Effect Of Degumming Research Articles

Application of calcium alginate immobilized and crude pectin lyase from Bacillus cereus in degumming of plant fibres

In this study, the purified pectin lyase was immobilized in calcium alginate beads and compared with crude enzyme for application in degumming of buel and banana plant fibres. From the data of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was observed that untreated buel fibres were covered by non-cellulosic materials (pectin, hemicelluloses and waxes) and the surface of enzymatically treated buel fibres looked smoother. Also, the crude alkaline pectin lyase treated buel fibre exhibited a considerably cleaner surface, which suggested that the crude pectin lyase could provide better degumming effects in comparison to the immobilized pectin lyase. In case of banana fibre, the FTIR spectroscopy showed that both crude and immobilized alkaline pectin lyase treatments of banana plant fibres were equally efficient in degumming. The enzymatic degumming of buel and banana with crude pectin lyase resulted in maximum release of galacturonide after 24 h for buel and 15 h for banana fibre. The optimum temperature for degumming of buel and banana fibres with crude pectin lyase was found to be 50 °C and 45 °C, respectively. Also, the maximum galacturonide was released with 200 and 250 U of pectin lyase for buel and banana fibre, respectively.

Screening a bacterium and its effect on the biological degumming of ramie and kenaf

Biological degumming is an eco-friendly, efficient, high-quality and low-cost method that has become the leading bast fiber degumming technology. However, bacterial strains with short degumming cycles, high gum removal rates and small fiber damage are few. To screen high quality microbial resources with bast-fiber biological degumming function, soil samples were collected from a continuously cultivated banana plantation and then used to be enriched by ramie and kenaf materials in turn. A selective pectin-degrading medium was used to screen for excellent bacteria. A dominant bacterial strain was identified by phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and its biological degumming effects on ramie and kenaf were verified by a comprehensive evaluation system. Results showed that seven bacterial strains secreting pectinase were obtained and the largest hydrolysis circle with a diameter ratio H/C of 2.4 was produced by the bacterial strain hn1-1, which was preliminarily identified as the Bacillus cereus by colony morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence (GenBank accession number: KX013542) cluster analysis. The fiber production of ramie and kenaf degummed by B. cereus hn1-1 for 10 h were 72 % and 76 %, the residual gum rates were 4 % and 5 %, respectively. These values satisfied the textile industry requirement of < 6 % residual gum rate. Therefore, an effective biological degumming bacterium, B. cereus, was identified using a pectin-hydrolysis selective medium through a simple, economical, and time-saving method. Furthermore, the biological degumming technology by B. cereus for ramie and kenaf had a short cycle, ideal removal gum rate, and high-quality and productive fiber output.

Degumming of raw silk via steam treatment

A novel degumming approach by using steam treatment is proposed to minimize water pollution and consumption in silk wet processing. Sericin removal of Bombyx mori silk fibers was carried out with pressurized steam. The degumming ratio, fine structure and physical properties of the degummed silk fibers as well as energy efficiency were investigated to elucidate the degumming effects of steam treatment. Compared to the conventional neutral soap and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) degumming methods, sericin can be removed by steam treatment without any chemicals, and the degumming ratio as well as physicochemical properties of the degummed silk fibers maintained at a desirable level. Energy efficiency and cost analysis showed that steam degumming is more energy-efficient and economical than the conventional chemical degumming methods. Results showed that steam treatment is a feasible silk degumming method with the benefits of reduction in water pollution and energy consumption.

Effect of silk degumming on the structure and properties of silk fibroin

Two different silk fibroin samples were obtained by the Na2CO3 and urea degumming methods of silk fibers in the same fiber dissolution system, respectively. The molecular weight and viscosity of the fibroin samples were analyzed by the methods of SDS-PAGE, rheological, and etc. Then, different silk fibroin membranes (SFMs) and blank microspheres were prepared, and the effects of degumming methods on the silk fibroin were studied via analyzing the differences of SFMs and blank microspheres of the two samples. The experimental results showed that the viscosity of fibroin solution was positively correlated with its molecular weight. The fibroin prepared by the Na2CO3 degumming was lower than the one prepared by the urea degumming in the viscosity of the fibroin solution under the same mass concentration. Degumming with Na2CO3 exhibited the obvious effects on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of SFM, tensile strength decreased almost 10% and breaking elongation reduced more than 50%. Blank microspheres prepared from silk fibroin degummed with the different methods showed different particle sizes and its distribution. The microspheres prepared from silk fibroin degummed with the Na2CO3 had the smaller particle sizes and more concentrated distribution compared with those with the urea.

Study for the degumming pretreatment of rubber seed oil

With the rapid development of the aviation industry, appearing of the aviation carbon tax and the increasingly serious environmental problems have forced the world to research the development of renewable bio-aviation fuel. Renewable biological aviation fuel contains phosphorus that could reduce the synthesis of noble metal catalysts such as Pd, Pt activity. In order to get low content of phosphorus in degummed oil of non-edible vegetable oil, in this paper, with rubber seed oil as raw material, making the experiment of single factor at the influence of temperature, stirring speed, adding amount of monoethanolamine (MEA) and water amount. The experimental results show that the added amount of MEA is 2.5% in the weight of oil, and temperature is 60°C, while the amount of added water is 2% in the weight of oil, reaction time is 40 min, and stirring speed is 200 r/min. Under these conditions, the phosphorus content of rubber seed oil can be reduced to below 3 mg/kg, degumming rate is 91.37%, and the degumming effects are obvious, which also provides some foundation for follow-up studies.

The degumming effect on kenaf by different residence times of steam explosion treatment

Steam explosion (STEX) is an effective method of degumming kenaf and separating kenaf fibers. The residence time has a strong effect on the STEX process, and its mechanism of degumming kenaf was studied in this paper. In this research, five different residence times were chosen to treat kenaf at 1 MPa STEX pressure. The morphological changes were recorded using an optical camera and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical and physical properties of kenaf fiber were analyzed using wet chemistry analysis and a standard mechanical test. The cellulose content increased with increasing residence time. The breaking strength of kenaf fiber reached the highest level at 5 min residence time. It was also found that four different levels of kenaf fiber exist in the steam explosion process. This finding is very helpful for the degumming method development.

Effect of Crambe abyssinica oil degumming in phosphorus concentration of refined oil and derived biodiesel

Abstract In the present study, the effect of different degumming processes on the phosphorus content of Crambe abyssinica oil and resultant biodiesel was evaluated. The non-edible oil was submitted to water degumming and chemical degumming with different concentrations of phosphoric acid and varying the acid to oil volume percentages. Phosphorus content of the products was measured by UV spectroscopy after sample calcination, according to NP 1994:2000. Biodiesel was produced by transesterification using a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 1 wt% sodium hydroxide as catalyst at 65 °C, during 1 h. The biodiesel produced directly from the crude oil presented high phosphorus concentration (>20 ppm); consequently, a degumming process was required to fulfil the quality standard (

Comparison of the performance of kenaf fiber using different reagents presoak combined with steam explosion treatment

To enhance the degumming effect of steam explosion on kenaf fiber, different chemical reagents including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presoak combined with steam explosion were used and compared in this article. Distilled water coupled with steam explosion treatment and kenaf raw samples were used as control. The fiber morphology, chemical composition, crystalline structure, degree of fineness, and breaking tenacity of kenaf fibers after treatment were studied. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) performs better on removing lignin. It not only splits fibers, but also keeps the fiber’s tenacity during steam explosion treatment. Dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) performs better on hemicellulose removal, but it damages the fiber cellulose during steam explosion treatment and cause the fiber strength decrease a lot. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) performs the best on removing hemicellulose and lignin, and splits fiber well. However, the breaking tenacity of the fiber is lower than the fiber pretreated by H2O2. Besides, NaOH is a pollutant to the environment. In conclusion, H2O2 could be considered as the most promising reagent to be used in combined presoak-steam explosion system.

Effects of Degumming on the Antioxidants Properties of Some Non-conventional Seed Oils

This study examined the effect of degumming process on antioxidants properties and oxidative stability of six non- conventional oils in Nigeria extracted from the seeds and flesh of Terminalia catappa (seed), Irvingia gabonesis (seed), Glycine max (seed), Persea americana (flesh), Tithonia diversifolia (seed), and Dacryodes edulis (flesh). DPPH scavenging activity of the oils decreased after degumming except for D. edulis with increased DPPH scavenging activity. Similarly, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) decreased for G. max, T. diversifolia and I. gabonensis after degumming but increased for T. catappa, P. americana and D. edulis. The degummed oil showed high peroxidation under the different light intensities (under direct sunlight, fluorescent light, and daylight) except I. gabonesis oil (PV: 5.7 meq/kg) and T. catappa oil (PV: 11 meq/kg) with improved stability in the dark for the period of study (84 days).

A novel Silk/Polyester woven small diameter arterial prosthesis: Degumming and the influence on cytocompatibility

Sericin gum is like a two edged sword! It acts as the natural binder to maintain the structural integrity of silk filaments as well as to make the yarn more abrasion resistant. However, when used as an implantable device, for example, an arterial prosthesis, the presence of sericin increases the toxicity of the material. It is therefore necessary to remove all sericin before implantation. Although there are many methods to remove the sericin in the silk yarns or flat fabrics fabricated from silk yarns, there is little report about the method to degum silk in the tubular fabrics especially about small diameter (d≤6 mm) ones. In this study, small diameter arterial prostheses were woven using silk yarns still coated in sericin until the weaving process was completed. Then the samples were scoured to remove the sericin gum in sodium carbonate (0.05 wt. %) at 87 °C for 90 min with mechanical action. In order to make sure 90 min is enough to remove the sericin, the degumming time was extended to 210 min for some samples. Moreover, the degumming effect was examined on both inner and outer surfaces of the tubular samples to test the efficiency of the degumming method. The samples were first dyed with a picric acid-camine compound dye liquor which produces a red color with sericin and a yellow color with silk fibroin. After 90 min scouring, the samples showed a yellow color which indicates that the sericin had been removed completely by the degumming process. The effect of degumming was confirmed gravimetrically by measuring the weight loss, which was between 13.79 % and 23.99 % and remained steady after 90 min. Above all, the cytotoxicity was applied as one of the method to inspect the efficiency of degumming, which showed the result that, after degumming the samples were cytocompatible which is fit for implantation.

Effect of Alkaline Degumming on Structure and Properties of Lotus Fibers at Different Growth Period

Lotus fibers are pulled from different period of lotus root. Alkaline was used as degumming agent to remove non-cellulose impurities of lotus fibers. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR were used to characterize surface morphology and microscopic structure of lotus fibers before and after degumming. The effect of alkaline degumming on tensile properties of lotus fibers is investigated. The results show that impurities remove, hydrogen bond rupture, and crystallinity of partly armorphous chain occur during alkaline degumming. All of these changes play roles in influencing fiber tensile breaking force and elongation at break.

Experimental investigation of processing parameters and effects of degumming, neutralization and bleaching on lampante virgin olive oil's quality

The refining of crude oil is a purification process which aims to yield a high amount of triglycerides and to produce an acceptable refined oil quality. This work focuses on two topics: (1) the comparison of adsorption performance of four clays having different activation levels (Ads1, Ads2, Ads3, and Ads4) and (2) the identification of the effective factors using a fractional factorial design method of lampante virgin olive oil refining processes involving degumming, neutralization, and bleaching. The effects of the phosphoric acid concentration, ratio (acid/oil), degumming contact time, neutralizing agent excess, earth clay dosage, contact time and temperature of bleaching step were investigated through the determination of residual phospholipids content, free fatty acid percentage, oxidative stability, color, and trans fatty acids content.Based on adsorption isotherms, Ads1 is selected as the adequate clay contributing to color reduction with low formation of oxidation products. The results of a 2III7−4 model showed that the strength and the amount of phosphoric acid, and the bleaching parameters were the principal factors that controlled bleached oil quality. Residual phospholipids and acidity decreased as degumming agent increased. Additionally, the bleaching parameters were found to significantly affect the lovibond scale and oxidative stability.

Effect of low-temperature oxygen plasma on the degumming of ramie fabric

Ramie fiber is one of the most important materials for textile manufacturing. However, the conventional degumming processes for ramie involve numerous chemicals and water consumptions, resulting in a serious environmental concern. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of low-temperature oxygen plasma (LTP-O2) treatment on ramie fabric degumming in combination with a subsequent mild wet chemical process. The oxygen plasma treatment variables such as oxygen gas pressure, discharge power and exposure time were investigated and optimized according to the indexes of fabric total impurity removal, whiteness, capillary rise height, tensile strength and elongation, etc. The results show that a notable effect of oxygen plasma on ramie degumming was observed in a subsequent mild wet chemical process. The fabric capillary rise height, whiteness, tensile strength and elongation of the pretreated ramie were improved with gas pressures from 20 Pa to 40 Pa, although accompying with a decrease tendency in impurity removal, as well as for the capillary rise height as pressures higher than 40 Pa. Furthermore, the fabric impurity removal, capillary rise height were enhanced with plasma discharge power from 30.0 W to 250.0 W, with less affects on fabric whiteness, tensile strength and elongation. Moreover, most of the degumming indexes were also improved as the exposure time from 1.0 min to 3.0 min, except for a worse deterioration of fabric tensile strength as an exposure time longer than 5.0 min. An optimized plasma process for ramie fabric degumming was at 40.0 Pa of oxygen gas and 250.0 W of glow discharge for 3.0 min. In comparison with a control and conventional degumming processes, higher degumming effects and mechanical properties of ramie fabric were achieved by the combination degumming process with more environmentally friendly due to less consumption of chemicals, water and energy. Moreover, the effect of oxygen plasma on ramie fiber was further confirmed and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Quality Improvement of Wool Fabric Using Protease Enzyme

Wool is a fiber from the fleece of domesticated sheep. The scaly structure of wool is responsible, to a great extent, for the tendency of wool to felt and shrink. Chlorination is a commonly used process to modify the scales of wool fibers with the purpose of providing resistance to felting and shrinkage but this process shows a number of drawbacks which forced to search for an ecologically clean alternative. There have been many attempts to replace this chlorine process by an environmental friendly process that would similarly degrade the scales. Enzyme processing is one of them that has come to forefront in the textile processing units and made processing more eco-friendly. In the present study an attempt was made to treat the wollen fabric with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5g/l) of Protease enzyme and observed the effects on physical properties including hand of the fabric, weight loss, Scanning Electron Microscope (SCM) test, absorbency, pilling, tensile strength, and fabric drape, dyeability as well as colour fastness properties of woolen fabrics. The control, scoured and enzyme treated samples were also tested and compared. All the samples were dyed with acid dye to check the effect of enzymatic degumming on dye ability of wool fabric. The dyed fabrics were subjected to testing for various colorfastness properties including light, washing, crocking and perspiration. Untreated wool fiber showed fair handle, no absorbency (60 seconds), rough and sharp scales on the surface of fiber, however enzyme treatment with different concentrations wool fabric showed improvement in softness, slight weight loss (6.31%), smoother surface scales, improved absorbency (minimum 45 seconds) and drapability. Treatment with protease enzyme brought improvement in the physical and colorfastness properties of wool fabric. Among all the concentrations of protease enzyme, 4 g/l concentration was found to be best.

Improvement of thermoregulating performance for outlast/silk fabric by the incorporation of polyurethane microcapsule containing paraffin

The purpose of this work is to improve the thermoregulating performance of Outlast/silk fabric by means of the incorporation of polyurethane microcapsules containing paraffin. The effect of degumming and dyeing process on the heat storage capacity of Outlast/silk fabric was investigated. The endothermic enthalpy of Outlast/silk fabric was found to decrease from 5.41 J/g to 3.94 J/g after that processes. Polyurethane (PU) microcapsules were prepared with paraffin to serve as the core and polyurethane as the shell. The microstructure, morphology as well as phase-change property were systematically characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Subsequently, the prepared PU microcapsules were coated onto the Outlast/silk fabric by a conventional coating technique. The results showed that the endothermic enthalpy of the resultant fabric increased to 7.71 J/g, and the prepared PU microcapsules were firmly adhered on the surface of Outlast/silk fabric.

Study of Reed Leaf Fibers’ Degumming in High Temperature and Pressure

In order to make the reed leaf fiber soft, increase its separating degree and remove impurities, the method of pretreatment in removing impurity was studied. The orthogonal method was used to optimize the treatment condition and the optimal conditions were obtained at a concentration of sodium hydroxide of 18g/L, treating temperature of 100°C and holding time of 90min. It also revealed that temperature holding time had the greatest influence on the degumming effect of the fibers. Under these conditions, the content of pectin and hemicellulose could reach about 2.6% and the content of cellulose could come up to 92.8%. Furthermore, the binary quadratic orthogonal regressive experiment was used to optimize the degumming process. The longitudinal directions of the fibers were examined by SEM before and after the processing.

Effect of regeneration of liquid silk fibroin on its structure and characterization

Silk derived from cocoons of the female silkworm (Bombyx mori) was made into three kinds of test material, degummed fiber, liquid fibroin and regenerated silk fibroin membrane (RSFM). The effect of the silk degumming and fiber dissolution system (SD–FDS) on the molecular structure and properties of silk fibroin were studied in detail. Degumming with Na2CO3 solution had the greatest impact on silk fibroin fiber, resulting in significant reduction of the thermal stability and crystallinity, and the fiber tensile property was only half of that degummed with urea buffer. The moderate degumming solution was urea buffer, followed by strongly alkaline electrolyzed water (SAEW). SDS-PAGE showed that the silk fibroin degummed with 8.0 M urea at 80 °C and dissolved in 9.3 M LiBr at 25 °C was similar to the natural silk fibroin in vivo, but boiling in Na2CO3 solution leads to serious breakage of the silk fibroin peptide chain. The degree of breakage of the peptide chain is positively correlated with the storage time of liquid silk fibroin. DSC showed the more nearly intact the silk fibroin peptide chain, the higher the thermal decomposition temperature. The regenerated condition of the silk protein is often overlooked during the research process, while our study showed that different silk degumming and fiber dissolution systems will have different influences. The results of this test help us gain a deeper understanding of the effect of silk degumming and fiber dissolution on the molecular structure and properties of silk fibroin and provide important experimental data for screening and using silk protein as advanced functional biomaterials, such as medical tissue engineering materials.

Diversity and characterization of ramie-degumming strains

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea and Boehmeria tenacissima) is a widely used fiber crop. Traditional water retting or chemical boiling method performed in order to extract ramie fiber seriously pollute the environment and severely damage the fiber, so biological method is the general trend of the fiber-extracting industry. Some strains (687), involving 26 genera and 43 species, were collected from the three samples, which produce hydrolyzed circles in the selective culture medium in order to detect the degumming effect and to compare the enzyme activity. Among these strains, 13 of them did not produce cellulase and had a ramie decreasing weight rate above 25 %, which were regarded as efficient ramie-degumming strains named from R1 to R13. R1 to R13 belonged to Amycolata autotrobutylicun, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Bacillus subtilis, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Bacteroides finegoldii, Streptomyces lividans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Pectobacterium wasabiae respectively. Bacteroides sp., Rhizobium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were firstly reported to be used in ramie-degumming. At the same time, the pectinase was the key enzyme in the ramie-degumming process.

Effect of chemical and biological degumming on the adsorption of heavy metal by cellulose xanthogenates prepared from Eichhornia crassipes

Cellulose xanthogenates, derived from the straw of Eichhornia crassipes, were prepared as adsorbents for heavy metals by CS2 sulfonation and magnesium substitution after degumming with alkali, self-isolated A1 strain and pectase, respectively. The effects of three degumming treatments were compared by functional groups analysis, surface morphology and surface element composition and heavy metal (Pb2+) adsorption studies. The results demonstrate that bio-degumming treatments by A1 strain and pectase have weaker degumming effects than alkali treatment. However, the surface characteristics of the bio-degumming products, especially the pectase degumming product, are more beneficial to heavy metal adsorption. In comparison to that of the raw plant materials, the Pb2+ adsorption performances of the three xanthogenates improved significantly, although no obvious differences being observed among themselves. From an environmental point of view, the two bio-degumming treatments, especially the pectase degumming treatment, are more beneficial to prepare heavy metal adsorbents than the alkali degumming treatment.

Urea Peroxide：New Degumming Agent Impact on the Effect of Oxidation Degumming of Ramie

The application of urea peroxide in ramie oxidation degumming was discussed in this paper. And urea peroxide impact on the effect of ramie degumming was analyzed. The experimental results show that four parameters such as time, temperature, the amount of urea peroxide and the dosage of sodium hydroxide have influence on the fiber strength. At the same time, fiber strength with the increase of the amount of urea peroxide is reduced. The fiber strength and the dosage of urea peroxide basically appear linear characteristics. With the increase of time and the amount of sodium hydroxide, the single fiber strength of ramie increases firstly and then decreases. When the temperature is 95°C and the time is 3 hours, the fiber strength is the highest.