Effect Of Chitin Research Articles

The effect of chitin on the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana formulation product to control cocoa pod borer in vitro

Fungal entomopathogens are suggested to be used as a bioinsecticide due to their biological persistence and ecological friendliness. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that can effectively control insect pests, including cocoa pod borer. This study aims to determine the level of effectivity of the B. bassiana (Bb) formulation product from Palu against cocoa pod borer pupae in vitro . This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two factors: conidia concentrations and chitin treatments, which were repeated thrice. The conidia concentrations consisted of two levels, that were 106 and 107 conidia/mL. The chitin treatment included seven treatments: isolate from Kediri without formulation with chitin (Bb-K), isolate from Palu without formulation with chitin (Bb-P0), four formulations of isolates from Palu with the addition of chitin to various growth media (Bb-P1, Bb-P2, Bb-P3, and Bb-P4), and control (without Bb suspension). Bb-P0 and Bb-P2 treatments at a concentration of 107conidia/mL began to colonize CPB on the third day after the treatment application, while the other formulations started on the fifth day. However, Bb-P0 showed the lowest infection rate at the end of the observation. Contrarily, the data on the pupa-infected ratio showed that the Bb-P2 treatment was the highest compared to other treatments. It conformed to the adult emergence ratio that Bb-P2 exhibited the lowest, which means Bb-P2 has the most virulence of other formula. The result showed that PDA and PDB media-supplemented chitin was the most effective for culturing B. bassiana origin Palu before mass production.

Developing Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Production by Using Chitosan and Chitin-Based Biostimulants.

Chitosan is illustrated in research as a stimulant of plant tolerance and resistance that promotes natural defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stressors, and its use may lessen the amount of agrochemicals utilized in agriculture. Recent literature reports indicate the high efficacy of soil or foliar usage of chitin and chitosan in the promotion of plant growth and the induction of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in various species, such as Artemisia annua, Curcuma longa, Dracocephalum kotschyi, Catharanthus roseus, Fragaria × ananassa, Ginkgo biloba, Iberis amara, Isatis tinctoria, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum, Psammosilene tunicoides, Salvia officinalis, Satureja isophylla, Stevia rebaudiana, and Sylibum marianum, among others. This work focuses on the outstanding scientific contributions to the field of the production and quality of aromatic and medicinal plants, based on the different functions of chitosan and chitin in sustainable crop production. The application of chitosan can lead to increased medicinal plant production and protects plants against harmful microorganisms. The effectiveness of chitin and chitosan is also due to the low concentration required, low cost, and environmental safety. On the basis of showing such considerable characteristics, there is increasing attention on the application of chitin and chitosan biopolymers in horticulture and agriculture productions.

Effect of chitin, chitosan and NaCMC biopolymers on the consistency limits of organic silt

Effect of chitin, chitosan and NaCMC biopolymers on the consistency limits of organic silt

Effects of chitin and chitosan on root growth, biochemical defense response and exudate proteome of Cannabis sativa.

Fungal pathogens pose a major threat to Cannabis sativa production, requiring safe and effective management procedures to control disease. Chitin and chitosan are natural molecules that elicit plant defense responses. Investigation of their effects on C. sativa will advance understanding of plant responses towards elicitors and provide a potential pathway to enhance plant resistance against diseases. Plants were grown in the in vitro Root-TRAPR system and treated with colloidal chitin and chitosan. Plant morphology was monitored, then plant tissues and exudates were collected for enzymatic activity assays, phytohormone quantification, qPCR analysis and proteomics profiling. Chitosan treatments showed increased total chitinase activity and expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by 3-5 times in the root tissues. In the exudates, total peroxidase and chitinase activities and levels of defense proteins such as PR protein 1 and endochitinase 2 were increased. Shoot development was unaffected, but root development was inhibited after chitosan exposure. In contrast, chitin treatments had no significant impact on any defense parameters, including enzymatic activities, hormone quantities, gene expression levels and root secreted proteins. These results indicate that colloidal chitosan, significantly enhancing defense responses in C. sativa root system, could be used as a potential elicitor, particularly in hydroponic scenarios to manage crop diseases.

Effects of chitin from Daphnia similis and its derivative, chitosan on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Daphnia similis chitin and its derivative chitosan were prepared as immunostimulants to boost the immune response and determine the ability to control infectious disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Three experimental diets supplemented with 0% chitin or chitosan (control) and 0.4% chitin or 0.4% chitosan were fed to shrimp for 56 days. Dietary inclusion of 0.4% chitosan accelerated shrimp growth compared to chitin and control. The survival and disease resistance of shrimp increased significantly when fed chitin and chitosan diets, after pathogenic injection, as indicated by the up-regulated immune responses in respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phagocytic activity (PA). There were no significant differences in the total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO)activity, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity among the groups. No significant differences were observed for prophenoloxidase system-related gene expressions among groups. However, shrimp fed chitin, and chitosan expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial proteins (penaeidin 3a, crustin, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 2) in the haemocytes than in control. The gene expressions of catalase and heat shock protein 70 increased in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan diet compared to the chitin and control diet. The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (ogt) was significantly higher in the haemocytes of shrimp fed chitosan and chitin than the control, but ogt was only significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed chitosan. Dietary chitin and chitosan also showed positive effects on the transcription of peritrophin-like protein. These findings suggest that both chitin and chitosan from D. similis are efficacious at boosting the immunity of shrimp by preventing and controlling infectious diseases caused by Vibrio and have great potential to be used as a feasible immunostimulant that significantly contributes to the circular economy.

Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Vegetable Production Using Chitin and Chitosan as Plant Biostimulants.

Chitin and chitosan are natural compounds that are biodegradable and nontoxic and have gained noticeable attention due to their effective contribution to increased yield and agro-environmental sustainability. Several effects have been reported for chitosan application in plants. Particularly, it can be used in plant defense systems against biological and environmental stress conditions and as a plant growth promoter—it can increase stomatal conductance and reduce transpiration or be applied as a coating material in seeds. Moreover, it can be effective in promoting chitinolytic microorganisms and prolonging storage life through post-harvest treatments, or benefit nutrient delivery to plants since it may prevent leaching and improve slow release of nutrients in fertilizers. Finally, it can remediate polluted soils through the removal of cationic and anionic heavy metals and the improvement of soil properties. On the other hand, chitin also has many beneficial effects such as plant growth promotion, improved plant nutrition and ability to modulate and improve plants’ resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors. The present review presents a literature overview regarding the effects of chitin, chitosan and derivatives on horticultural crops, highlighting their important role in modern sustainable crop production; the main limitations as well as the future prospects of applications of this particular biostimulant category are also presented.

Interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, but not interleukin-25, are crucial for development of airway eosinophilia induced by chitin

Exposure to various antigens derived from house dust mites (HDM) is considered to be a risk factor for development of certain allergic diseases such as atopic asthma, atopic dermatitis, rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Chitin is an insoluble polysaccharide (β-(1–4)-poly-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) and a major component in the outer shell of HDMs. Mice exposed to chitin develop asthma-like airway eosinophilia. On the other hand, several lines of evidence show that the effects of chitin on immune responses are highly dependent on the size of chitin particles. In the present study, we show that chitin induced production of IL-33 and TSLP by alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells, respectively, in mice. IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP were reported to be important for group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)-, but not Th2 cell-, dependent airway eosinophilia in a certain model using chitin beads. Here, we show that—in our murine models—epithelial cell-derived IL-33 and TSLP, but not IL-25, were crucial for activation of resident lung Th2 cells as well as group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) to produce IL-5, resulting in development of chitin-induced airway eosinophilia. Our findings provide further insight into the underlying mechanisms of development of HDM-mediated allergic disorders.

Soft chemical processing approach for the valorization of seafood waste by-products as a source of bioactive polymers

Abstract Chitin and chitosan as green and active biomacromolecules were extracted from local seafood waste (shrimp shells). The extraction was carried out by a soft chemical process, followed by structural characterization (FTIR, XRD, viscosity average molecular weight M̅v), thermal stability by TGA, and antibacterial tests. FTIR and XRD spectra confirmed the chemical structures of the extracted chitin and chitosan which were similar to the commercial ones. The chitin and chitosan had an average viscosimetric molar weight of 232.21 kDa and 41 kDa, respectively. The chitosan had a high deacetylation degree (DD = 71 %) and low cristallinity index (Icr = 68.3 %); compared to chitin, which exhibited a lower deacetylation degree (DD = 24.27 %), higher thermal stability and higher cristallinity index (Icr = 87.55 %). A bacteriostatic effect of chitin was observed in the gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium. Chitosan exhibited a bacteriostatic effect on all bacteria tested, except Salmonella typhimurium.

Effect of chitin from mushroom waste in the composting process of organic residues: compost characteristics and occurrence of biological control agents

Effect of chitin from mushroom waste in the composting process of organic residues: compost characteristics and occurrence of biological control agents

The effect of chitin on the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis strains

The aim of the work was to assess the effect of various forms of chitin and chitosan during submerged cultivation of Bacillus subtilis strains, which form the basis of the laboratory sample Vitaplan, CL, on the synthesis of chitinase, as well as on the antagonistic activity and inducing effect of B. subtilis strains in the pathosystems of wheat - Cochliobolus sativus and Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. The inclusion of chitin in the form of dry powder or chitin and chitosan in the form of a colloidal suspension into the medium for deep cultivation of bacteria showed that only colloidal chitin increased the antagonistic activity of B. subtilis strains against test cultures of Alternaria solani and Clavibacter michiganensis. The ability of B. subtilis strains to synthesize extracellular chitinase when cultivated in a medium containing colloidal chitin was established. A higher fungistatic effect of the laboratory sample Vitaplan CL + colloidal chitin against Cohliobolus sativus was revealed as compared to the original sample. It was shown that the laboratory sample Vitaplan, CL + colloidal chitin increases the resistance of wheat to dark brown spot and brown rust 1.5–2.0 times more effectively as compared to Vitaplan, CL. As a result of the research, a laboratory sample of Vitaplan, CL + colloidal chitin was obtained with increased antagonistic and inducing activity as compared to Vitaplan, CL.

Therapeutic effects of chitin from Pleurotus eryngii on high-fat diet induced obesity in rats [pdf

Therapeutic effects of chitin from Pleurotus eryngii on high-fat diet induced obesity in rats [pdf

The Amendment with Chitin and/or Chitosan Improves the Germination and Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum L., Capsicum annuum L. and Solanum melongena L.

Background: Chitin and chitosan are natural products extracted from shrimp shells. They are non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable which favors many applications in agricultural domain. Moreover, chitin and chitosan are known as stimulators of photosynthetic rates and enhance pants growth through minerals contains (C, O, N ….). In the present study, these co-products are evaluated for their ability to stimulate the germination and growth of Lycopersicon esculentum L., Capsicum annuum L. and Solanum melongena L. Methods: The experiments were conducted at Ibn Tofail University-Kenitra, between July 2016 to January 2018. The experiments are carried out by using a germination test for the three seeds. On the other hand, the in vivo test is used to determine the effect of the biopolymers on plant growth (length, fresh and dry weights of aerial and root parts, number and weight of the obtained fruits). Result: In vitro studies reveal a promoter action of chitosan and the mixture chitin-chitosan on increasing seed germination percentage by 16%, 34% and 22%. Thus, at both 25, 50 and 100 mg/l of chitin or chitosan, increase vigor index, shoot length and root is obtained. In vivo, the effect of chitin and chitosan is limited to stimulation of the lengths, fresh and dry weights of plants. However, a highly significant increase in the number and weight of the fruits is marked by the weekly soil amendment by the chitin-chitosan mixture at 25 mg/l and 100 mg/l.

Effect of chitin and chitosan hexamers on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of wheat seedlings

In this study, two homogeneous chitin and chitosan hexamers and one partially acetylated chitosan hexamer were used to investigate the degree of acetylation (DA) effects of chitooligosaccharides on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings. Both chitin and chitosan hexamers showed a significant promoting effect on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings but the positive effect depended on their DA. The homogeneous chitosan hexamers [(GlcN)6] exhibited the optimal activity compared to other samples. Seven days after (GlcN)6 treatment, the growth parameters of wheat seedlings were all significantly enhanced including fresh mass, dry mass, and length of both shoots and roots, and the contents of soluble sugar were increased by 22.8%. Additionally, (GlcN)6 could significantly promote (by 90.0%) the photosynthetic rate of wheat seedlings. Both Rubisco and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity of photosynthetic carbon metabolism was also found to be significantly improved by (GlcN)6 treatment.

Effects of chitin and temperature on sub-Arctic soil microbial and fungal communities and biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT).

Climate warming in the Arctic and the thawing of frozen carbon stocks are leading to uncertainty as to how bacterial communities will respond, including pollutant degrading bacteria. This study investigated the effects of carbon stimulation and temperature on soil microbial community diversity and explosive biodegradation in two sub-Arctic soils. Chitin as a labile carbon source stimulated overall microbial activities as reflected by increases in basal respiration (three to tenfold) and potential nitrification activity (two to fourfold) compared to unamended soil. This stimulation extended to 2,4-dinitroluene- (DNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-degrading microorganisms either directly or via co-metabolic reaction mechanisms. A stimulatory effect of the incubation temperature (2, 12, or 22°C) on these microbial activities was also observed, but the chitin stimulation caused greater shifts in the structure of the bacterial and fungal communities. The first reported occurrence of an associated role of chitinolytic bacteria belonging to Cellulomonadaceae and chitinolytic fungi belonging to Mortierellaceae in explosive biodegradation is described. This study found that sub-Arctic soil microbial communities were adapted to respond quickly to an increase in labile carbon sources over the range of temperatures used in this study. The warming climate in the Arctic could benefit explosive contaminated soil clean-up by providing non-recalcitrant carbon sources that stimulate overall microbial activity and correspondingly explosive biodegradation.

Effects of chitin and chitosan from cricket and shrimp on growth and carcass performance of broiler chickens.

Majority of the studies on the effect of chitin and chitosan on growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens has concentrated more on shrimp chitin and shrimp chitosan, and often with contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of this present study is to evaluate and compare the effect of dietary chitin and chitosan from cricket and shrimp on growth performance, carcass, and organ characteristics of broiler chickens. One hundred fifty-day-old male Cobb500 broiler chicks of similar average weight were randomly allotted into one of the five dietary treatments with three replicates. Treatment 1 (T1) chicks were fed basal diet only (control), treatment 2 and 3 (T2 and T3) chicks were given basal diet with 0.5g/kg diet of cricket chitin and cricket chitosan, respectively, while treatment 4 and 5 (T4 and T5) chicks were served basal diet with 0.5g/kg diet of shrimp chitin and shrimp chitosan respectively. No significant variation occurred between cricket chitin and shrimp chitin, although data on growth performance were higher in cricket chitin, but growth performance varied significantly between cricket chitosan and shrimp chitosan. This study revealed that cricket chitin at 0.5g/kg significantly improved growth performance, carcass quality, and organ characteristics of broilers more than chitosan. Birds fed basal diet alone, although gained more weight, also accumulated more fat having the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the highest mortality. However, carcass of birds fed cricket chitin was the leanest and thus economically beneficial as they consumed the least amount of feed with the best FCR.

Effectiveness of chitin on thermal susceptibility, rheological and ageing resistivity behaviour of sulphur modified bitumen binder

The present investigation was carried out to understand the effectiveness of Chitin (Ch) on thermal susceptibility, rheological and ageing resistivity behaviour of Sulphur (S) modified bitumen binder (SMB). The modified bitumen binders were prepared in the laboratory using a VG-30 binder with 2% sulphur and different dosages of ‘Ch’. The dosages of Ch were varied as 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% by weight of VG-30. All combinations of ‘Ch’ modified SMB binders were subjected to three stages of ageing namely unaged, short-term ageing and long-term ageing as per test requirements. Rutting performance was evaluated using Superpave rutting factor (G*/sinδ) and MSCR parameters such as non- recoverable creep compliance (Jnr ), and percentage recovery (R). Fatigue damage behaviour was characterised using Superpave fatigue factor (G*sinδ) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests. Ageing resistivity was calculated based on softening point, G*/sinδ, and Jnr values, and assessed in terms of the ratio of the respective parameter of aged sample upon unaged sample. The resulting trend indicates that the surface characteristics, elemental, and interaction potential of ‘Ch’ and ‘S’ may have a strong influence on the performance of the bitumen binder. Viscosity test results imply that addition of ‘Ch’ showed a lower degree of thermal susceptibility, which may require less compaction effort for applications of the bituminous mix in the field. G*/sinδ, Jnr , and R values signify a clear indication of an increase in rutting resistance ability with the incorporation of ‘Ch’ in SMB binder. It is observed that the inclusion of ‘Ch’ in SMB binder has the potential to enhance the fatigue life at intermediate temperature. Similarly, resulting ageing index values showed that SMB binder is less susceptible to ageing with addition of Ch. This study showed that the combination of SMB with Ch can be beneficial to enhance the rutting and fatigue resistance of bitumen binder with low thermal and ageing susceptibility behaviour.

Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 on Chitin

Chitin is a natural compound that can be extracted from various organisms that is used in various applications from medicine to environmental applications. In this study, effect of chitin is followed for adsorption of reactive red 120 textile dye from water at different conditions such as pH, initial concentration of dye, ionic strength, initial concentration of chitin, effect of temperature, effect of contact time. Characterization of the adsorption were recorded by Fourier Transform Infrared FT-IR spectroscopy.

Comparison of Effects of Chitin and Chitosan for Control of Colletotrichum sp. on Cucumbers

Comparison of Effects of Chitin and Chitosan for Control of Colletotrichum sp. on Cucumbers

Effects of chitin and sepia ink hybrid sponge on the healing of burning wound rats and its impact on macrophages in vitro.

To detect whether chitin and sepia ink sponge (CS) can promote wound healing and elevate impact of CS on phagocytosis ability of macrophages. Forty-eight rats were assigned to four groups: Normal group (Normal), negative control group (Con), chitin and sepia ink sponge group (CS) and positive control Surgicel Gauze(r) group (SG). Deep second-degree burn model was created in rats. Wound area was recorded by digital imaging and determined using Image J software. Samples were collected and kept at -80oC on 3d, 7d, 14d and 21d for cytokines detecting. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, hydroxyproline (Hyp) and macrophage activity reflected by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparing to Con and SG, scabs in CS group fell off and basically healed on 21 day. TGF-β1, IL-6, MMP-1 and Hyp were significantly increased by CS and SG comparing to Con (p < 0.05), CS had more apparently adjustment on TGF-β1 and MMP-1 compared to SG; results in vitro indicated CS significantly promoted phagocytosis ability of macrophages reflected in TNF-α (p < 0.05). CS improved wound healing through exerting significant influences on secretion of kinds of cytokines and activating macrophages.

Effects of the Applications of Chitin and Chitosan on Soil Organisms

Effects of chitin and chitosan treatments on soil microorganisms and the mesofauna were investigated in a microcosm and a fumigated field experiment. Responses of microorganisms were determined using microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, whereas responses of the mesofauna were measured in terms of the abundances of nematodes and microarthropods. Soil nitrate concentration increased on the application of chitin. Overall, chitin promoted bacterial and fungal abundance, leading to an increase in abundance of free-living soil nematodes that feed on decomposers. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was highest in the chitin-treated soil. Chitosan had a minimal effect on the abundance of microorganisms; however, it reduced the abundance of collembolans in the microcosm experiment. These results indicate that the application of chitin has beneficial effects on the supply of nutrients and promotion of the abundance of soil organisms.