Effect Of Crop Establishment Methods Research Articles

Influence of microbial consortia mediated in-situ rice straw management options on yield, economics and energetics in rice-wheat cropping system

A field experiment was carried out during rainy and winter seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi to study the effect of crop establishment methods and microbial consortia (Pusa decomposer) mediated in-situ rice straw management options on yield, economics and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa L) (cv. Pusa Basmati 1509) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (cv. HD 2967). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of two treatments viz., aerobic rice (AR) and conventional transplanted (CT) rice in wet season and seven sub-plot treatments viz. clean cultivation (removal of paddy straw), paddy straw incorporation (PSI), paddy straw mulching (PSM), PSI + Pusa decomposer (PD), PSM + PD, PSI + urea @ 20 kg/ha, PSI + PD + urea @ 10 kg/ha in dry season. In rice, results showed that grain yield (4.23 and 4.42 t/ha), net return (`69,470 and `71,682/ha) and energy output (157361 and 160950 MJ/ha) were significantly superior in CT rice than AR in main plots during both the years of experiment. However, sub-plot treatments showed a non-significant difference on these parameters. In wheat, among in-situ rice straw management options, paddy straw incorporation+ Pusa decomposer + urea @ 10 kg/ha treatment significantly resulted in higher grain yield (4.86 and 4.92 t/ha), net return (`62697 and `64801 /ha) and energy output (174951 and 176730 MJ/ha) compared to other treatments and control (clean cultivation). However, in main plots, statistically similar results were obtained with AR-wheat and CT-wheat. Thus, conventional rice transplanting resulted in significantly higher productivity and profitability over aerobic rice, however, AR consumed less energy (18.95%) and water (31.73%). Whereas, paddy straw incorporation+ Pusa decomposer + Urea @ 10 kg/ha was found effective in-situ rice management options with higher productivity and energy output compared to control.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nano Urea Compared to Urea on Quality and Nutrient Uptake in Rice Crop (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 at Agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with thrice replications. Taking three crop establishment methods Direct Seeded Rice, System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Transplanted Rice in main plot and seven nitrogen levels control, 100 % RDN through conventional Urea, 100 % RDN through Nano Urea, 80 % RDN through conventional Urea + 20 % RDN through Nano Urea, 60 % RDN through conventional Urea + 40 % through Nano Urea, 40 % RDN through conventional Urea + 60 % through Nano Urea and 20 % RDN through conventional Urea + 80 % through Nano Urea in sub plot. Results showed that significantly higher NPK content, NPK uptake protein content and protein yield was recorded in application of 60 % RDN through conventional Urea + 40 % through Nano Urea which was at par with 40 % RDN through conventional Urea + 60 % RDN through Nano Urea significantly superior over rest of the treatment during both the years of investigations.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Productivity and Bioenergetics of Rice

Background: SRI and aerobic rice are one of the techniques of growing rice under water scarcity areas where meeting water requirement is becoming a global threat. Weeds are another threat to yield of rice irrespective of different establishment methods. Until checked, it can decline rice yield and quality up to more than 70%. SRI and aerobic rice have different densities of weeds and integrated weed management can be applied to suppress the weeds. Considering the current scenario, research was conducted to investigate growth, yield and bioenergetics of rice under different establishment methods and weed management. Methods: The experiment entitled “Effect of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on productivity and bioenergetics of rice” was carried out in split plot design with main plots, viz., M1- aerobic rice (AR) and M2- system of rice intensification (SRI) and five subplots W1- pre-emergence (pendimethalin @1 kg a.i ha-1) fb post-emergence (bispyribac-sodium @20g a.i ha-1) (PE+POE), W2- pre-emergence (pendimethalin @1 kg a.i ha-1) fb cono weeding at 15, 30, and 45 DAT/ DAS (PE+CW), W3- weed free (WF), W4- weedy check (WC), W5- stale seedbed followed by post-emergence herbicide (bispyribac-sodium 10% SC 20 g a.i ha-1) (SSB+POE) in split plot design with three replications taking the variety ‘Pusa Basmati-1121’ as a test crop. Result: Among the establishment methods, SRI recorded significantly higher growth attributes like plant height and dry matter production and yield attributes like number of panicles per hill, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, test weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Among the weed management treatments, WF recorded significantly higher growth attributes like plant height, number of tillers per hill, dry matter production and yield attributes like number of panicles per hill, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, test weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index that was followed by treatment PE+CW. Maximum net return and B:C ratio was observed in the treatment combinations M2W2- SRI + (PE+CW). The maximum total energy input was found in the treatment combination M1W1- AR+ (PE+POE) and the maximum total energy output was found in the treatment combination M2W3- SRI + WF. The energy intensiveness was observed to be maximum in the treatment combination M1W4- AR + WC and the maximum energy efficiency index was observed in the treatment combination M2W3- SRI+WF.

Long-Term Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Tillage Practices on Soil Physical Properties in Rice-Wheat System

ABSTRACT Rice-wheat system, the most prevalent cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic plain, nowadays poses a threat to its sustainability owing to deterioration of soil physical parameters, disposal of rice straw and declining yield trends. The present study was aimed to identify the best option of crop establishment, tillage and rice straw retention in rice-wheat system after long-term (2010–2020). The field experiment was conducted on typic Ustochrept sandy clay loam soil. Treatments comprised direct seeded rice with zero tillage (DSRZT), direct seeded rice with conventional tillage (DSRCT), direct seeded rice with reduced tillage (DSRRT) and puddled transplanted rice (PTR) in rice as main plots; and conventionally tilled without rice residue (CTW), zero tilled without residue (ZTW) and zero tilled wheat with residue retention (ZTW+R) in wheat as sub plots. The results revealed that physical parameters like bulk density and soil penetration resistance decreased while, plant available water content, infiltration and hydraulic conductivity of the soil increased significantly in DSRZT, DSRRT and ZTW+R compared to PTR and CTW. Amount of organic carbon enhanced from .42% to .55% and .34% to .39% in both 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers, respectively, in DSRZT compared to PTR. Aggregation status also improved in ZT-based treatments in contrast to PTR and CTW treatments. However, the average grain yield of rice was higher by 2.15–19.4% in PTR compared to DSR treatments while; ZTW+R had an advantage of 4.98% and 7.75% in contrast to CTW and ZTW, respectively, in terms of average wheat yield.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Phenology, Quality, Nutrient Content and Uptake of Coarse Rice

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2020 at the farm of College of Agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The objective of the experiment was to study the response of a short-duration non-scented rice variety called HKR-48 to nitrogen fertilization under two different methods of crop establishment. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RBD) factorial design with the two establishment methods (direct seeding and transplanting) as main plot treatments and six levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg/ha) as sub-plot treatments, with three replications. The results of the experiment showed that the transplanted crop took longer to initiate tillering, anthesis (flowering), and reached maturity slightly earlier compared to the direct-seeded crop. However, both establishment methods showed similar timing for panicle emergence. The methods of crop establishment did not have a significant effect on kernel length, kernel breadth, NPK content, and protein content of the grains. However, the transplanted crop had improved hulling, milling, and head rice recovery compared to the direct-seeded crop. With increasing nitrogen levels, there was a delay in the days taken to attain tillering, panicle emergence, anthesis, and physiological maturity, following a graded response. The kernel length and breadth were not influenced by the graded doses of nitrogen. However, the quality parameters such as hulling, milling, head rice recovery, and protein content of the grains improved significantly with increasing nitrogen levels. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in the grain and straw remained unaffected by the different nitrogen doses, except for nitrogen content. The uptake of NPK by the crop (grain and straw) showed an increasing trend with higher nitrogen application

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Coarse Rice

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at farm of College of Agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to investigate the response of short duration non-scented rice variety HKR-48 to nitrogen under two different methods of crop establishment. The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design consisting of two establishment methods i.e. direct seeded (DSR) and transplanted (TPR) as main plot treatments and six different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha) in sub- plots with three replications. The experiment showed that plants grown under the DSR method had greater height and tiller production at all growth stages but experienced higher tiller mortality later on. DSR also resulted in higher early-stage dry matter accumulation compared to TPR, but there was no significant difference at later stages or at harvest. Although the number of effective tillers did not significantly differ between DSR and TPR, DSR had 16% more grains per panicle with the same test weight. However, the transplanted crop had a significantly higher grain yield (11.9%) compared to the direct-seeded crop. Increasing nitrogen dosage up to 120 kg N/ha positively influenced growth parameters and yield-contributing characters. There was no significant difference between 120 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha in respect of growth indicators. Grain yield was significantly enhanced with increased nitrogen dosage, but the difference between 120 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha was not significant.

Effect of crop-establishment methods on growth, yield, and economics of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus) varieties in Vindhya Alluvial region of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, during the winter (rabi) season of 2020–21, to study the performance of 3 lathyrus varieties (‘Nirmal’, ‘Prateek’ and ‘Ratan’) under 3 establishment methods (broadcasting, line sowing and dibbling). Broadcast-sown lathyrus emerged early (4.9 days) with the highest emergence rate (96.5%) and recorded the maximum plant population (30.2/m2 ) compared to line sowing and dibbling method. Lathyrus variety ‘Ratan’ recorded the highest aerial dry-matter (94.5 g/ m2 ) at 80 days after sowing (DAS) and crop-growth rate (CGR) 1.74 g/m2 /day at 60–80 DAS, but ‘Nirmal’ produced the tallest plants (110.9 cm) and maximum branches/plant (8.5) at harvesting. Lathyrus raised in line-sown plots yielded the highest (1,757 kg/ha), being 6.7 and 27.3% greater than dibbling and broadcasting methods, respectively. Among the 3 varieties, ‘Ratan’ gave the highest grain yield (1,672 kg/ha) mainly owing to greater number of pods/plant (59.4), maximum net income (`34,989/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.06) compared to ‘Prateek’ (1,605 kg/ha) and ‘Nirmal’ (1,507 kg/ha).

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Fertility Management on Growth Parameters of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) during Kharif season 2021 -22 in order to study the effect of crop establishment methods under fertility management on growth parameters of rice. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatment consisted of four crop establishment methods i.e., (M1) Transplanting rice (Conventional) (M2) Direct seeded rice by line sowing (Conventional) (M3) Drum seeded method under puddled condition (M4) System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method kept in main plots .However, four nitrogen levels viz, (N1) 100% RDF (150: 60:40 kg N:P:K ha -1), (N2) 75% RDF +25% RDN through FYM, (N3) 75 % RDF + 25% RDN through Vermi-compost, (N4) 50 % RDF + 25 % RDN through V.C. + 25% RDN through FYM allotted the in sub plots. This way there was made 16treatment combinations. As per the results the values of growth parameters viz. plant height (cm), number of tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation (m-2) and leaf area index of rice were increased significantly with system of rice intensification (SRI) method followed by transplanting method. However, in fertility management the application of 100% RDF (150: 60:40 N: P: K kg ha -1)) recorded the maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, no of tillers, leaf area index, CGR, RGR, NAR, AGR and LAR, which was at par with the application of 75 % RDF + 25% RDN through Vermi- compost and significantly superior over rest of the treatments.

Effects of Nutrient Management on Growth Indices and Grain Yield of Different Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive Kharif seasons, 2021 and 2022 at Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh, India) to assess the effect of crop establishment methods and nutrient management on growth indices and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted in split plot design which comprised of four crop establishment methods. There are: M1 transplanting (Conventional); M2 direct seeded rice; M3 drum seeded rice and M4 broadcasting sprouted seed under puddled condition were kept in main plot while five nutrient management practices were kept in sub plot. They are: N0 Control; N1 Recommended dose of fertilizer (150:60:40 kg/ha NPK); N2: RDF + Zn@5kg/ha; N3: RDF + S@40 kg/ha; N4: RDF + Zn + S (@5 + 40 kg/ha). The experiment was replicated three times. Significantly higher crop growth rate, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate growth and grain yield was recorded in transplanting methods during both the years of investigation. Among the nutrients management; higher value of all the growth indices and grain yield was recorded in 150:60:60 kg/ha NPK + Zn (5 kg/ha) + Sulphur (40 kg/ha).

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Organic Weed Management on Nutrient Uptake, Soil Fertility, and Yield of Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L)

A field experiment was carried out during Kharif, 2019 in an organic block of Instructional-cum-Research farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India to evaluate the effects of systems of rice establishment and organic weed management practices on the yield, nutrient uptake, and soil fertility of aromatic rice variety Kola joha. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with systems of establishment in the main plot and organic weed management practices in the subplot. The transplanting method of establishment resulted in a significantly higher grain yield of 18.17 quintal/hectare (q ha-1) and nutrient uptake over the direct seeded method. Among the organic weed management practices, the highest grain yield (21.95 q ha-1) and nutrient uptake were recorded with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT/DAS which was followed by intercropping of dhaincha and incorporation at 40 DAT/ DAS (16.90 q ha-1). The highest available N content (260.86 Kg ha-1) in post-harvest soil was recorded with intercropping of dhaincha and incorporation at 40 DAT whereas the highest available P2O5 and K2O contents of soil were recorded with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT/DAS.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Microbial Inoculations on Augmenting the Energy Efficiency and Nutritional Status of Rice and Wheat in Cropping System Mode

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years with the aim to quantify the role of different nutrient management variables such as microbial inoculation, zinc (Zn) fertilization and optimal and sub-optimal fertilization of nitrogen and phosphorus on the energetic and nutritional status of the rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS). The said nutrient management variables were applied over six different crop establishment methods (CEMs) in RWCS viz. puddled transplanted rice (PTR), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice system (ARS) in rice and conventional drill-sown wheat (CDW), system of wheat intensification (SWI) and zero-tillage wheat (ZTW) in wheat. Two microbial consortia viz. Anabaena sp. (CR1) + Providencia sp. (PR3) consortia (MC1) and Anabaena-Pseudomonas biofilmed formulations (MC2) were used in this study, while recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (RDN) (120 kg N ha−1 and 25.8 kg P ha−1), 75% RDN and Zn fertilization (soil applied 5 kg Zn ha−1 through zinc sulphate heptahydrate) were the other variables. The contribution of microbial consortia, Zn fertilization and RDN (over 75% RDN) to net energy production of RWCS was 12.9–16.1 × 103 MJ ha−1, 10.1–11.0 × 103 MJ ha−1 and 11.7–15.3 × 103 MJ ha−1. Among the CEMs, the highest gross and net energy production was recorded in ARS–ZTW with lowest energy required for production of one tonne of system yield (2366–2523 MJ). The system protein yield varies from 494.1 to 957.7 kg ha−1 with highest protein yield in 75% RDN + MC2 + Zn applied ARS–ZTW. Among micronutrients, the uptake of Zn and iron (Fe) is sensitive to all studied variables, while manganese (Mn) and cupper (Cu) uptake was found significantly affected by CEMs alone. The combination of 75% RDN + MC2 + Zn in ARS–ZTW was found superior in all respects with 288.3 and 286.9 MJ ha−1 net energy production and 2320 and 2473 MJ energy required for production of one tonne system yield in the first and second year of study, respectively.

Tillage based Crop Establishment Methods and Zinc Application Enhances Productivity, Grain Quality, Profitability and Energetics of Direct-Seeded Rice in Potentially Zinc-Deficient Soil in the Subtropical Conditions of India

ABSTRACT Direct-seeded rice is becoming an alternative to puddled transplanted rice in Indo-Gangetic Plain due to looming water scarcity and shortage of labor. But poor crop establishment and zinc nutrition hinder realizing its full yield potential. Thus, an experiment on direct-seeded rice allocating three crop establishment methods in main plots and five zinc application treatments in subplots was conducted in a split-plot design with three replicates with the aim to evaluate the effect of crop establishment methods and zinc application on productivity, profitability and energetics. Conventional till-wet direct-seeded rice increased effective tillers by 16.89 and 22.98%, panicle length by 5.33 and 10.48% and panicle weight by 7.83 and 13.41% over conventional till-direct seeded rice and zero till-direct seeded rice, respectively. Furthermore, conventional till-wet direct-seeded rice yielded highest grain and straw yield. Basal application of zinc (6.0 kg ha−1) recorded higher grain (4.70–19.50%), straw (3.22–12.92%) and biological yield (3.82–15.51%) over the rest of the treatments. Besides, basal application of zinc (6.0 kg ha−1) also proved profitable and energy-efficient. Therefore, conventional till-wet direct-seeded rice with the basal application of zinc (6.0 kg ha−1) is suggested to realize higher productivity, profitability and energetics of direct-seeded rice in potentially zinc-deficient soils.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Productivity and Profitability of Clusterbean under Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan

Background: Adequate tillage checks and delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favourable environment for early crop establishment. Slow growth of crop plant provides favourable environment for emergence of weeds. Cultural as well as mechanical practices such as hand weeding and intercultural are effective but unavailability of labour and continuous rainfall in rainy season does not permit for timely management of weeds Chemical weed control is effective weed management option which provides effective control of weeds. It is well known that weeds are ubiquitous but their presence in cropped area particularly in rainy season crops like clusterbean act as major limiting factor in achieving high potential yield. The current study aimed to study the impact of crop establishment methods and weed control practices on productivity and profitability of clusterbean. Methods: A field experiment was carried out to find out suitable method of crop establishment methods and weed management practices in clusterbean during kharif seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The experiment was conducted in spilt plot design with three replications. The treatments were four crop establishment methods viz., conventional sowing, zero tillage sowing, broad bed sowing, zero tillage sowing with mulch as main plots and four weed control practices viz., weedy check, pendimethalin+imazethapyr 1000 g ha-1, T3- Imazethapyr 40 g ha-1, T4-Imazethapyr+imazamox 40 g ha-1 as sub plot treatments . Result: The broad bed sowing of clusterbean along with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin+ imazethapyr 1000 g ha-1 was found effective to achieve higher productivity and farm profitability.

Effect of crop establishment and weed management methods on weed dynamics and productivity of direct-seeded rice in middle Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region Patna, Bihar to evaluate the effect of crop establishment methods and weed management treatments on weeds and productivity of direct-seeded rice (DSR). The treatments consisted of three upland DSR establishment methods, viz. zerotill direct-seeded rice:(ZT-DSR); conventional-till (CT)-dry DSR (CTDSR) and CTDSR-dust mulching, and three weed pressure maintenance treatments including: low weed pressure: maintained with pre-emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) at 2 days after seeding (DAS) followed by (fb) post-emergence (PoE) application of bispyribac–Na (30 g/ha) PoE at 20 DAS fb hand weeding (HW) twice at 30 and 50 DAS; medium weed pressure: maintained with pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) PE at 2 DAS fb bispyribac–Na (30 g/ha) PoE at 20 DAS, and high weed pressure: maintained with pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) PE alone, in upland DSR under the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains (MIGPs). The major weeds recorded with upland DSR were Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colona, Brachiaria ramosa, Caesulia axillaris and Physalis minima. Significantly the lowest relative weed abundance, weed density and biomass were recorded in CT-DSR-dust mulching compared to ZT-DSR and CTDSR. Among the weed management treatment, maximum weed suppression was recorded in low weed pressure in comparison to medium and high-weed pressure management practices. Significantly higher grain yield (2.14 t/ha) and net returns (₹ 20869/ha) were obtained with CT-DSR-dust mulching. Hence, it may be concluded that for better rice productivity and weed management in upland DSR, CT-DSR-dust mulching with low weed pressure maintenance is the most potential and viable practices under the MIGPs.

Conservation agriculture effects on yield and profitability of rice-based systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain

Abstract Sustaining productivity of the rice-based cropping systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (EIGP) requires practices to reverse declining soil fertility resulting from excessive tillage and crop residue removal, while decreasing production costs and increasing farm profits. We hypothesize that the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA), involving minimum tillage, crop residue retention and crop rotation, can address most of these challenges. Therefore, the effects of crop establishment methods – strip planting (SP), bed planting (BP) and conventional tillage (CT); and levels of crop residue retention – high residue (HR) and low residue (LR) on individual crop yield, system yield and profitability were evaluated in a split-plot design over three cropping seasons in two field experiments (Alipur and Digram sites) with contrasting crops and soil types in the EIGP. The SP and BP of non-rice crops were rotated with non-puddled rice establishment; CT of non-rice crops was rotated with puddled transplanted rice. In the legume-dominated system (rice-lentil-mung bean), lentil yields were similar in SP and CT, while lower in BP in crop season 1. A positive effect of high residue over low residue was apparent by crop season 2 and persisted in crop season 3. In crop season 3, the lentil yield increased by 18–23% in SP and BP compared to CT. In the cereal-dominated system (rice-wheat-mung bean), significant yield increases of wheat in SP and BP (7–10%) over CT, and of HR (1–3%) over LR, were detected by crop season 3 but not before. Rice yields under CA practices (non-puddled and HR) were comparable with CT (puddled and LR) in both systems. Improved yield of lentil and wheat with CA was correlated with higher soil water content. The net income of SP increased by 25–28% for dry season crops as compared to CT and was equal with CT for rice cropping systems. Conservation agriculture practices provide opportunities for enhancing crop yield and profitability in intensive rice-based systems of the EIGP of Bangladesh.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Weed Density and Productivity of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Aim: Present experiment was conducted to study the effect of crop establishment methods and weed management options on weed dynamics and performance of Basmati rice.
 Study Design: Split plot design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Iinvestigation was conducted during the kharif-season of 2019 and 2020 at Crop Research Center, S.V.P.University of Agriculture &Technology, Meerut (U.P.), India.
 Methodology: Mainfactors consist of the crop establishment methodsviz.(1) Conventional Puddled Transplanting, (2) Unpuddled Flat and (3) Furrow Irrigated Raised Beds, the sub factors consist of five weed management options viz., (1) Pretilachlor @ 0.75 Kg ha-1 PE fb Bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 POE at 20 DAT, (2) Almix 4 g a.i. ha-1 + Bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 POE at 20 DAT, (3) Bispyribac sodium @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 POE at 20 DAT, (4) Two hand weedings and (5) Weedy check.
 Results: Minimum total weed density was recorded under CPT (E1) followed by FIRB(E3) while itwas maximum under UPF(E2). Two hand-weedings effectively reduced total weed density. In herbicides, application of pretilachlor @ 0.75 Kg ha-1fb Bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 (W1) was found most effective in reducingtotal weed density.Higher yield and yield attributes were found under CPT which was significantly higher than the UPF and at par with FIRB. Amongweed management practices highest yield and yield attributes were obtained with pretilachlor @ 0.75 Kg ha-1fb Bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i. ha-1.Lowest yield and yield attributes were obtained in weedy check.
 Conclusion: Puddled transplantation in rice might be the best option to get higher yield and for weed control, application of Pretilachlor @ 0.75 Kg ha-1 PE fb Bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 POE at 20 DAT may be done to get higher yield.

Crop Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices Affect Grain Yield and Weed Dynamics in Temperate Rice

Higher demand and cost of labor and water shortage have forced the farmers to look for an alternate method of cultivation in rice as a substitute to the existing conventional transplanting. Dry direct seeding and water seeding have emerged as better alternatives over transplanting method. These methods not only result in labor saving, but also result in significant water saving in rice. These are important adaptation strategies to the impending climate change. However, the direct seeding method is confronted with severe weed infestation and yield losses if weeds are not managed well. Against this backdrop, a field study was undertaken during kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on rice and its associated weed flora. The results demonstrated that grain yields obtained under water seeding (WS) were statistically at par with transplanting (CT), but significantly superior to dry direct seeding (DDSR). Yield attributes were significantly superior in WS as compared DDSR, but were at par with CT. Weed density followed the order of DDSR > WS > CT. With the advancement in age of the crop, sedges dominated in DDSR, whereas broad-leafweeds (BLW) dominated in WS and CT methods of establishment. All the herbicides reduced the weed density significantly as compared to weedy check. Penoxulam (PE) reduced the weed density and weed dry matter on an average by 91% and 92% at 30 DAS/DAT over weedy check, respectively. PE proved significantly superior in controlling all the sedges and grasses but was less effective against BLW. Maximum reduction in yield due to weeds was observed in weedy check (WC) (58%) and the lowest was observed in PE (3%). Application of PE @ 22.5 g ha−1 under the WS method of crop establishment resulted in highest average weed control efficiency and grain yield.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Rice

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Rice

Effect of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on yield and yield attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under temperate conditions of kashmir

Field experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura, Jammu and Kashmir during kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018 to assess the effect of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on yield and yield attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under temperate conditions of Kashmir. The experiment comprised of three crop establishment methods in main plots [transplanting (TPR), direct seeding (DSR) and system of rice intensification (SRI)] and seven weed management practices [butachlor @ 1500 g a.i. ha-1, penoxsulam (@ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1), pyrazosulfuran ethyl + pretilachlor (@ 15 and 600 g a.i. ha-1), bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor (@ 60 and 600 g a.i. ha-1), twice cono-weeding/hand weeding, weed free and weedy check)] in sub-plots. The treatments were replicated thrice in a split plot design. The results revealed that SRI method of crop establishment gave significantly higher values for yield attributes viz., number of panicles (399.15) and grains panicle-1 (96.62) that resulted in higher grain (8.04 t ha-1) and straw (9.88 t ha-1) yield as compared to direct seeding and transplanted method. Among the weed management practices, the application of penoxsulam (@ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1) gave significantly higher grain (8.24 t ha-1) and straw (10.29 t ha-1) yield as compared to other weed management practices, except weed-free and weedy check treatments. The average grain and straw yield increase with SRI was 24.11 and 23.62% over DSR and 10.47 and 12.23% over transplanted rice. Highest B: C ratio of 1.60 was realized under SRI with the application of penoxsulam @ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1

Effect of crop establishment methods and weed management practices in rice on weed density, weed dry weight and weed control efficiency

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during kharif and rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications by taking 24 treatment combinations in rice with four crop establishment methods in the main plot and six weed management practices in sub plot. Weed problem was more severe in DSR than PTR, WSR and NPTR, respectively. Lowest weed problem was seen in Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.66kgha-1 + (HW) at 30 DAS/T. PTR recorded highest WCE (66.6%) with lowest WI (15.8%), while DSR recorded highest WI (26.1%) with lowest WCE (63.5%). Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.66kgha-1 + (HW) at 30 DAS/T recorded highest WCE (87.0%) while weedy check recorded the highest WI (66.6%).