula: see text] to[Formula: see text] Hz presents a stable state for the convex woven electrode. The woven electrode system has a wider stable frequency band than the wet electrode. The bioimpedance of wet electrodes is stable in the initial time, whereas that of woven electrodes decreases with time. However, the wet electrode bioimpedance increases with time after 3 h, and the woven electrode bioimpedance is stable after 3 h. Both the interface capacitance and resistance have very important roles in the bioimpedance system. The woven electrode is better in long-term monitoring than the wet electrode. In addition, convex electrode bioimpedance presents less noise than the plain electrode. Therefore, the convex electrode is the best choice for the bioimpedance monitoring system.

Controllable synthesis of ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 heterostructures on Ni foam for hybrid supercapacitors with superior performance

The hierarchical core-shell heterostructures ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 on Ni foam (NF) for supercapacitors were prepared via two-step hydrothermal and electrodeposition reactions followed by two post-annealing treatments. The effect of deposition time on its morphology and electrochemical performance was investigated in detail. Combining high electric conductivity of ZnCo2O4 with high stability of NiCo2O4 as well as synergistic effect, the NF/ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4-100 (NF/ZCO@NCO-100) integrated electrode exhibited high specific capacitance of 1728.1 F g−1 (240.0 mAh g−1) at 1 A g−1, and excellent long-term stability with 97.8% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The assembled hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) delivered the specific capacitance of 133.6 F g−1 (55.7 mAh g−1) at 1 A g−1 and high energy density of 40.58 Wh kg−1 at 745.62 W kg−1 as well as the outstanding long-term stability of 91.3% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. These results provide insights into the rational design of transition metal compound composite materials to construct integrated electrodes for high performance supercapacitors.

Effect of deposition time on the photocatalytic activity of sputtered mixed ZnO–SnO2 thin films under visible light irradiation

In this work, transparent conducting ZnO–SnO2 oxide thin films have been prepared on glass substrates by radio-frequency RF magnetron sputtering at different deposition times dt using powder targets. The structural, optical, electrical and photocatalytic properties of the deposited films were studied based on the increased deposition time (1 h, 2 h, 3 h and 4 h). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed an amorphous aspect for all sputtered layers, while the Raman study proved the presence of characteristic modes of spinel phase Zn2SnO4. UV visible Spectroscopy results revealed good homogeneity and high transparency of the films within the visible wavelength. The estimated values of the optical band gap decreased from 3.77 to 3.59 eV as deposition time increased. The films’ thickness ranged from 60 to 400 nm. Hall effect measurements exhibited that the conduction of all films was n-type and electrons represented the majority of free charge carriers. The lowest electrical resistivity, highest mobility and highest charge carrier concentration were obtained for dt = 1 h. The test of the catalytic efficiency of these ZnO–SnO2 thin films indicated that the best degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye under solar irradiation was obtained for 210 min.

Interfacial behavior of graphene carboxyl‐grafted carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites at elevated temperatures: Emphasis on the effect of electrophoretic deposition time

AbstractElectrophoretic deposition (EPD) for decorating carbon fibers (CFs) was established to augment the interface of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and thereby their mechanical performance. In the current work, graphene carboxyl (G‐COOH) was grafted on to CF surface via EPD technique at three different deposition times, that is, 30, 45, and 60 min. The laminates obtained from these modified CFs were subjected to short beam shear (SBS) tests at room temperature (RT) and different elevated temperatures, that is, 70, 100, and 120°C. The effect of deposition time on mechanical behavior at various temperatures was evaluated. Modified composites showed a maximum improvement of ∼25%, ∼16%, and ∼13% in interlaminar shear stress (ILSS) values over neat composite at RT, 70, and 120°C, respectively. However, interestingly 100°C modified composites showed inferior shear behavior in comparison with neat composite. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the tested samples to find out the dominant mode of failure.

Experimental and numerical simulation of deposition time effect on ZnS thin films for CZTS-based solar cells

Experimental and numerical simulation of deposition time effect on ZnS thin films for CZTS-based solar cells

Insights on the Formation of Nanoparticles Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Onto Liquids: Gold Sputtered Onto Castor Oil as a Case Study

Magnetron sputter deposition of metal targets over liquids allows producing colloidal solutions of small metal nanoparticles (NPs) without any additional reducing or stabilizing reagents. Despite that this synthetic approach is known for almost 15 years, the detailed mechanism of NP formation is still unclear. Detailed investigations must be carried out to better understand the growth mechanism and, ultimately, control the properties of the NPs. Here, the combination of the gold (Au) target and castor oil, a highly available green solvent, was chosen as a model system to investigate how different experimental parameters affect the growth of NPs. The effect of deposition time, applied sputter power, working gas pressure, and type of sputter plasma (direct current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) vs. high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS)) on properties of Au NPs has been studied by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and further supported by quantum-chemistry calculations and mass-spectrometry analysis. The mechanism of the Au NP formation includes the production of primary NPs and their subsequent aggregative growth limited by diffusion in the viscous castor oil medium. Final Au NPs have a narrow size distribution and a medium diameter of 2.4–3.2 nm when produced in DC-MS mode. The NP size can be increased up to 5.2 ± 0.8 nm by depositing in HiPIMS mode which, therefore, mimics energy and time-consuming post synthesis annealing.

Anti-microbial corrosion performance of concrete treated by Cu2O electrodeposition: Influence of different treatment parameters

Electrodeposition of Cu2O on the concrete surface was applied to protect the concrete sewers from microbially induced corrosion. The effects of deposition time, current density, and electrolyte type and concentration on the antimicrobial properties of the Cu2O-electrodeposited mortar specimen were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry were performed to analyse the morphology and chemical composition of the deposits. The results indicated that the main compositions of the deposits were Cu2O and Cu, and the copper content of the deposits increased with increasing the deposition time and current density. However, a high current density (over 1.5 mA/cm2) caused an increase in the permeability of mortar specimens due to the thermal expansion of steels inside. The deposits were found to inhibit the growth of both sulphate-reducing bacteria and sulphate-oxidizing bacteria. Taking into consideration the copper content, bactericidal property, permeability and adhesion between the deposits and the substrate, optimum parameters of electrodeposition were determined. This preliminary study provides a basis for further investigating the antimicrobial performance of the electrodeposited concrete sewers in a real sewer environment.

Fabrication and Characterization of Functional Ceramic Films by Solution Spray Pyrolysis: Correlations with the Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of the Constituent Salts

Thin films of ceramic or ceramic-metal (cermet) electrodes with appropriate structure and morphology are always sought in ceramic fuel cells and electrolyzers. These films can serve as either electrodes or electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or electrolyzers (SOECs) requiring different morphological and structural characteristics for optimal function. Thus, electrode parameters such as thickness, porosity and tortuosity essentially determine the values of gaseous effective diffusivities and subsequently the extent of concentration polarization losses [1]. In addition, nanostructured thin film electrodes have shown enhanced conversion efficiencies compared to their bulk materials counterparts, essentially leading to low polarization losses [2].On the other hand, the electrolyte has to possess minimal porosity not allowing mixing between the anode and cathode compartments and adequately blocking electronic transport. Low thicknesses are desirable for minimization of the cell’s total ohmic resistance. However, at low electrolyte thicknesses, total ohmic cell polarization is affected by electrode microstructure to a greater extent than by electrolyte ohmic resistance due to contiguity factors between metal particles in the fabricated cermets and metal depletion in the anode functional layer [3].Generally, for a given set of chosen materials, all of the above microstructural requirements for electrodes and electrolytes have to be met by the adopted fabrication methods which have to be subsequently optimized with respect to their operational parameters. It is advantageous to resort to the so called innovative fabrication methods for the above, in particular for their functional components. The term refers to methods with the potential of producing nanostructural components and controlling in situ the film’s characteristics such as porosity, pore size, thickness and uniformity.The solution spray pyrolysis technique (SSP) belongs to this family of methods as it is based on molecular deposition and it involves spraying of a solution of suitable constituent metal salts onto a heated substrate [4].The technique is robust, environmentally friendly if water is used as solvent, easily upscalable and with easily controllable processing parameters. It also possesses the potential of producing very thin layers of components (i.e. < 1 μm) and therefore, reducing the subsequent sintering temperatures due to the more active precursor components of the constituent particles forming the final film.In a recent publication [4], we have shown that the technique can be optimized in terms of deposition temperature, time and concentration of the precursor salts in order to fabricate crack-free films of La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (LSM) and CuO-CeO2 on dense YSZ substrates with thicknesses of the order of 0.65–3.5 μm. Cu-CeO2 constitutes a potential anode that combines the functionalities of copper ( an electronic conductor) and a good oxidation catalyst (i.e. CeO2) for potential hydrocarbon fuels fed into a SOFC while LSM is the typical state of the art cathode used with a YSZ electrolyte [5]. It was shown that lower deposition temperatures (but above the solvent boiling point) generally lead to more porous films and the precursor salt concentration is coupled with the optimal deposition temperature range and deposition time. In the present communication, we extend these findings in order to include films of Gadolinia (10mole%) stabilized Ceria (CGO10) on dense Zr0.92Y0.08O2 - x (YSZ) and La0.3Sr0.7FeO3 (LSF70) substrates. CGO10 is a typical solid electrolyte more suitable for intermediate temperature applications (i.e. 500-750°C) and it is amenable to being fabricated with lower porosities by SSP than YSZ [6]. Focus is on the thermal characteristics of the constituent salts with respect to correlations with the appropriate deposition temperatures as well as the effect of deposition time. The produced films are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CGO10 films were also characterized in terms of their electronic blocking capability in contact with the LSF70 substrates.

Fabrication and Characterization of Functional Ceramic Films by Solution Spray Pyrolysis: Correlations with the Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of the Constituent Salts

Thin films of ceramic or ceramic-metal (cermet) electrodes with appropriate structure and morphology are always sought as either electrodes or electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or electrolyzers (SOECs) requiring different morphological and structural characteristics for optimal function. Requirements for the electrodes and electrolytes differ in each case and these dictate operational conditions of the adopted fabrication methods. The solution spray pyrolysis fabrication technique (SSP) is based on molecular deposition and it involves spraying of a solution of suitable constituent metal salts onto a heated substrate. In the present communication, we use this technique to fabricate thin films of Gadolinia (10mole%) stabilized Ceria (CGO10) on dense Zr0.92Y0.08O2-x (YSZ) and La0.3Sr0.7FeO3 (LSF70) substrates and La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (LSM) and CuO-CeO2 on dense YSZ substrates. Focus is on the thermal characteristics of the constituent salts with respect to correlations with the appropriate deposition temperatures as well as the effect of deposition time.

Effect of deposition time on optical properties of CuO thin film prepared by chemical bath deposition method

In this paper, thin films of copper oxide (CuO) deposited on glass slides using chemical bath deposition method. Aqueous copper sulfate (CuSo4.5H2O) used to obtain the required solution. The films prepared during different deposition times (1, 4 and 8) days at room temperature. The effect of deposition time on the optical properties of prepared films was studied. Optical measurements of copper oxide (CuO) thin films calculated from the transmittance and absorbance spectrum in the range (200-1000) nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results showed that, in general in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, all optical constants decrease with increasing wavelength and increase with increasing deposition time, except for transmittance, they increase with increasing wavelength and decrease with increasing deposition time. Finally, it was noticed that the value of the energy gap ranges between (1.8 eV - 2 eV) as it decreases with increasing deposition time.

The impact of deposition time on the morphological and structural characteristics of silver nanoparticles using the DC sputtering process

Silver nanoparticles were prepared on glass substrates at room temperature using four different deposition times (10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes). The dc magnetron sputtering technique is used to prepare the surface, with thicknesses of (30, 40, 50, and 60) nm, respectively. The effect of deposition times on the microstructure and morphology of the surface of deposited thin films was examined. Moreover, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and atomic force microscopy were used to examine the structural properties and morphological characterization of sputtered films. Parameters such as crystallite size are also measured. The research indicates that the XRD pattern has a polycrystalline structure with a preference for orientation along the (111) axis. The AFM images confirmed that the thin films shaped uniformly distributed spherical particles (in terms of size). Finally, increasing the film thickness causes the average surface roughness of the films to increase between (2.6-11.6) nm.