Effect Of Chitosan Concentration Research Articles

Effect of Chitosan Concentration, Glycerol and Cashew Peel Extract on the Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Starch‐Based Films

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to optimize the formulation of starch‐based films, exploring the synergy between chitosan (1%, 2% and 3%), glycerol (2.5%, 3% and 3.5%) and concentrated cashew peel extract (1%, 2% and 3%), through a central composite design (23). Evaluating their influence on physical, mechanical and morphological properties. All films produced were flexible and did not present cracks when removed from the plates. Water vapour permeability (WVP) (3.03–7.71 gH2O.mm/m2.h.mmHg) and solubility (1.94%–5.31%) were reduced with the combination of higher levels of extract and chitosan, which also influenced the colour of the films (p < 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cashew peel extract increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of the films. Morphologically, films with lower levels of cashew peel extract exhibited a uniform and less rough surface. Therefore, our results identified an optimized formulation using the combination of 2% extract, 3% chitosan and 3.5% glycerol. This study expanded the development of starch‐based packaging materials with chitosan, glycerol and the addition of plant extract, which can be used in the preservation of fruits and vegetables.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Cells Immobilized into Fe3O4-Chitosan Magnetic Microspheres.

Developing reusable and easy-to-operate biocatalysts is of significant interest in biodiesel production. Here, magnetic whole-cell catalysts constructed through immobilizing recombinant Escherichia coli cells (containing MAS1 lipase) into Fe3O4-chitosan magnetic microspheres (termed MWCC@MAS1) were used for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from waste cooking oil (WCO). During the preparation process of immobilized cells, the effects of chitosan concentration and cell concentration on their activity and activity recovery were investigated. Optimal immobilization was achieved with 3% (w/v) chitosan solution and 10 mg wet cell/mL cell suspension. Magnetic immobilization endowed the whole-cell catalysts with superparamagnetism and improved their methanol tolerance, enhancing the recyclability of the biocatalysts. Additionally, we studied the effects of catalyst loading, water content, methanol content, and reaction temperature on FAME yield, optimizing these parameters using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design. An experimental FAME yield of 89.19% was gained under the optimized conditions (3.9 wt% catalyst loading, 22.3% (v/w) water content, 23.0% (v/w) methanol content, and 32 °C) for 48 h. MWCC@MAS1 demonstrated superior recyclability compared to its whole-cell form, maintaining about 86% of its initial productivity after 10 cycles, whereas the whole-cell form lost nearly half after just five cycles. These results suggest that MWCC@MAS1 has great potential for the industrial production of biodiesel.

Effect of chitosan concentration on hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite synthesis using the in-situ method as a dye adsorbent

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a versatile material with wide-ranging applications, including its utility as an adsorbent. However, its brittleness and limited adsorption capacity pose challenges, prompting the incorporation of chitosan (CTS) fillers to enhance mechanical strength and adsorption properties. The hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HAp/CTS) composite was synthesized via the in-situ method, utilizing natural sources such as calcium ions from cuttlefish bones and chitosan extracted from shrimp shells. Various chitosan concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) were explored in the synthesis process, with the optimal adsorption of Rhodamine B dye observed at a 30% concentration, yielding 0.1832 mg/g. Validation of the HAp/CTS composite synthesis was achieved through X-ray diffraction, revealing the presence of CTS at a new peak at 2θ of 19.23°, while infrared spectroscopy confirmed absorption bands for both HAp and CTS. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy-energy dipersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) investigations revealed irregular shapes with agglomeration, resulting in a Ca/P ratio of 1.80 for the HAp/CTS composite. The HAp/CTS-30% composite demonstrated efficient Rhodamine B dye adsorption following the Freundlich isotherm equation, pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics, and exhibited good reusability. These findings suggest that the HAp/CTS composite could serve as a promising, cost-effective solution for treating industrial wastewater.

Keratin-based bioplastics extracted from chicken feathers: Effect of chitosan concentration on the structural, chemical bonding, and mechanical properties of bioplastics

Keratin was synthesized by alkaline hydrolysis from chicken feathers and then continue by casting method for producing bioplastics with additional various amounts of chitosan as a filler, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glycerol as a plasticizer. The main purpose is analysis the effect of chitosan on the structural properties using quantitative analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, chemical bonding by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra, and mechanical properties by texture analyser to the keratin-based bioplastics. Biodegradation of bioplastics was analysed from the loss of weight by burying in the soil. It's found that, the additional of chitosan (0 %, 2 %, 5 %, and 8 %) increased the crystallinity of bioplastics by 11.83 %, 11.12 %, 18.99 %, and 17.03 %, respectively, but decreasing tensile strength and elasticity of bioplastics. Degradation of bioplastic keratin-based shows that the addition of chitosan can reduce the degradation time which is directly proportional to the loss of CO bonds. The highest degradation rate is 89.29 % in 49 days for keratin-based bioplastics with 8 % chitosan, indicated that high potential for future production.

Characteristics of tin oxide nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser ablation technique in various concentrations of chitosan liquid and their potential application as an antibacterial agent

Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) have become a potential candidate as an antibacterial agent for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In this present work, SnO2 NPs have been successfully synthesized in the chitosan liquid medium by using the pulse laser ablation method utilizing quite low energy Nd:YAG laser (30 mJ). The produced tin oxide nanoparticles were then applied as an antibacterial agent for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Experimentally, a pulse Nd:YAG laser beam is irradiated and focused on the surface of a high-purity tin metal plate placed at the bottom of the Petri dish that is filled with chitosan liquid medium. The effect of chitosan concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) on the characteristics of produced SnO2 NPs was examined. The higher concentration of chitosan (0.2%) gains the smallest diameter size (15.05 nm) and lowest concentrations of produced tin oxide nanoparticles. The application of produced SnO2 NPs as the antibacterial agent was demonstrated using gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) utilizing disk diffusion technique. The result certified that increment of the SnO2 NPs concentrations (100, 125, and 150 ppm) increases the diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) both for E coli and B subtilis bacteria, which approve that the produced tin oxide nanoparticles can effectively be used as antibacterial agents for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Effect of chitosan concentration on physicochemical properties of starch-based straws

China’s 2021 ban on disposable (single-use) plastic straws and bags has necessitated the invention of more biodegradable straws. However, the application of starch-based straws is limited by their poor mechanical properties. Under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, starch becomes a paste and its molecular hydrogen bonds are broken. After adding chitosan (CH), the CH and starch can form new hydrogen bonds. Biodegradable starch-based straws were made from cassava starch and rice starch (weight ratio = 1:1; CR) by using the extrusion technique. CH (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) was added to improve the mechanical properties of the straws, and the effect of CH on the chemical, mechanical and water resistance properties of the starch-based straws was investigated. The color, transparency and water resistance of CR/CH straws containing different levels of CH were superior to those of CR straws. The best mechanical properties and water resistance of starch-based straws were obtained when the CH addition was 5%. The addition of CH flattened the appearance of the starch-based straws and improved the mechanical properties and water resistance of the straws. The aforementioned structure can provide a reference for the application of starch-based materials.

ANALISIS MUTU IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.) SALAI DENGAN PEMBERIAN KITOSAN DAN LAMA PENGASAPAN SEBAGAI RANCANGAN LKPD BIOLOGI SMA

The aims to determine the effect of chitosan concentration and smoking time on the quality of smoked catfish (Pangasius sp.) and produce Student Worksheet design. This research was divided into two step, there is experimental step and the Student Worksheet design. At the experimental step, used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Factor I is the concentration of chitosan, and factor II is duration of smoking time. This study consisted of 12 treatments with 3 replications so that there were 36 experimental units. Parameters observed were protein content, fat content, water content and organoleptic on appearance, scent, taste and texture. The results showed that the effect of chitosan concentration and smoking time had an effect on treated with 3% chitosan and 3 days of smoking showed the best results, with the total protein content was 35.89%, fat content was 29.72% and water content was 15.27%. Meanwhile, the organoleptic test results of smoked catfish on the aspects of appearance, scent, taste and texture, the best treatment was also found in smoked catfish with 3% chitosan treatment and 3 days of smoking time. The results can be used as a student worksheet design on Food Additives material for class XI high school.

Ionic gelation of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate using a novel combined nebulizer and falling film system

AbstractNanoparticle technology has made an essential contribution to the pharmaceutical industry and has received considerable attention in comparison with the other domains. In the present study, ionic gelation via a novel combined system of nebulizer and falling film (IG‐NFF) has been proposed. The purpose of the design of this system is to increase the contact surface between the chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) for the preparation of monodisperse and spherical chitosan nanoparticles, because in both nebulizer and falling film systems, the surface‐to‐volume ratio of liquid increases. The formation of these nanoparticles is based on ionic interactions between the negatively charged phosphate groups in the STPP and positively charged amine groups on the chitosan. In this research, the effects of chitosan concentration, STPP concentration, the distance of the nebulizer from the inclined plate, gas to liquid flow rate ratio, and the initial chitosan solution pH on the z‐average size, polydispersity index (PDI), and morphology of nanoparticles formed by IG‐NFF were studied. The results showed that the IG‐NFF process has the ability to produce spherical particles with highly uniform sizes. The mean size of obtained chitosan nanoparticles was in the range of 80–320 nm, and the PDI value ranged from 0.08–0.30.

Lycopene-loaded bilayer emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate and chitosan

In this study, bilayer emulsion loading lycopene was prepared using lycopene oil solution (0.8 wt%) as oil phase, whey protein isolate (WPI) solution (0.6 wt%) as the first layer and the chitosan solutions (0–1.50 wt%) as the second layer. The effect of chitosan concentration on droplet size, zeta (ζ)-potential and physical stability of the bilayer emulsion was evaluated and the bilayer emulsion stabilized by chitosan solution of 0.5 wt% concentration showed the best physical stability. In addition, the effects of environmental stress, pH and ionic strength on the bilayer emulsion were measured and the result proved that the bilayer emulsion could provide a better protection for lycopene encapsulated than the WPI monolayer emulsion. Besides, different antioxidants (oil-soluble: oil-soluble tea polyphenol, ascorbyl palmitate and vitamin E; hydrosoluble: bamboo leaf flavonoid, D-sodium erythorbate and vitamin C) were added into the oil phase, the first layer and the second layer of the lycopene bilayer emulsions, respectively. The physical characteristics, storage stability and light stability of the bilayer emulsion were then evaluated to determine the effects of antioxidants in different locations on the emulsion.

The Effect of Chitosan Concentration on Disintegration Time of Amoxicillin Tablet

The most often prescribed antibiotics by dentists to patients is Amoxicillin. It is usually in the form of capsules and tablets which are hard to swallow, especially for geriatric and pediatric patients. Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) with the capability to disintegrate inside oral cavity without the need of water required disintegrant agent in its formulation. In this study, chitosan as the product of deacetylation of chitin which originated from exoskeleton of crustacean shells was considered as suitable disintegrant because its swelling characteristic. The aim of this research was to study the effect of chitosan concentration on disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet. Seventy tablets were made with direct compression method. Five formulas of 250 mg Amoxicillin with chitosan concentration of 2%, 5%, 8%, 11%, and 14% were prepared, with two control groups, i.e. the group of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant at concentration of 5% as positive control and the group without adding disintegrant into the formula for negative control. Each tablet was tested for their disintegration time using disintegration tester (Erweka). The data of disintegration time of each tablets were recorded and analyzed using non-parametric hypotheses test of Kruskal Wallis. The result of Kruskal Wallis’s test showed significant difference of chitosan concentrations on disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet (p<0.05). The shortest disintegration time was found at 11% concentration of chitosan. Higher concentration of chitosan (14%) increased the disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet due to gel-like formation that prolonged tablet disintegration. It was concluded that different concentration of chitosan can affect the disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet. Further studies were recommended to provide best candidate of ODT for Amoxicillin.

Preparation and characterization of novel Polyamide-6/Chitosan blend dense membranes for desalination of brackish water

In this study, polyamide-6/chitosan blend dense membranes were prepared using solution casting technique. The membranes were then characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, SEM analysis and tensile testing. FTIR analysis confirmed hydrogen bonding between chitosan and polyamide. TGA analysis proved that all the membranes maintained thermal stability up to 370 °C. SEM analysis exhibited compact and dense structure of the membranes. The tensile properties of the membranes improved with the addition of hydrophilic chitosan. The membranes were then characterized for desalination properties using 2000 ppm NaCl solution by state-of-the-art dead-end membrane desalination equipment at 20 bar operating pressure. The effect of membrane thickness was then studied, and the best thickness of the membrane was determined for optimum water flux and salt rejection. The effect of chitosan concentration was also studied, and the best concentration was determined for optimum desalination properties. It has been found that the membrane having 200 micron thickness and 3 wt.% chitosan demonstrated optimum desalination properties that is 75% salt rejection and water flux of 1.52 kg/h.m2. It has been found that maximum salt rejection was achieved with 2 wt.% chitosan blend membrane and maximum permeate flux was achieved with 4 wt.% chitosan blend membrane.

Effects of chitosan concentration on the quality and storage time of poultry eggs

This paper presents some results associated with physicochemical changes of fresh duck eggs after being preserved by chitosan membranes at different concentrations. Chitosan coating at the concentration of 1.5% worked best for preserving fresh duck eggs at normal temperature. The number of total Coliforms after 30 days was 30 Coliforms/100 g sample. There was no detection of the existence of Salmonella in eggs of experimental samples.

APLIKASI KITOSAN UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT BUSUK BUAH KAKAO (Phytophthora megakarya L.)

Research on the effect of chitosan concentration on the severity of cocoa pod rot in three different sizes of cocoa pods carried out at the smallholder cocoa plantations in Taman Endah Village, East Lampung Regency using local hybrid cocoa. Data analysis was using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level. The results showed that the severity of fruit rot at cocoa pod sprayed with copper oxide 56% and chitosan 0.6% was lower than the severity of fruit rot with application of chitosan 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% and control..Keywords: application, chitosan, cocoa pod rot disease

Effect of pH, ionic strength, chitosan deacetylation on the stability and rheological properties of O/W emulsions formulated with chitosan/casein complexes

Emulsions stabilized by polysaccharide/protein complexes have attracted great interest. However, their emulsion properties and interfacial viscoelastic behavior need to be further investigated. Here, emulsion stabilized by chitosan/casein complexes was used as a model system and the effects of chitosan concentration, pH, ionic strength, and chitosan deacetylation degree on the rheological properties and stability of emulsion were studied. The presence of chitosan could effectively improve the emulsification activity of casein and the stability of the obtained emulsion. The emulsion stabilized by chitosan/casein complexes showed broad emulsification pH range from 3.5 to 6.5. The rheological properties of the chitosan/casein complexes were proved to be primarily affected by chitosan, showing great shear resistance, fast adsorption interface capability, and predominantly viscous characteristics. The loss modulus (G″) was much larger than the storage modulus (G′) in all the rheological tests, suggesting that the stability of the complexes stabilized emulsion mostly depended on the viscosity effects, rapid adsorption characteristics and spatial effects of biopolymer structures. These findings might help developing stable, controllable polysaccharide/protein emulsification systems.

Synthesis of Ag nano-chitosan in lactic acid solvent by irradiation method

Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles were synthesized by Gamma ray irradiation in aqueous lactic acid solution containing chitosan as stabilizer. The aim of this research is to know the effect of irradiation dose and concentration of chitosan in the formation of Nano-silver. Silver Nitrate of 2 mM is dissolved in the chitosan solution. The effect of chitosan concentration which varied 0,.3%, 0. 5%, and 0. 7%(b/v) were irradiated with gamma ray at dose of 5, 10 and 15 kGy. The formed of silver Nano were identified using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, particle size analyzer (PSA) and FTIR. The result shows, the concentration of chitosan (0.3 – 0,7%) in the irradiated solution also considerably affected the silver Nano particles size which decreased with increasing of irradiation dose. Due to the unique features of the processing procedures, thus γCo-60 ray irradiation has been considered as a suitable method for synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles.

Preparation of the Hybrids of Hydrotalcites and Chitosan by Urea Method and Their Antimicrobial Activities.

Hybrid nano-supra molecular structured materials can boost the functionality of nano- or supra-molecular materials by providing increased reactivity and conductivity, or by simply improving their mechanical stability. Herein, the studies in materials science exploring hybrid systems are investigated from the perspective of two important related applications: healthcare and food safety. Interfacing phase strategy was applied, and ZnAl layered double hydroxide-chitosan hybrids, prepared by the urea method (U-LDH/CS), were successfully synthesized under the conditions of different chitosan(CS) concentrations with a Zn/Al molar ratio of 5.0. The structure and surface properties of the U-LDH/CS hybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), ultravioletvisible (UV-Vis), and zero point charge (ZPC) techniques, where the effect of CS concentration on the structure and surface properties was investigated. The use of the U-LDH/CS hybrids as antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Penicillium cyclopium was investigated in order to clarify the relationship between microstructure and antimicrobial ability. The hybrid prepared in a CS concentration of 1.0 g∙L−1 (U-LDH/CS1) exhibited the best antimicrobial activity and exhibited average inhibition zones of 24.2, 30.4, and 22.3mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Penicillium cyclopium, respectively. The results showed that the appropriate addition of CS molecules could increase antimicrobial ability against microorganisms.

Application of Chitosan as Cyanide Adsorbance on Gold Ore Processing

<p>Gold ore processing method have an impact on water pollution if the waste produced is not managed properly. Chitosan have the ability as an adsorbent, but its effectiveness to absorb cyanide content in gold processing wastewater is unknown. This study aimed to examine the ability of chitosan adsorption on cyanide in the processing of gold ore. The statistic design used was a factorial in-time Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two repetitions. The analysis carried out consisted of the effect of chitosan concentration on absorbance, pH, TDS, turbidity, cyanide, and the modification effect of chitosan production on absorbance power. The method used in this research was flocculation coagulation method by the jar test.The method was carried out by rapid and slow mixing process with a flocullator. The method was used to determine the best of chitosan type and the best contact time to decrease the concentration of cyanide waste from the processing of gold ore. The results showed that the best concentration of chitosan modified was chitosan modification with swelling crosslink glutaraldehid (GA) in 1000 ppm concentration and using slow mixing contact time for 120 minutes. That chitosan modified significantly adsorp cyanide waste in 90.38%.</p>

Macroporous poly (l-lactic acid)/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds through cloud point thermally induced phase separation for enhanced bone regeneration

A new method called cloud point thermally induced phase separation (CP-TIPS) was developed to prepare poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds with macropores over 300 μm in PLLA/dioxane/H2O ternary system. The concentration of PLLA was 4% (w/v), and the solvent was dioxane with 14% of deionized water. By maintaining the clear solution of the ternary system near and above the cloud point for 2 h, followed by a large enough quenching depth (−80 °C), the crystallization of the α′-form crystal became privileged, and the microstructure of the pore wall was dominated with nanofibers. In contrast, conventional TIPS process resulted in scaffolds with similar pore size but platelet-like microstructure on the pore walls. The unique macroporous nanofibrous PLLA scaffold showed well elasticity and flexibility after swelling in 70% acetone. This property further enabled a facile “mechanical squeeze and intake” of high concentration viscous chitosan solution into the porous structure to modify the composite scaffolds. The compressive modulus of macroporous nanofibrous PLLA/CS scaffolds reached about 1 MPa. The hydrophilicity of the scaffold was greatly enhanced and the pH value remained stable in the first 3 weeks after degradation in vitro. The effect of chitosan concentration in the composite scaffolds on cell affinity and the osteogenic differentiation was evaluated. Finally, a critical-size rat calvarial bone defect model was used to evaluate the osteogenesis of the scaffolds in vivo and the composite scaffold with 3% chitosan significantly enhanced bone regeneration.

APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN IN THE FORMULATION OF DERMATOLOGICAL HYDROGELS PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

The effect of chitosan concentration on the properties of dermatological preparations prepared with 2% methylcellulose and 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone was studied. As the levels of chitosan, propylene glycol-1,2 and glycerol increased, the hardness, consistency and cohesiveness of the hydrophilic gels increased, while the dissipation capacity decreased. Gels based on methylcellulose and chitosan, compared to formulations containing polyvinylpyrrolidone, have a higher rate of loss of volatile compounds, higher pH values for 1,2-propylene glycol formulation and higher texture parameters. The tested hydrogels have good rheological properties, allowing extrusion from the tube and spreading on the skin.

Effect of chitosan concentration on the properties of PLA/β-TCP scaffold produced by combination of solvent casting and salt leaching techniques

Polylactic acid (PLA)/beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) porous scaffold was fabricated using solvent casting and salt leaching. This scaffold is facing problems such as relatively low compressive strength and high brittleness. In order to overcome this problem, natural polymer coated porous scaffold was introduced. In this study, PLA/β-TCP scaffold was coated with four different concentration of chitosan (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% w/v). It was found chitosan coated scaffold has higher compressive strength compared to that of uncoated scaffold. The compressive strength of PLA/β-TCP coated with 1.5% w/v of chitosan indicates the highest compressive strength (0.49 MPa), which is 35% increament compared to the uncoated scaffold. Morphological observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that highly porous three-dimensional scaffold with well interconnected porous structure could be achieved by coated and uncoated scaffolds. The results reveal that the scaffold coated with chitosan layer achieves a highly interpenetrated polymer and scaffold network, potentially leading to a porous scaffold with higher mechanical strength and toughness.