Effect Of Cold Water Research Articles

Coupled thermal-hydraulic simulations of fracturing in granite under high temperature and high pressure treatment via peridynamic

This paper described an improved multi-layer computational method based on fully coupled thermal-mechanical ordinary state-based peridynamics (OSB-PD), which enables simulating fracturing in granite under coupled thermal-hydraulic effects. Four computational layers, i.e., pre-treatment thermal layer (PTL), mechanical loading layer (MLL), interactive thermal layer (ITL), and hydraulic mechanical layer (HML) were included in this method. PTL was used to simulate the heterogeneity of granite materials by creating initial pre-existing microcracks. MLL was utilized to apply borehole pressure, while ITL was designed to generate real-time thermal forces. HML was employed to apply equivalent hydraulic pressure to cracks, and distinguish between thermal-induced and hydraulic-induced damage. Two verification cases, including hydraulic fracturing and sleeve fracturing of granite specimens at different pressurization rates, as well as the steady-state heat conduction of a hollow cylindrical specimen, were simulated to investigate the convergence, capability and accuracy of the numerical method. The proposed method was then applied to the hydraulic fracturing of granite under high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) treatment. The complex interactions among natural pre-existing microcracks, thermal-induced microcracks and hydraulic-induced cracks was properly predicted. The effect of cold water (temperature gradient) on the fracture morphology and breakdown pressure of granite specimens was also discussed. A systematic comparison with the experimental results shed lights to the failure mechanisms of granite specimens subjected to HTHP hydraulic fracturing tests.

Effect of cold water and cold electrolyzed functional water treatments on the postharvest quality of cold stored jujube fruit ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill. “Hupingzao”)

This study evaluated the effect of cold electrolyzed functional water (CEFW) treatment on the quality of cold-stored Hupingzao jujube fruit. In the study, the fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (TA), TSS/TA ratio, color development, weight loss, respiration rate, vitamin C content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content were evaluated. In addition to this, the polyphenoloxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activities were assessed. The results indicated that CEFW treatment inhibited the decline in firmness, weight loss, vitamin C content, and fruit brightness. On the 100th day, CEFW treatment reduced the fruit TSS/TA to 119.74, respiration rate to 32.91 CO2 mg kg−1 h−1, peel color reddening index a*/b* to 0.53, and PPO activity to 3.97 U min−1 g−1. The MDA content of CEFW-treated fruit was 1.31 μmol g−1, which was significantly lower than the control group; the activity of SOD and POD in CEFW-treated fruit was 35.49 U g−1 and 2.31 U min−1 g−1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the control group. In conclusion, cold water and CEFW treatments could delay the senescence of postharvest jujube fruit and maintain the fruit quality during cold storage, and CEFW treatment had better effect. Novelty impact statement The quality of Hupingzao jujube was declined during cold storage. The reddening of the jujube fruit peel was alleviated after cold water and cold electrolyzed functional water treatments, and the fruit quality was maintained. And the cold electrolyzed functional water treatment had better effect.

Physiological and haematological responses of broiler chickens offered cold water and vitamin C during hot-dry season

The effects of cold water and vitamin C on broilers’ rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and haematological parameters were evaluated during dry season. Two hundred and sixteen 4-week-old Anak 2000 broilers fed ad libitum were offered either water at ambient temperature (29.5oC; ORD) or cold water (8.0oC; COLD) to which either 0 (-C) or 500 mg vitamin C per litre water (+C) was added to give four treatment groups (ORD-C, ORD+C, COLD-C and COLD+C) from week 5 to 8 of age. There were 3 replicates with 18 birds per replicate. RT and RR were taken for three days weekly at 16.00 h. Blood was sampled weekly for haematological, plasma biochemical and triiodothyronine analyses. Data on RT, RR, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC), heterophil (HET), lymphocyte (LYM), eosinophil (EOS), monocyte (MON), heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L), plasma K+, Na+, glucose (GLU), protein (PRO) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) were subjected to ANOVA using least squares] method. Water temperature had significant (P<0.01) effect on RT and RR. Cold water lowered RT and RR of the birds compared with water at ambient temperature. Similarly, vitamin C in drinking water caused decrease in RT (P<0.001) and RR (P<0.01) compared to ordinary water. Water temperature had no significant (P>0.05) effect on MCHC, MCH, MCV, LMY, EOS, plasma K+, Na+, GLU, PRO and T3. But cold water significantly lowered MON (P<0.05) and increased PCV (P<0.001), RBC (P<0.001),Hb (P<0.001), WBC (P<0.001), HET (P<0.01) and H: L (P<0.05) when compared with water at ambient temperature. Addition of vitamin C significantly increased LYM (P<0.05) and H:L (P<0.05) but decreased HET (P<0.05) when compared with birds that received no vitamin C. Vitamin C had no significant (P>0.05) effect on PCV, RBC, Hb, WBC, MCHC, MCH, MCV, plasma K+, Na+, GLU, PRO and T3. There were significant (P<0.01) interactions between water temperature and vitamin C on HET, LYM and H: L. Broiler chickens offered ORD+C had significantly lower HET and H: L than those offered ORD-C, COLD-C and COLD+C. However, the LYM was highest in ORD+C birds. High HET and H:L, and low LYM are indicators of heat stress in poultry. In conclusion, cold water and vitamin C were effective in reducing broilers’ RT and RR in the afternoon during hot-dry season. Either of the two may improve the well-being of broilers during dry season.

Northward shifts of Canadian late deglacial drainage routes caused a stronger and warmer Canaries Current that enabled Holocene monsoons and a savanna on the western Sahara

This paper proposes an explanation for the well-watered savanna on the presently barren western Sahara Desert during the mid-Holocene and near the ends of other earlier Canadian deglaciations. Between 7,500 and 4,000 years before present, a humidity index indicates moist conditions and a savanna in the western Sahara. During this interval, a stronger and warmer Canaries Current return flow of the Gulf Stream nullified the effect of cold water that upwells off the northwest African coast due to the westward movement of surface water by trade winds. The return flow was stronger than today because less eastward Gulf Stream flow was lost to the northward flow of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Current. The Canaries Current was warmer than today because cold southern Canadian meltwater no longer entered the Gulf Stream, and the high latitude climate was warmer then. Similar conditions probably prevailed at the ends of many other deglaciations, which were separated by 20,000 to 70,000 years due to orbital factors and variable glaciation. The savanna connections across the Sahara would have allowed each Hominin population to evolve in the isolated Moroccan-Algerian coastal zone to extend its range into the larger Africa. The intermittent savannas could therefore have played a significant role in the evolution of the many Hominin species found in the African fossil record over the last three million years.

<i>In Vivo</i> Study of Healing Effects of Sida acuta Leaf Extracts on <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Induced Ulceration in Mice

Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen that is widely distributed and known to cause peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer. Treatment is usually by combination of acid inhibitory therapy and antibiotics because of drug resistance problems. Studies now focus on the use of medicinal plants for treatment of H. pylori induced ulcers because they are inexpensive and have limited side effects. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of cold water and ethanol extracts of Sida acuta leaves on H. pylori induced ulcer in mice. Oral administration with the aid of a feeding tube of 0.5 ml of 107 CFU/ml of H. pylori (Accession number LT799736) in phosphate buffer saline (pH 6.8) was used to induce ulcer in mice. Effects of various concentrations of cold water and ethanol extracts of S. acuta leaves on the ulcer parameters and histology examinations of stomach tissues of mice were investigated after 2 weeks of administration of extracts into the mice. Mice treated with clarithromycin served as positive control while mice administered with H. pylori but not treated served as negative control. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis and results were considered significant if p 6 CFU/ml to 3.5 × 106 CFU/ml and 2.6 × 106 CFU/ml for cold water and ethanol extracts respectively. Reduction in ulcer severity (2.00 ± 0.10 to 0.080 ± 0.05), ulcer index (8.50 ± 1.10 to 4.26 ± 0.03) and gastric volume (1.32 ± 0.12 to 0.54 ± 0.13) were observed. Histology of stomach tissues of mice treated with extracts revealed clear granulation indicating tissue repair and wound healing. S. acuta extracts were observed to enhance ulcer healing in a mice model.

The Effects of Cold Water and Cold Sports Drink Consumption on Resting Lung Function

The Effects of Cold Water and Cold Sports Drink Consumption on Resting Lung Function

A Laboratory-Scale Tempering and Milling Method for Grain Sorghum

Abstract. The current commercial milling process for pigmented sorghum leads to inconsistent milling quality and performance. Proper pretreatment of sorghum may improve the milling performance. The effects of cold water, hot water, and steam tempering of sorghum on the milling performance and flour quality were investigated in this study. A tabletop roller mill system that had five break rolls and two smooth rolls was used. The millstream output at different stages of roller milling was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the conditioning treatments. Steamed sorghum had high bran yield due to toughening of the bran, which allowed gradual scraping of the endosperm from the bran. Flour yield was not significantly different among the pretreatments. Flour crude fiber content of the 1 min steam treated sorghum was 1.28% ±0.09%, which was significantly higher than that of cold water treated sorghum (0.87% ±0.19%). The damaged starch content in the milled flour was highest in the cold water treated (5.96% ±0.24%) sorghum, and steam treatment resulted in lower damaged starch content (3.63% to 4.18%). Steam treatment resulted in flour with more convex and circular particles compared to the other treatments, indicating better separation of starch granules from the endosperm. Steam treatment of sorghum kernels at high temperature and pressure led to better separation of bran and endosperm without negatively impacting flour quality. Steam tempering could be a better pretreatment process for milling sorghum for food purposes. Keywords: Flour properties, Milling, Sorghum, Tempering.

Structural characteristics of sorghum kernel: Effects of temperature

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effect of cold water, hot water, and steam tempering on sorghum kernel physical and mechanical properties was studied. Single kernel characteristics (SKCS), abrasive hardness, structural changes, and texture of kernels were evaluated as an effect of temperature. At the same moisture level, cold water tempered sorghum had both higher SKCS hardness and abrasive hardness than hot water and steam tempered sorghum kernels. The increase in abrasive hardness, SKCS-hardness index was highly correlated with the moisture content of kernel. The abrasive hardness index, which represents the pericarp properties, did not show any correlation with moisture content but had correlation to the structural changes. The SEM images indicated the structural changes in pericarp after hot water and steam treatment. Steam tempering methods made the pericarp tougher than the cold water and hot water tempering methods and, meanwhile, softened the endosperm by adding moisture to the kernel.

The effects of cold water released from dams on Zacco platypus gonad maturation in the Nakdong River, South Korea

Field monitoring was conducted to assess fish gonad maturation and health in relation to water temperature, downstream of the Andong and Imha Dams, South Korea. Throughout the eleven-year survey period (2004–2014), the water temperature immediately downstream of the dam was lower than that at the other survey sites because the temperature of the dam-released water was much lower than that of the natural stream water. Gonad maturation of the fish living downstream of the Andong Dam occurred later than that of fish in the natural streams (Gilan Stream and the control). For instance, Zacco platypus spawning behavior (involving the issuance of eggs and sperm) was not observed downstream of Andong Dam in May, although it was evident in Gilan Stream. In July, toward the end of the spawning season, some spawning individuals were observed in Gilan Stream but none was found downstream of Andong Dam. From the observations, we concluded that when water temperature is not within the suitable range, it negatively affects fish health. Although this has been previously reported in aquaculture, only a few studies have been conducted in natural environments. To ensure sustainability of the Nakdong River downstream of the Andong Dam, suitable river management plans and ecological requirements are proposed based on the results of the present study.

Effects of Cold Water, Mechanical and Acid Scarifications on Germination and Seedling Growth of Pre-Chilled Seeds of Leucaena leucocephala

Effects of Cold Water, Mechanical and Acid Scarifications on Germination and Seedling Growth of Pre-Chilled Seeds of Leucaena leucocephala

Cold Thermal Temperature Threatens Belonging

Recent research suggests that thermal (cold vs. warm) experience influences people’s perception and construal of the social world. Extending this line of research, the present investigation examined whether cold thermal temperature would influence people’s psychological feelings of belonging. We found that drinking cold water threatened feelings of belonging (Study 1). An additional study replicated this effect and further showed that it was moderated by perceived family support, such that the effect of cold water on the belonging was only found among participants with low family support (Study 2). These findings not only strengthen the interconnection between social and physical experiences, but they also demonstrate the interactive effect of these two types of experiences on psychological feelings. Implications are discussed.

Effect of Cold Water on Esophageal Motility in Patients With Achalasia and Non-obstructive Dysphagia: A High-resolution Manometry Study

Background/AimsSwallowing of cold liquids decreases amplitude and velocity of peristalsis in healthy subjects, using standard manometry. Patients with achalasia and non obstructive dysphagia may have degeneration of sensory neural pathways, affecting motor response to cooling. To elucidate this point, we used high-resolution manometry.MethodsFifteen healthy subjects, 15 non-obstructive dysphagia and 15 achalasia patients, after pneumatic dilation, were studied. The 3 groups underwent eight 5 mL single swallows, two 20 mL multiple rapid swallows and 50 mL intraesophageal water infusion (1 mL/sec), using both water at room temperature and cold water, in a randomized order.ResultsIn healthy subjects, cold water reduced distal contractile integral in comparison with water at room temperature during single swallows, multiple rapid swallows and intraesophageal infusion (ratio cold/room temperature being 0.67 [95% CI, 0.48-0.85], 0.56 [95% CI, 0.19-0.92] and 0.24 [95% CI, 0.12-0.37], respectively). A similar effect was seen in non-obstructive dysphagia patients (0.68 [95% CI, 0.51-0.84], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.40-0.97] and 0.48 [95% CI, 0.20-0.76], respectively), whereas no changes occurred in achalasia patients (1.06 [95% CI, 0.83-1.29], 1.05 [95% CI, 0.77-1.33] and 1.41 [95% CI, 0.84-2.00], respectively).ConclusionsOur data suggest impairment of esophageal reflexes induced by cold water in patients with achalasia, but not in those with non obstructive dysphagia.

Evaluating the effects of cold water diffusates against Xanthomonas oryzae Pv. Oryzae causing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice

The crude extracts of 63 plants were used for testing antibacterial activity against Xanthmonas oryazae Pv. oryzae that causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice plants. Only ten aqueous extracts of botanicals (Thuja orientalis, Prunus domestica, Citrus limon, Allium sativum, Vitis vinefera, Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus emblica, and Terminalia chebula) showed maximum activity against Xanthmonas oryazae in a plate agar diffusion assay. On a detached leaf, in a glasshouse and in a field assay, two potential plant extracts, namely Allium sativum, and Citrus limon showed maximum efficacy in terms of controlling BLB lesions in rice. After isolation through fractionation of the crude extract of Allium sativum, the bioactive compound was purified and characterized as 8-amino(-8-butoxyoct)-2-(enyldisulfanyl)-3-(2hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylprop-1-enyl) benzene-1,3-diol.

Intraruminal Fluid Administration to Goats: Effects of Handling and Fluid Temperature

Physiological stress response to intraruminal fluid administration was studied in 5 female goats. The fluid was given through a stomach tube. The water was cold (10 degrees C) or warm (38 degrees C) and in an amount of 7.5-10% of body weight. Plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol increased significantly after both treatments. Adrenaline and noradrenaline responses were greater and more longlasting after cold water administration, but there was no difference in cortisol response between cold and warm water. Haematocrit and plasma protein concentrations increased also and the effects of cold water lasted longer. Blood pressure showed a sharp rise of short duration and was independent of water temperature. The immediate tachycardiac response was similar with both treatments, but cold water caused an additional peak 15 min later. The cooling did not increase plasma histamine level. The results suggest that stomach intubation and administration of water into the rumen leads to strong activation of hormonal and cardiovascular stress parameters even in goats well adapted to handling. Low temperature of the fluid further heightens the effect. Warming of fluids to near body temperature before their administration is thus recommended.

Adaptation to the Punishing Effects of Cold Water

In order to investigate the reduction of the punishing effects of a cold-water barrier in an approach-avoidance conflict situation, three groups of rats ( N = 27) were trained to run a straight alley for a reward. After initial approach training the alley was modified by the installation of a water trough in front of the goal. When all groups were tested with 50°F water in the barrier, Ss trained with gradually declining water temperatures in the barrier performed significantly better ( p < .01) than Ss trained with a constant water temperature of 50°F or Ss trained with 95°F water in the trough. The results are related to those of similar experiments using electric shock as the punishing stimulus.

Studies on the testing methods of cold resistance in rice.

Cold resistance in rice plants shows high correlation with cold water tolerance, so the cold water irrigation method has been used for the testing method of cold resistance. This cold water irrigation method takes a long irrigating period from transplanting to maturing, and requires too large a plot size for accurate evaluation for testing a number of lines at the same, time. So this investigation was conducted to establish some efficient method for accurate testing on the cold resistance of a number of bred lines. The newly devised methods are as follows. For keeping the effect of cold water in the paddy field as homogeneous as possible, the cold water irrigation was practised only at night time, from the premordia stage of the early varieties to the starting time of the heading of the late varieties, and the inlets and outlets of the water were interchanged in every seven or eight days. Owing to this testing method, the distribution of water temperature was highly hornogenized in the field (Fig. 2), and so the uniformity of the sterility occurrence could be kept at a high level.

The Effect of Cold Drinking Water on Chick Growth and Yolk Absorption

APPARENTLY it is commonly believed by commercial poultrymen that the drinking water given to young chicks should be warm, or at least not real cold. That belief is fostered by statements similar to the following which appears in a booklet prepared for free distribution by a commercial concern: “Never give chicks cold water. It chills the digestive tract, retards digestion, and may start serious trouble.” The statement is also sometimes made that permitting young chicks to drink cold water will interfere with the normal assimilation of unabsorbed yolk.A review of the literature available to the writer revealed no experimental data concerning the effect of cold water on yolk absorption by young chicks, or its effect on the digestion of nutrients. Accordingly, a series of short tests were made at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, to obtain such data.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURELeghorn chicks were used in all tests.

THE "HARDENING" EFFECTS OF COLD WATER.

THE "HARDENING" EFFECTS OF COLD WATER.

On the Stimulating Effects of Cold Water

On the Stimulating Effects of Cold Water