Effects Of Creatine Supplementation Research Articles

The effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal development in the rat foetus

The effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal development in the rat foetus

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Renal Function in Rats

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Renal Function in Rats

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cerebral White Matter in Competitive Sportsmen

To determine the neurobiochemical sequelae of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation in active athletes. Eighteen sportsmen underwent single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the deep frontal cerebral white matter before and after 5 days of oral ingestion: 12 of 18 swallowed 4 x 5 g creatine monohydrate per day, and the remaining swallowed a placebo. Creatine, choline, and N-acetyl spectral resonances were evaluated at both long (135 ms) and short (20 ms) echo times. A mixed-design factorial ANOVA demonstrated no interaction over time in any of the measures (P at least 0.081). The results suggest that, for the given dosage regimen, ingested creatine augmentation does not alter the magnetic resonance visible creatine pool in the deep frontal cerebral white matter of young active sportsmen.

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Training for Competition in Elite Swimmers

The study was conducted to examine the effects of oral creatine supplementation on training for competition in 20 elite swimmers. Subjects performed a maximal sprint test (8 x 50 yd (45.72 m), T1) before loading with creatine (Cr, 20 g.d Cr monohydrate for 5 d), 1 wk later (T2), and following a 22- to 27-wk period of training and competition (T3). Following T2, subjects supplemented with either Cr (3 g + glucose 7 g.d) or placebo (glucose 10 g.d; double blind) for the remainder of the 22- to 27-wk season and then both groups supplemented once more with 20 g.d Cr monohydrate for 5 d before their major competition. Venous and capillary blood samples were obtained pre- and posttest during the repeated sprint tests to determine blood metabolites and hormones. Competition times were recorded, and changes in subjects' best times were used to compare the effect of training and supplementation on competitive performance. Mean competition times in the Cr and control groups changed by+1.90 +/-1.91 and+0.72+/-1.64% for short course (SC, 25-m pool) and by+0.14+/-1.14 and -0.59+/-0.82% long course (LC, 50-m pool), respectively (Cr vs control, NS). No differences between groups were found in blood metabolites, although the human growth hormone (hGH) response to repeated sprints was blunted following Cr loading (T1, 30.42+/-14.60 and 28.95+/-18.27 microg.L; T2, 21.48+/-13.96 and 14.24+/-7.32 microg.L for Cr and control groups, respectively P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in performance were observed between groups after long-term maintenance during training, although small differences were observed that might be meaningful for elite performers.

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and Renal Function in Rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effects of oral creatine supplementation on renal function and body composition (fat and lean mass) in an experimental model. Male Wistar rats were supplemented with creatine (2 g.kg(-1) of food) for 10 wk in combination with treadmill exercise, 12 m.min(-1), 1 h.d(-1) (CREAT + EX, N = 12) or not (CREAT, N = 10), and compared with exercised animals without creatine supplementation (EX, N = 7) and CONTROL animals, N = 7. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were measured by inulin and paraaminohippurate clearance, respectively. At the end of the study (post), CREAT+EX presented higher lean mass and lower fat mass than CREAT, EX or CONTROL (349.7 +/- 19.7 vs 313.3 +/- 20.3, 311.9 +/- 30.8, 312.4 +/- 21.0 g and 5.7 +/- 2.3 vs 10.0 +/- 3.3, 9.8 +/- 1.5, 10.0 +/- 3.5%, P < 0.05, respectively). Post lean/fat mass ratio was higher than baseline only in CREAT + EX (18.9 +/- 7.2 vs 8.6 +/- 1.8, P < 0.05). Post BMD was significantly higher than baseline in all groups. GFR and RPF were lower in CREAT versus CONTROL (0.5 +/- 0.1 vs 1.0 +/- 0.1 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 vs 2.4 +/- 0.5 mL.min(-1), P < 0.05, respectively). Creatine supplement in combination with exercise increased the proportion of lean mass more than EX or CREAT alone. The use of creatine alone induced an important and significant reduction of both RPF and GFR.

Effects of creatine supplementation on aerobic power and cardiovascular structure and function

This project aimed to determine 1) whether creatine (Cr) supplementation affects cardiovascular structure and function and 2) to examine its effect on aerobic power. Eighteen males undertook aerobic testing on a cycle ergometer and echocardiographic assessment of the heart. The experimental group (N = 9) ingested 20g x day(-1) of Cr for seven days followed by l0g x day(-1) for a further 21 days. The control group (N = 9) followed an identical protocol ingesting a placebo for the same period. Assessment was performed pre-, mid- (seven days) and post-testing (28 days). A MANOVA with repeated measures was used to test for group differences before and after supplementation. The Cr group demonstrated a significant increase in body mass for the pre-mid (1.0 +/- 0.6 kg) and the pre-post (1.5 +/- 0.7 kg) testing occasions. Submaximal VO2 decreased significantly from the pre-mid and pre-post testing occasions by between 4.8% to 11.4% with Cr supplementation at workloads of 75 W and 150 W. Other oxygen consumption measures and exercise time to exhaustion, for the Cr group, showed decreasing trends that approached significance. Additionally, there was a significant pre-post decrease in maximum heart rate of 3.7%. There were no changes in any of the echocardiographic or blood pressure measures for either group. The present results suggest short term Cr supplementation has no detectable negative effect on cardiac structure or function. Additionally, Cr ingestion improves submaximal cycling efficiency. These results suggest that the increase in efficiency may be related to peripheral factors such an increase in muscle phosphocreatine, rather than central changes.

Effects Of Creatine Supplementation On Muscle Efficiency And Indices Of Endurance Performance In Elderly Women

Effects Of Creatine Supplementation On Muscle Efficiency And Indices Of Endurance Performance In Elderly Women

Effects Of Creatine Supplementation On Muscle Efficiency And Indices Of Endurance Performance In Elderly Women

Effects Of Creatine Supplementation On Muscle Efficiency And Indices Of Endurance Performance In Elderly Women

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Cycle Ergometer Exercise in a Hyperthermic Environment

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Cycle Ergometer Exercise in a Hyperthermic Environment

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Cycle Ergometer Exercise in a Hyperthermic Environment

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Cycle Ergometer Exercise in a Hyperthermic Environment

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function

Effects of creatine supplementation in cystic fibrosis: results of a pilot study

Background: The CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), whose mutations cause cystic fibrosis (CF), depends on ATP for activation and transport function. Availability of ATP in the cell and even more in specific cellular microcompartments often depends on a functional creatine kinase system, which provides the ‘energy buffer’ phosphocreatine. Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase phosphocreatine levels, thus promoting muscle growth and strength in athletes and having protective effects in neuromuscular disorders. Aim: To test clinically, if creatine supplementation improves maximal isometric muscle strength (MIMS), lung function and CFTR channel activity in patients with CF, and to determine enzymatic activity of creatine kinase in respiratory epithelial cells. Methods: In an open-label pilot study 18 CF patients (8–18-year-old) with pancreatic insufficiency and mild to moderate lung disease received daily creatine supplementation during 12 weeks. Patients were monitored during 24–36 weeks. Enzymatic activity of creatine kinase was measured in primary epithelial cell cultures. Results: After creatine supplementation, there was no change in lung function and sweat electrolyte concentrations, possibly due to the very low creatine kinase activities detected in respiratory epithelia. However, the patients consistently showed signicantly increased MIMS (18.4%; P<0.0001), as well as improved general well-being, as assessed by a standardized questionnaire. Except for one patient with transient muscle pain, no side effects were reported. Conclusions: Our pilot study suggests, that creatine supplementation should be further evaluated as a possible clinically beneficial adjuvant therapy for patients with CF to increase muscle strength, body-weight and well-being

Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Weightlifting Performance

Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Weightlifting Performance

Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Intermittent Sprint Running Performance in Highly Trained Athletes

This study examined the impact of short-term (7-day), high-dose (0.35 g·kg−1·d−1) oral creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrS) on single sprint running performance (40 m, <6 seconds) and on intermittent sprint performance in highly trained sprinters. Nine subjects completed the double-blind cross-over design with 2 supplementation periods (placebo and creatine) and a 7-week wash-out period. A test protocol consisting of 40-m sprint runs was performed, and running velocity was continuously recorded over the total distance. The maximal sprint performance, the relative degree of fatigue at the end of intermittent sprint exercise (6 × 40 m, 30-second rest interval), as well as the degree of recovery (120-second passive rest) remained unchanged following CrS. There were no significant changes related to CrS in absolute running velocity at any distance between start and finish (40 m). It was concluded that no ergogenic effect on single or repeated 40-m sprint times with varying rest periods was observed in highly trained athletes.

No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise.

Muscle hypertrophy during resistance training is reportedly increased by creatine supplementation. Having previously failed to find an anabolic effect on muscle protein turnover at rest, either fed or fasted, we have now examined the possibility of a stimulatory effect of creatine in conjunction with acute resistance exercise. Seven healthy men (body mass index, 23 +/- 2 kg/m2, 21 +/- 1 yr, means +/- SE) performed 20 x 10 repetitions of leg extension-flexion at 75% one-repetition maximum in one leg, on two occasions, 4 wk apart, before and after ingesting 21 g/day creatine for 5 days. The subjects ate approximately 21 g maltodextrin + 6 g protein/h for 3 h postexercise. We measured incorporation of [1-13C]leucine into quadriceps muscle proteins in the rested and exercised legs. Leg protein breakdown (as dilution of [2H5]phenylalanine) was also assessed in the exercised and rested leg postexercise. Creatine supplementation increased muscle total creatine by approximately 21% (P < 0.01). Exercise increased the synthetic rates of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins by two- to threefold (P < 0.05), and leg phenylalanine balance became more positive, but creatine was without any anabolic effect.

Anti-inflammatory activity of creatine supplementation in endothelial cells in vitro.

1 Creatine (CR) supplementation augments muscle strength in skeletal muscle cells by increasing intracellular energy pools. However, the effect of CR supplementation on endothelial cells remains to be clarified. 2 In this study, we investigated whether CR supplementation had any anti-inflammatory activity against human pulmonary endothelial cells in culture. 3 We confirmed that supplementation with 0.5 mM CR significantly increased both intracellular CR and phosphocreatine (PC) through a CR transporter while keeping intracellular ATP levels constant independent of CR supplementation and a CR transporter antagonist. 4 In the assay system of endothelial permeability, supplementation with 5 mM CR significantly suppressed the endothelial permeability induced by serotonin and H(2)O(2). 5 In cell adhesion experiments, supplementation with 5 mM CR significantly suppressed neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. 6 In the measurement of adhesion molecules, CR supplementation with more than 0.5 mM CR significantly inhibited the expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin on endothelial cells, and the inhibition was significantly suppressed by an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist. 7 The present study suggests that CR supplementation has anti-inflammatory activities against endothelial cells.

The effects of creatine supplementation: A review with special regards to ballgames

This short review is based on general knowledge and guidelines about creatine metabolism and supplementation (CS). These principles provide the starting point for an attempt at inferring the theoretical effects in ballgames with their specific workload profiles. The self-reported prevalence of creatine use in game players ranges from 2% in female volleyball players to 71% in male American football players. A search on the PubMed database for relevant articles related to ballgames resulted in 18 hits, all published in the last 5 years (soccer 6, American football 5, tennis 2, handball 2, ice hockey 1, squash 1, softball 1). It is critical that the authors of those articles measure basic conditional aspects in the first place. Only 5 articles try to investigate the effects of CS under test conditions specifically designed for ballgames. Six of 10 studies showed that a short-term creatine loading results in an improvement of the intermittent sprint performance, while 4 studies failed to measure any shortterm effects at all. Longitudinal training studies with game players uniquely came to the conclusion that CS combined with resistance and sprint conditioning improves strength and power at a higher rate than the respective training routine without supplementation. We conclude that CS increases the basic conditional performance of game players when combined with a specific training period. Nevertheless, a careless use of creatine on a regular basis is not advisable, since the transfer on the ballgame competition performance of these effects has not yet been clarified sufficiently. It also varies depending on the workload profile of the game and the player's individual physical conditions and demands.

Effect of creatine supplementation on cardiac muscle of exercise-stressed rats.

Effect of creatine supplementation on cardiac muscle of exercise-stressed rats.

Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Weightlifting Performance

Creatine monohydrate has become the supplement of choice for many athletes striving to improve sports performance. Recent data indicate that athletes may not be using creatine as a sports performance booster per se but instead use creatine chronically as a training aid to augment intense resistance training workouts. Although several studies have evaluated the combined effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance, these data have not been analyzed collectively. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength and weightlifting performance when ingested concomitant with resistance training. The effects of gender, interindividual variability, training status, and possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Of the 22 studies reviewed, the average increase in muscle strength (1, 3, or 10 repetition maximum [RM]) following creatine supplementation plus resistance training was 8% greater than the average increase in muscle strength following placebo ingestion during resistance training (20 vs. 12%). Similarly, the average increase in weightlifting performance (maximal repetitions at a given percent of maximal strength) following creatine supplementation plus resistance training was 14% greater than the average increase in weightlifting performance following placebo ingestion during resistance training (26 vs. 12%). The increase in bench press 1RM ranged from 3 to 45%, and the improvement in weightlifting performance in the bench press ranged from 16 to 43%. Thus there is substantial evidence to indicate that creatine supplementation during resistance training is more effective at increasing muscle strength and weightlifting performance than resistance training alone, although the response is highly variable.

Effect of Creatine Supplementation During High Resistance Training on Mass, Strength, and Fatigue Resistance in Rat Skeletal Muscle

The aim of this study was to utilize a rodent model of resistance exercise to compare training with creatine supplementation with training alone. We tested the hypothesis that creatine supplementation during high resistance training would result in greater increases in muscle mass, contractile force, and superior resistance to fatigue compared with training alone. Two groups of rats underwent training of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) for 4 weeks without creatine (NCr group) or with creatine (0.5 g·kg-1·d-1) (CrT group). The relative loads in each animal were held constant during the training protocol. Training resulted in comparable significant increases in muscle contractile force in both the NCr and CrT groups. Creatine supplementation did not result in a significant increase in fatigue resistance and resulted in a significant decrease in postfatigue recovery compared with training alone. Training resulted in a significant increase in muscle dry weight in both groups, whereas muscle wet weight gains in the CrT group were double the gains in the NCr group. The data from this study suggest that for creatine to have a beneficial effect on muscle strength and mass beyond training alone, the workloads need to be adjusted. That is, any potential benefit of creatine to enable a greater lifting volume during resistance training needs to be incorporated into the training regime for creatine to be effective.