Effect Of Crop Establishment Methods Research Articles

The implications of land preparation, crop establishment method and weed management on rice yield variation in the rice–wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic plains

The implications of adopting alternative seeding methods for rice and wheat establishment were examined at three geographically separate sites in the rice–wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic plains, across northern India. Rice yields in cultivated plots, established by either wet or dry seeding methods, were evaluated in comparison to yields from zero-tillage plots and under conventional transplanting methods. In the same trials, the effects of crop establishment methods in wheat were assessed both on wheat yields and rice yields. Rice crop establishment methods markedly influenced the emerging weed flora and attainable yields were measured in relation to intensity of weed management. Over four years, average rice grain yields in the absence of weed competition were greatest (6.56 t ha −1) under wet seeding (sowing pre-germinated rice seed on puddled soil), and similar to those from transplanted rice (6.17 t ha −1) into puddled soil, and dry seeded rice after dry soil tillage (6.15 t ha −1). Lowest yields were observed from dry seeded rice sown without tillage (5.44 t ha −1). Rice yield losses due to uncontrolled weed growth were least in transplanted rice (12%) but otherwise large (c. 85%) where rice had been sown to dry cultivated fields or to puddled soil, rising to 98% in dry seeded rice sown without soil tillage. Weed competition reduced multiple rice yield components, and weed biomass in wet seeded rice was six-fold greater that in rice transplanted into puddled soil and twice as much again in dry seeded rice sown either after dry tillage or without tillage. Wheat grain yields were significantly higher from crops sown into tilled soil (3.89 t ha −1) than those sown without tillage (3.51 t ha −1), and also were elevated (5% on average) where the soil had been dry cultivated in preparation for the previous rice crops rather than puddled. The method of wheat cultivation did not influence rice yield. Soil infiltration rates in the wheat season were least where the land had been puddled for rice (1.52 mm h −1), and greater where the soil had been dry-tilled (2.63 mm h −1) and greatest after zero-tillage (3.54 mm h −1). These studies demonstrated at research managed sites across a wide geographic area, and on farmers’ fields, that yields of dry seeded rice sown after dry cultivation of soil were broadly comparable with those of transplanted rice, providing weed competition was absent. These results support the proposition that direct seeding of rice could provide an alternative to the conventional practice of transplanting, and help address rising costs and threats to sustainability in the rice–wheat rotation. Further, analysis of patterns of long-term rainfall data indicated that farmers reliant on monsoon rainfall could prepare fields for dry direct seeded rice some 30 days before they could prepare fields for either transplanting or seeding with pre-germinated seed. Dry, direct seeding of rice contributes a valuable component of an adaptive strategy to address monsoonal variability that also may advance the time of wheat establishment and yield. Whilst the results illustrate the robustness, feasibility and significant potential of direct seeded rice, they also highlight the critical nature of effective weed control in successful implementation of direct seeding systems for rice.

Effect of Crop Establishment Method and Time of Nitrogen Application on the Productivity of Boro Rice in Highland Ecosystem

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of crop establishment methods and time of nitrogen application in Boro rice at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) experimental farm, Gazipur during Boro season (2004-05). Five establishment methods viz; line sowing in zero tilled, broadcasting in zero tilled, line sowing in tilled, broadcasting in tilled wet soil and transplanting method and three times of nitrogen application viz; three splits of nitrogen application at 20, 40 and 85 DAS, four splits of nitrogen application at 20, 40, 60 and 85 DAS and leaf colour chart based nitrogen application methods were investigated. Line sowing in tilled wet soil gave the highest number of tiller m-2, panicles m-2, grains m-2, grain yield, straw yield, gross return, gross margin and less variable cost compared to other direct seeding and transplanting methods. In case of time of nitrogen application, four splits of nitrogen application gave the highest number of tiller m-2, panicles m-2, grains m-2, grain yield, straw yield, gross return, gross margin compared to other nitrogen application techniques.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods on the Performance of Boro Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) in the Cooler Region under Light Texture Soil Condition

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute regional station, Rangpur to investigate the performances of different establishment methods of Boro rice; variety BRRI dhan29 in light texture soil during Boro 2004-05 and 2005-06 seasons. Five crop establishment methods were tested in a randomize complete block design with three replications. The methods were: 1. Conventional transplanting method 2. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method, 3. Farmers practice, 4. Seedling throwing method and 5. Direct-Wet Seeded Rice(DWSR) using drum seeder method. Grain yield was influenced by different crop establishment methods in both the seasons. The highest mean grain yield was obtained by BRRI recommended conventional transplanting method (6.27 t ha-1) followed by SRI method (5.70 t ha-1). The highest number of panicles m-2 was obtained from wet DSR by drum seeder method (341 m-2). Effectiveness of tiller (92%) was obtained from the SRI method. The largest number of filled grains per panicle (76) was obtained from the SRI method. The highest 1000-grain weight (23.2 g) was obtained by the farmer’s method. Less sterility was occurred (30 %) from farmer’s methods. The highest growth duration (175 days) was observed in farmer method. But the highest field duration of BRRI dhan29 (145 days) was observed in wet DSR using dream seeder.

Comparing water input and water productivity of transplanted and direct-seeded rice production systems

Increasing water scarcity threatens food production in irrigated rice systems in Asia. It is, therefore, important to identify rice production systems that require less irrigation water than traditional transplanted (TP) rice. This study investigated the effect of crop establishment methods on irrigation input and water productivity (weight of produce per unit volume of water used) in three irrigation service units (ISU) from 1988 to 1994 in the Muda Irrigation Scheme, Malaysia. Water balance components, crop establishment method, the progress of farming activities, and rice yield of individual farmers and over the whole ISU were monitored. Yields in TP ISU were higher than in wet-seeded (WS) ISU and those in WS ISU higher than in dry-seeded (DS) ISU, but the difference was significant ( P<5%) only between TP and DS ISU. Land preparation duration was significantly reduced in DS and WS ISU compared with TP ISU. This led to a significant reduction in irrigation and total water input (rainfall and irrigation) before crop establishment. However, during the crop growth period in the main field, TP ISU had a significantly shorter crop growth duration and total water input than DS and WS ISU. Over the whole crop season, the three crop establishment methods had a similar total water input, but DS ISU had significantly less irrigation water and higher water productivity with respect to irrigation water than WS ISU and TP ISU. This was attributed to the ability of DS rice to capture more rainfall after crop establishment. Site-specific management of WS rice versus TP rice has to be taken into account in assessing their relative advantage for water input and water productivity.

Effect of crop establishment methods and irrigation schedules on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was conducted during 201415 and 201516 at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of irrigation and crop-establishemnt methods on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this experiment, 3 irrigation schedules (4 cm irrigation at IW: CPE of 0.8, 5 cm irrigation at IW: CPE of 1.0 and 6 cm irrigation at IW : CPE of 1.2) in 6 planting patterns including 5 bed configurations in furrow-irrigated bed planting systems and 1 flat planting with row-to-row distance of 22.5 cm. In furrow-irrigated bed planting systems, the crop was planted on the top of the 75 cm bed, 2 rows (B ); 75 cm bed, 3 rows (B ); 90 cm bed, 2 rows (B ); 90 cm bed, 3 rows 752 753 902 (B ) and 90 cm bed, 4 rows (B ). The results showed that by following furrow-irrigated bed planting systems, 903 904 on an average, 40% water was saved as compared to 1 flat planting with row spacing of 22.5 cm with significant increase in the productivity of water. Plant height, dry-matter accumulation, number of tillers, root length, root dry weight and crop growth rate displayed significantly higher with land configuration of 90 cm bed, 2 rows (B ). 902 Among the yield attributes, grains/spike, spike length (cm), spikelets/spike and test weight increased significantly in B and B , and 4 cm irrigation at 0.8 irrigation water : cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE) respectively. 752 902 The grain yield (4.65 and 4.76 t/ha), straw yield (6.05 and 6.15 t/ha); biological yield (10.71 and 10.94 t/ha) and harvest index (43.39 and 43.49) were significantly higher under B land configuration with 4 cm irrigation at an 904 0.8 IW: CPE in 201415 and 201516, respectively.

Effect of crop establishment methods and phosphorus levels on productivity and profitability of black eyed bean (Vigna unguiculata) in semi-arid region of Afghanistan

A field experiment was carried out at the research farm of the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University, Kandahar, Afghanistan during the rainy (kharif) season (AprilAugust) of 2017, to study the influence of crop establishment methods and phosphorus levels on yield and profitability responses of black eyed bean (Vigna unguiculata L.). Treatments were evaluated in split plot design consisting of 3 crop-establish- ment methods (broadcast, line sown and raised bed planting method) in main plots and 4 phosphorus levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P O /ha), in sub-plots replicated thrice. Raised bed planting method recorded significantly higher 2 5 pods/plant (15.1), dry matter accumulation/plant at harvest (67.4 g), pod length (15.2 cm), total seeds/plant (103.9), seeds/pod (8.99), weight of seeds/plant (6.81 g) and 1,000seeds weight (228.6 g), which resulted in sig- nificantly higher seed yield (2.06 t/ha). Owing to the higher yields recorded with raised bed planting method, the net returns (AFN 92,979/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.67) were also higher with this particular treatment. Among the phosphorus levels, application of 60 kg P O /ha, resulted in better yield attributes, which led to significantly 2 5 higher seed yield (2.18 t/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.78) compared to other phosphorus levels.

Effect of crop establishment methods on growth, productivity and soil fertility of rice (Oiyza sativa)-based cropping systems

A field study was undertaken during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at Modipuram to develop appropriate establishment technique of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to improve the growth, yield, profitability and soil fertility of rice-based crop- ping systems. The mean yield of hybrid rice was higher (8.52 Vha) with drum seeding and remained on a par with that of direct seeding and mechanical transplanting (puddled) compared with manual transplanting (puddled) and mechanical transplanting (unpuddled). Direct seeding (dry bed, unpuddled) adopted in the previous rice crop gave higher mean yield of the succeeding wheat (5.70 Vha), chickpea (2.20 Vha) and Indian mustard (1.86 Vha). Drum seeding recorded the highest mean net returns (Us 47,040 /ha) in rice-wheat system, followed by rice-chickpea (Us 42,336 /ha) and rice-Indian mustard system (Us. 39,774 /ha), and benefit : cast ratio (1.24) in rice-chickpea fol- lowed by rice-wheat (1.21) and rice-Indian mustard system (1.12). The system-wise soil analysis undertaken after three crop cycles indicated that organic carbon increased positively over initial status in rice-chickpea system; however, the magnitude of increase was largest under mechanical transplanting (puddled), and negative balances were found in rice-wheat system. Available P and K balance was generally positive in rice-wheat, rice-chickpea and rice-Indian mustard crop sequences except for P in rice-wheat and rice-mustard crop sequences under direct seeding. The drum or direct-seeded rice-based cropping system not only produced higher grain yield of hybrid rice but also resulted in greater productivity of the subsequent crops.

Effect of crop establishment methods on performance of rice (Oryza sntiva) cultivars and their effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was conducted during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to evaluate the performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars under different crop establishment methods and their effect on succeeding wheat (Triti- cum aestivum L. emend. Fiori &amp; Paol.) at the Project Directorate for Cropping Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Rice grown under unpuddled conditions gave higher systems productivity than rice trans- planted after puddling. However, productivity of rice and wheat and system as a whole under unpuddled and transplanted conditions did not differ significantly. Similar trend was observed in basmati rice-equivalent yield (BREY). Net returns were also not influenced significantly by crop establishment methods. Among rice varieties, 'IET 15339' gave superior performance followed by wheat variety 'PBW 226' in respect of yield and net returns.

Effect of crop-establishment methods and weed management on nutrient uptake microbial population and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was conducted at Bikaner, Rajasthan, during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201617 and 201718, to find out the efficacy of crop establishment and weed-management on weed, the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its residual effect on succeeding summer greengram [Vigna radiate (L.) R. Wilczek]. The treatments in wheat during the winter seasons, comprising 28 combinations having 4 crop-establishment methods and 7 weed- management options, was laid out in a strip-plot design with 4 replications. Wheat variety Raj 3077 was sown at 22.5-cm-row spacing using a seed rate of 100 kg/ha. Both stale seedbed and deep tillage methods reduced the density and dry matter of all most weeds at all the stages significantly in comparison to conventional tillage, while stale seedbed using glyphosate at 2.0 kg/ha proved itself best among all the treatments. Metsulfuron @ 4.0 g/ha + 1 hand-hoeing significantly decreased the weed density and dry matter of all the weeds except nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) and Burmuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] over all herbicidal treatments. The yield of wheat was significantly higher under state seedbed using glyphosate at 2.0 kg/ha followed by stale seedbed SSB using shallow tillage over deep and conventional tillage. In weed management, metsulfuron @ 4.0 g/ha + 1 hand-hoeing significantly increased the yield over other herbicidal treatments. Stale seedbed technique was significant superior in nutrient uptake by grain and straw to deep and conventional tillage. In weed management, metsulfuron 4.0 g/ha + 1 hand-weeding given better response over remained applied treatment. The crop-establishment methods had not significant effect on fungi, bacteria and dehydrogenase activity. In weed-management treatment lowest microbial population were recorded under metsulfuron-treated plot at 7 days after application, whereas at 30 days after application and harvest stage had not significant variation

Effect of crop-establishment methods and nitrogen levels on productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays) in semi-arid region of Afghanistan

A field experiment was carried out at the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar, during the rainy (kharif) season (AprilAugust) of 2015, to study the yield and profitability responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to different crop-establishment methods and nitrogen (N) levels in semi-arid re- gion of Afghanistan. The treatments consisted of 3 crop-establishment methods, viz. broadcast, line sowing and ridge sowing, allotted to main plots and 4 N levels, viz. 0, 120, 160, 200 kg N/ha, in subplots. The experiment was conducted in a three-time replicated split plot. The results revealed that crop-establishment methods did not influ- enced yield attributes like number of cobs/plant, cob length, cob girth, rows/cob, grains/row significantly; however numerically higher magnitude of these yield attributes was observed under ridge planting. Moreover, ridge plant- ing recorded significantly higher number of grains/cob (390.1) and 1,000-grain weight (272.6 g), which finally re- sulted in significantly higher grain yield (6.30 t/ha). Owing to higher yield, Net returns and benefit: cost ratio were also higher with ridge planting. Among the N levels, an application of 200 kg N/ha resulted in the maximum values of all yield attributes, which led to significantly higher grain yield (5.77 t/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.43) compared to all other N-levels.

Nitrate accumulation under pea cropping and the effects of crop establishment methods: a sustainability issue

Grain legume-cereal rotations are unsustainable on acid soils because they promote acidification of surface soil through nitrate leaching. Two field experiments were conducted on red, clay-loams in the cropping zone of central western New South Wales to determine whether soil mineral N concentrations during crop growth are higher under pea than barley, and whether the nitrate concentration under pea crops can be decreased by ammending soil with cereal straw before sowing.Significantly higher mineral N, particularly nitrate, was found under pea than under barley, as early as 6 weeks following autumn sowing, and also in spring. The pea effect represented an increase of up to 23 kg N/ha of mineral N (0-30 cm). It is proposed that the source of higher nitrate concentration under pea may be residual soil nitrate not utilised by pea, or nitrate derived from the mineralisation of pea roots or exudate. The increase in soil nitrate during pea growth contributes to greater postharvest soil mineral N and higher wheat yields after pea, but also increases the risk of soil acidification. Soil ammendment with cereal straw was partially effective in reducing nitrate concentration under pea, but a more effective treatment is required.