Effects Of Chromatic Adaptation Research Articles

Trichromacy, opponent colours coding and optimum colour information transmission in the retina.

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the role of opponent type processing in colour vision and the relation between opponent type colour transformations and the initial three colour mechanisms. It is shown that efficient information transmission is achieved by a transformation of the initial three colour mechanisms into an achromatic and two opponent chromatic channels. The derivation of the transformation is dependent solely on criteria from information theory. Thus it provides a logical rationale reconciling opponent type processing as an optimal necessary step after the initial three colour mechanisms, unifying respectively the Hering and Young-Helmholtz approaches to colour vision. The effects of chromatic adaptation on the spectral response of the achromatic and two chromatic channels are discussed from the point of view of information theory. It is argued that adaptation serves as a dynamic readjustment of these responses, necessary to meet criteria of efficient colour information transmission. The results are confronted with empirical observations to test the principles of the theory and the relation to other theories is discussed. Within the same framework the issue of trichromacy is discussed. It is argued that a broad class of typical colour spectra can effectively be represented by three significant degrees of freedom that make up a trichromatic system.

Effect of chromatic adaptation on the achromatic locus: The role of contrast, luminance and background color

Two superposed annular test lights of complementary spectral composition were presented as 60–90′ incremental test flashes on 480′ steady backgrounds. Two observers adjusted the ratio of the two test lights to maintain an achromatic appearance under conditions of adaptation that varied with respect to background luminance, chromaticity and stimulus contrast. The shift in chromaticity of the achromatic point was in the direction of the chromaticity of the background, while the magnitude of the shift increased as an increasing function of background luminance and as a decreasing function of contrast. These data confirm and extend a model of chromatic adaptation that has the following properties: (1) non-additivity of transient test and steady background fields, in the sense that the background, although physically adding to the test flash, only affects its hue by way of altering the gain of cone pathways; (2) Vos-Walraven cone spectral sensitivities; and (3) adaptation sites in the cone pathways having the same action spectra as Stiles' π 5, π 4and (modified)π 1mechanisms, and which generate receptor-specific attenuation factors (von Kries Coefficients) according to Stiles' generalized threshold vs intensity function, ζ (x).

The Effect of Chromatic Adaptation on Color Rendering

Present-day calculations of color-rendering index are based on color differences determined using the test light source and a standard illuminant. Chromatic adaptation is corrected by the von Kries transformation and the color differences are calculated in the CIE 1964 uniform color space. The present article discusses the possibility of introducing either the CIE 1976 CIELUV or CIELAB color space for calculating the color differences, and investigates how different forms of chromatic-adaptation corrections influence the color differences. It is concluded that a change from the present system to a CIELUV color-space calculation would not affect the color-rendering indices considerably; changing, however, to other color spaces or to a single reference illuminant with a better chromatic-adaptation formula (Bartleson-type chromatic-adaptation correction) would change the color-rendering order of some light sources. In the present article some critical samples and light sources are pointed out, where a comparison between the different types of calculations is possible.

Effects of Chromatic Adaptation on the Photochemical Apparatus of Photosynthesis in Porphyridium cruentum

Cells of Porphyridium cruentum were grown in different colors of light which would be absorbed primarily by chlorophyll (Chl) (red and blue light) or by the phycobilisomes (green or two intensities of cool-white fluorescent light), and samples of these cells were frozen to -196 C for measurements of absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. Cells grown in the high intensity white light had least of all of the photosynthetic pigments, a higher ratio of carotenoid/Chl, but essentially the same ratio of phycobilin to Chl as cells grown in the low intensity white light. The ratio of photosystem II (PSII) to photosystem I (PSI) pigments was affected by light quality; the ratios of phycobilin to Chl and of short wavelength (PSII) Chl to long wavelength (PSI) Chl were both greater in the cells grown in red or blue light.Light quality also exerted a strong influence on the structural and functional organization of the photochemical apparatus. Data on the relative optical cross-sections of PSI and PSII as a function of excitation wavelength indicate that cells grown in light absorbed primarily by the phycobilisomes package a large fraction of their Chl into PSI (PSI Chl/PSII Chl approximately 20), whereas cells grown in light absorbed by Chl distribute their Chl much more equitably (PSI Chl/PSII Chl approximately 1.5). In both types of cells the phycobilisomes transfer their excitation energy predominantly to PSII Chl with little or no direct energy transfer to PSI, but the yield of energy transfer from PSII to PSI is approximately twice as large for cells grown in the phycobilin wavelengths of light. These differences in functional organization and energy distribution account for the physiological expressions of chromatic adaptation. The effects of chromatic adaptation on O(2) evolution can be predicted from our calculations of energy distribution between PSI and PSII for cells grown in the different colors of light.

The Basis for a New System of Colorimetry

Using the concepts evolved by Land, McCann, et al., the basis for a new system of object color colorimetry is explored. The method allows the calculation of the effect of the spectral power distribution of illuminants on the perception of surface color in the complex visual scene of the real world. Consequently, the calculation allows the direct comparison of the color rendering properties of lamps of different color temperatures since it implicitly provides for the effect of chromatic adaptation.

Effects of chromatic adaptation on color discrimination and color appearance

Color discrimination and color appearance were examined at a number of chromaticities along an equal luminance line running from red to green as a function of adaptation to several lights along the same line. Like K. J. W. Craik's results for brightness discrimination [ J. Physiol. 92, 406–421]. color discrimination proved best for chromaticities nearest the adapting light with a worsening of discrimination (relative to neutral adaptation) for more distant chromaticities. This result is explicable in terms of a sliding of the “working range” of red-green opponent cells along an axis of chromaticity. Consistent with this interpretation are the systematic changes in color appearance brought about by preexposure to chromatic light. An ancillary part of the investigation revealed that a flickering adapting light produces lesser adaptive shifts than steady light of the same time average luminance. This latter result rules out the possibility that photopigment bleaching, under these conditions, plays more than a minimal role in controlling the sensitivity of the cones or more proximal neurons.

Visual Sensitivity: Significant Within-Species Variations in a Nonhuman Primate

Among squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) there are significant sex-related differences in visual sensitivity. As measured behaviorally in an increment-thershold task, a sample of males was found to be substantially less sensitive to long-wavelength (640-nanometer) light than a group of females tested in the same way, although the two groups showed no significant differences in sensitivity to a middle-wavelength (540-nanometer) light. The two group also differed on a test designed to measure the effects of chromatic adaptation.

Analysis of chromatic-adaptation effect by a linkage model.

Hunt suggested that an adaptation-dependent linkage in the visual pathway from the retina to the brain can explain the variation of saturation produced by change of adapting luminance. If variation of saturation is caused by change of linkage, this change must also be involved in chromatic adaptation to light sources that have different chromaticities. By considering the effective adaptation levels of receptors, the model is extended and formulated for application to prediction of chromatic adaptation. It is tested by use of experimental results for chromatic adaptation obtained by Burnham et al. Suitable selection of parameters that specify the state of linkage produces good predictions of the effects of chromatic adaptation.

Effects of chromatic adaptation on saturation discrimination in goldfish

Saturation discrimination for the goldfish is better at short wavelengths with short wavelength adaptation and at long wavelengths with long wavelength adaptation. These results are accounted for by a model of color vision that predicts the appearance of the diluting light for different states of adaptation. The analysis also accounts for the results from a human subject in the same procedure.

Spectral sensitivity by constant CFF: effect of chromatic adaptation.

Spectral sensitivities were measured by a method of constant CFF under adaptation to high-luminance chromatic fields and under dark adaptation. Adaptation to yellow yielded a narrow curve of spectral sensitivity whose maximum was at about 440 nm (similar to Stiles’s π1) when the CFF was low (18 Hz), but yielded a broader spectral sensitivity, maximum 540–560 nm, when the CFF was high (30 Hz). Adaptation to red and green yielded spectral sensitivities that were similar in shape to those of π4 and π5, respectively. Measurements obtained under dark adaptation at CFF’s of 25 and 30 Hz were consistent with the hypothesis that flicker is detected by whichever component (e.g., π4 or π5) is the more sensitive; spectral sensitivity corresponded to the outer envelope of the two components. When the CFF was 40 Hz, dark-adapted spectral sensitivity was narrower in shape than either π4 or π5. These measurements at high CFF are reasonably consistent with the hypothesis that flicker is detected when the thresholds of both components are surpassed; spectral sensitivity corresponded to the inner envelope of the two components.

The effects of temperature on the psychophysical and electroretinographic spectral sensitivity of the chromatically-adapted goldfish

Psychophysical and electroretinographic spectral sensitivity curves were determined for goldfish acclimated to 15°C or 25°C and chromatically-adapted to Wratten 26 or Wratten 79. At 25°C long-wavelength sensitivity was lower with Wratten 26 adaptation, whereas midspectral sensitivity was lower with Wratten 79 adaptation, for both measures. At 15°C the psychophysical threshold was elevated throughout the spectrum and the selective effect of chromatic adaptation was exaggerated. The spectral sensitivity of the b-wave, however, was relatively uninfluenced by acclimation to 15°C, in both the chromatically-adapted and darkadapted state. Neither temperature nor chromatic adaptation affected the a-wave.

Achromatic-point prediction.

This paper constitutes a mathematical elaboration, in a form permitting direct predictions of data, of the empirical discoveries of Helson and Michels concerning the “effect of chromatic adaptation on achromaticity.” An equation is developed permitting the chromaticity of a test spot that appears achromatic against an extended chromatic background to be predicted from the background chromaticity and the luminance ratio of spot to background. The technique for numerical solution of the equation is explained, and a family of curves allowing approximate solution by interpolation is presented. If the luminance of the achromatic spot is no greater than that of the background, the achromatic chromaticity always lies more than 34 of the way along the line directed from the absolute (black background) neutral point to the background point, regardless of the color of the background. As part of a discussion of additional numerical methods useful in applying the model to data, general least-squares formulas are presented for the coordinates of the point best representing the common intersection of any set of given lines; and for the line, passing through a specified point, that best fits a set of given points by the criterion of perpendicular deviations.

The effect of chromatic adaptation on color sensitivity of the carp electroretinogram

A study of the spectral sensitivity of carp electroretinogram waves was effected utilizing chromatic adaptation and increment threshold techniques to uncover the underlying spectral mechanisms. The action spectrum of the dark-adapted retina followed the rod pigment difference spectrum at shorter wavelengths, but was more sensitive at longer ones, suggesting the presence of a persistent photopic component. This component remained even when maximal dark-adaptation, as assessed by b-wave threshold, had occurred. Action spectra of a- and b-waves in the photopic response revealed that the a-wave was primarily green sensitive but had small contributions from blue and red cones, while the b-wave mainly reflected a red cone signal with a smaller green cone contribution and no detectable one from blue cones. Based on the apparent absence of a blue cone contribution to the b-wave and the high blue sensitivity of one C-potential, it is suggested that the blue cone signal proceeds to a C-potential source. A far-red sensitive mechanism with maximal sensitivity near 660 nm was found in the b-wave and for which no adequate explanation is available. While the derived action spectra may sometimes be fit by hypothetical curves resulting from the addition of cone potentials ( Tomita et al., 1967), the chromatic adaptation experiments suggest that non-additive mechanisms prevail, and that the correspondence may be fortuitous.

The experimental determination of unique green in the spectrum

The notion is gaining currency that observers who are distributed normally with respect to commonly measured indices of color vision, may be bimodally distributed with respect to the spectral locus of unique green. Experimental conditions which can produce such deviations from a normal distribution are explored, and it is concluded that the “bimodality” results reported in the literature may reflect differential chromatic adaptation effects. Experimental conditions which guarantee a neutral state of adaptation yield spectral unique green loci that show no evidence of bimodality.

Effects of chromatic adaptation on color naming

Abstract Some effects of chromatic adaptation have been evaluated in the context of a color-naming task. Color-naming responses were obtained from three observers under both neutral and chromatic-adaptation conditions and those data were used to generate indices of the magnitude of change in spectral appearance under various adaptation conditions. A few general comments on the use of color-naming procedures are made.

The Vertical Distribution of Attached Marine Algae in Malta

Light has long been considered the main factor controlling the distribution of attached sublittoral marine algae, since both the total amount and the spectral composition of the ambient illumination changes markedly with increased depth (Jerlov 1951; Levring 1947). It has been clearly established by laboratory experiments that the different pigmentation of the green, brown and red algae allows these plants to use light of different colours for photosynthesis with varying efficiency (Klugh 1931; Levring 1947; Haxo & Blinks 1950; Fork 1963), light energy absorbed by the various accessory pigments probably being transferred directly to the chlorophyll system present in all these algae. Such observations are in agreement with the hypothesis of complementary chromatic adaptation. This hypothesis was first suggested by Engelmann (1883), and was based on the results of his bacterial method for the determination of photosynthetic action spectra of filamentous algae; it was later set out formally by Gaidukov (1903) who presented many of his earlier results on blue-green algal culture as confirmation. It was proposed that these laboratory experiments could explain the occurrence of red, algae at lower depths than other algae in coastal waters and that the red pigments of these algae represented 'adaptation' to the green light predominant in such waters. In situ experiments on photosynthesis have been carried out by several workers on algae in northern coastal waters (Gail 1922; Printz 1939; Levring 1947), all of whom found the maximum depth for detectable photosynthesis in these waters to be between 30 and 40 m, and also that the red algae were best suited to conditions near this depth. However, the differences between the three algal types were not great and Levring concluded that several other factors were involved in addition to the spectral composition of the ambient submarine light. One of the most prominent of such factors was light intensity, which supports the earlier view of Harder (1923) that both wavelength and intensity of light are important. Such work did much to reconcile the two, early, opposing hypotheses, concerning the influence of light on vertical algal zonation, viz. (1) complementary chromatic adaptation effects due to changes in spectral composition, and (2) a direct effect of light intensity (Berthold 1882; Oltmanns 1892). Only since the advent of the aqualung has direct observation of the sublittoral vegetation been really feasible, and little information is as yet available. It seems that in northern coastal waters the massive brown Laminariales are usually dominant down to at least 20 m, with an undergrowth of red species, and that these give way to coralline

A comparison of ganglion cell and S-potential response properties in carp retina.

A comparison of ganglion cell and S-potential response properties in carp retina.P WitkovskyP WitkovskyPublished Online:01 May 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1967.30.3.546MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited BySpecific connectivity between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the zebrafish retinaLauw J. Klaassen, Wim de Graaff, Jorrit B. van Asselt, Jan Klooster, and Maarten Kamermans13 December 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 116, No. 6Development of color vision in goldfish: selective delayed maturation of blue visionVision Research, Vol. 33, No. 12Differential recovery rates of horizontal and amacrine cell responses from intense irradiation in the isolated retina of cyprinid fishNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 88, No. 3Electrophysiological characterization of the spectral sensitivities of horizontal cells in cyprinid fish retinaVision Research, Vol. 24, No. 11Chapter 9 Visual adaptation and retinal gain controlsProgress in Retinal Research, Vol. 3Convergence of signals from red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones onto L-type external horizontal cells of the goldfish retinaVision Research, Vol. 23, No. 4Rod and cone inputs to bipolar and horizontal cells of theXenopus retinaVision Research, Vol. 23, No. 11Color vision and retinal chromatic information processing in teleost: A reviewBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 2C-type horizontal cell responses to annular stimuliExperimental Eye Research, Vol. 28, No. 6Effect of environmental salinity on the L-response of the S-potential as an index of spectral sensitivityComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 64, No. 1Photopigments and pseudo-pigmentsVision Research, Vol. 17, No. 1The chromatic organization of the goldfish cone mosaicVision Research, Vol. 16, No. 11The spatial dependent characteristics of the fishS-potentialsevoked by brief flashesVision Research, Vol. 13, No. 7Electroretinographically-determined scotopic spectral sensitivities of some marine fishVision Research, Vol. 13, No. 6The effects of temperature on the psychophysical and electroretinographic spectral sensitivity of the chromatically-adapted goldfishVision Research, Vol. 13, No. 1Unusual units in the goldfish optic nerveVision Research, Vol. 12, No. 11Rod and cone input to single goldfish optic nerve fibersVision Research, Vol. 12, No. 7Spectral sensitivity ofL-TypeS-Potentials in a teleost retinaVision Research, Vol. 11Spectral analysis ofL-typeS-potentials and their relation to photopigment absorption in a fish (Eugerres plumieri) retinaVision Research, Vol. 10, No. 3Rod and cone contributions to S-potentials from the cat retinaVision Research, Vol. 9, No. 11The rod after-effect in S-potentials from the cat retinaVision Research, Vol. 9, No. 11A tetrachromatic hypothesis for human color visionVision Research, Vol. 9, No. 9The effect of chromatic adaptation on color sensitivity of the carp electroretinogramVision Research, Vol. 8, No. 7 More from this issue > Volume 30Issue 3May 1967Pages 546-61 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1967.30.3.546PubMed6037593History Published online 1 May 1967 Published in print 1 May 1967 Metrics

Further studies on the chromatic adaptation of the eye and its effects on the appearance of colours.

The study of the effect of chromatic adaptation on the appearance of colours is furthered by the application of the binocular matching technique to seven illuminants radiating in different regions of the spectrum. The invariants are calculated and their distribution is discussed.

Effects of Chromatic Adaptation on Normal and Dichromatic Red–Green Brightness Matches*

The effects of chromatic adaptation on brightness matches between red and yellow-green spectral lights have been examined for normal and dichromatic observers. It was found that the matches made by the normal observers were altered by adaptation. At the lowest levels of adaptation the results were consistent with simple theoretical expectations, that is, red adaptation resulted in more red being required to reestablish the match and green adaptation resulted in less red being required. At higher levels adaptation at all wavelengths studied resulted in more red being required. In the case of the dichromats (protanopes and deuteranopes) no evidence was found of changes in matches as a function of adaptation. The results are interpreted as indicating that deuteranopes, as well as protanopes, have but one functional photopigment operating in the long-wavelength portion of the spectrum.

Color Appearance Specification with Adaptation to Daylight and Tungsten Illumination

The Glasser et al. version of an Adams-type color space has been evaluated for its capacity to take into account chromatic adaptation effects as they affect color appearance. The study was concerned specifically with adaptation to CIE sources C and A. The data of Burnham, Evans, and Newhall on matching colors under adaptation to these sources provided a basis for the test. It was concluded that color spaces of this type must be used with caution as a means of representing color appearance when adaptation to an illuminant other than source C is involved.