Effect Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Effect of carboxymethylcellulose on gypsum re-hydration process

When in contact with water, calcined gypsum rehydrates through dissolution, nucleation and crystallization steps. Additives may be used to improve the paste workability and the mechanical properties of the hardened piece. This study investigated the effect of addition of polysaccharides on the setting time, hydration heat, consistency and compressive strength. The changes in the gypsum microstructure were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that dextrin, starch and cellulose did not affect the gypsum properties. However, the addition of only 0.025% of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) results in an increase in the initial and final setting time of 12 and 52%, respectively, without significantly affecting the mechanical strength of the hardened piece. The effect of CMC is attributed to the formation of calcium carboxylate, which reduces the availability of calcium in the crystallization step, slowing down the setting time.

Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan bilayer edible coating on postharvest quality of citrus fruit

There is increasing public interest in development of edible natural biodegradable coatings to replace the currently used commercial synthetic waxes for maintaining postharvest quality of citrus fruit. We tested the efficacy of a newly developed polysaccharide-based edible bilayer coating comprising carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan in preserving postharvest quality of various citrus fruit, including ‘Or’ and ‘Mor’ mandarins, ‘Navel’ oranges, and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit after simulated storage and marketing. In all citrus species, it was found that the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating was equally effective as the commercial polyethylene wax in enhancing fruit gloss. Furthermore, the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating slightly increased fruit firmness, especially of oranges and grapefruit, but was mostly not effective in preventing post-storage weight loss. Both the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating and the commercial wax had no significant effects on juice total soluble solids and acidity levels, and had similar effects on gas permeability, as indicated by only slight increases in internal CO2 levels and in juice ethanol accumulation after storage. Sensory analyses revealed that neither the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating nor the commercial wax coating had any deleterious effects on flavor preference of ‘Navel’ orange and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. However, application of the commercial wax, and moreover the CMC/chitosan bilayer coating, resulted in a gradual decrease in flavor acceptability of ‘Or’ and ‘Mor’ mandarins because of increased perception of off-flavors. Overall, we showed that the CMC/chitosan bilayer edible coating sufficiently enhanced fruit gloss, but was not effective in preventing postharvest weight loss. Furthermore, flavor quality was slightly impaired in mandarins but not in oranges and grapefruit.

Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Alginate Coating Combined with Brewer Yeast on Postharvest Grape Preservation

The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate coating combined with brewer yeast on postharvest grape preservation was investigated. The postharvest grapes were coated with 2% of alginate and 3% of carboxymethyl cellulose combined with1.5×109 CFU/mL of brewer yeast. The combined treatment samples showed good sensory character on day 13 compared with control samples or only coated samples. The increase of weight loss and decrease of total soluble solids of combined treatment grapes were restrained. Furthermore, the protective enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase of combined treatment sample showed higher activities. Accordingly, the increase of malonaldehyde content was also restrained and more vitamin C was preserved in combined treatment samples. At day 13, the weight loss rate and the total soluble solids of grape treated with coating + yeast were 23.6% lower and 20.6% higher than those of control samples, respectively. Coating grapes with 2% of alginate and 3% of carboxymethyl cellulose combined with brewer yeast of1.5×109 CFU/mL was a well-proven method to preserve postharvest grapes.

Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and starch depressants on recovery of filler and fines in tertiary flotation

Yield loss in state-of-art deinking processes for newsprint is usually 15%–20%. Economic and environmental concerns associated with reject handling point to a need to improve yield. This paper describes a study conducted to determine whether it is possible to recover fillers and fiber fines from flotation froth reject of an old newsprint/old magazine processing mill by refloating froth with and without the use of depressants. The recovery of approximately 10%–15% of material was observed without the use of additional flotation chemicals in the reflotation stage. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was observed to be a functional depressant that enhanced fiber fines recovery in particular and, to some extent, china clay recovery but lowered calcium carbonate recovery. The recovery increased to 20%–30% with a dosage of approximately 1 kg CMC/ton of pulp. In addition, starch had a depressing effect, but this effect was weaker than that of CMC, even with much higher dosages.

Effect of Carboxymethylcellulose on Plasticized Polylactide

Polylactide (PLA) was plasticized by two types of plasticizers, glycerol and triacetin. These plasticized PLA were mixed with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). It was found that with only small amount of CMC, 4.5 wt%, it is effectively to lower glass transition, cold crystallization and melting temperatures of glycerol-plasticized PLA (PLA-g) but not much affected on tensile properties. Moreover, increasing amount of CMC twice could not much affect thermal properties but largely reduced tensile strength, modulus and elongation. The melt flow index of the PLA-g increased largely with the amount of CMC. When 4.5 wt% CMC was added to the glycerol-triacetin plasticized PLA, only glass transition temperature became lower than that of 4.5 wt% CMC filled PLA-g but melting temperature and crystallinity were rather increased with poorer mechanical properties. Increasing amount of CMC tended to enhance melting temperature but still rather poor mechanical properties and high melt flow index. So, the CMC had strong positive effect on melt and negative effect on solid properties of plasticized PLA.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Edible Films Incorporated with Rosemary Extracts on Fresh Beef during Refrigerated Storage

The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) edible films containing rosemary extracts for shelf-life extension of beef was evaluated over 12-days storage at refrigerated temperature (4 °C). The beef samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total plate count), chemical characteristics, such as pH value, colour, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances value (TBARS) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). The results indicated that filming treatments retarded the decay of beef compared to control group (P < 0.05). And films incorporated with rosemary extracts mostly efficiently inhibited the growth of total plate counts (P < 0.05), also predominantly reduced chemical spoilage, reflected in pH, a*-value, TBARS value and TVB-N (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggested that the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of rosemary extracts were expressed in a CMC based edible film, and also could have great effect on improving the quality characterizes of beef and prolong its shelf life.

Effect of Carboxymethylcellulose and Plasticizer Concentration on Wetting and Mechanical Properties of Cashew Tree Gum–Based Films

The combination of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), cashew tree gum and, glycerol as plasticizer was evaluated in the formation and properties of films processed by casting. CMC acts as both a gelling and film-formation agent, yielding samples with reasonable mechanical properties. Increasing the concentration of CMC increased tensile strength, reduced elongation at break, and decreased wettability of the blended films. Microscopy surface observation shows that plasticizer addition reduces cracks in the films. The combination of cashew gum with CMC increases the hydrophobicity characteristic of the films. The plasticizer, even in small amounts, reduces the hydrophobicity thus increasing surface wettability. This study shows that cashew gum/CMC/glycerol–composed films can be considered as potential materials for technological applications.

Sodium caseinate/carboxymethylcellulose interactions at oil–water interface: Relationship to emulsion stability

The effect of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on the properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with sodium caseinate (CN) was studied at different pHs (4–7). At pH 7, the surface protein coverage increased gradually with increasing CMC concentration, followed by a preferential adsorption of β-casein. While at pH 4, a sharp decrease in surface protein coverage was noted between 0 and 0.3wt.% CMC, and no obvious difference in protein composition was observed. ζ-Potential measurements indicated that CMC adsorbed onto the CN-coated droplets at pH 4–5, but not at pH 6–7. As a result, the excess of non-adsorbed CMC induced depletion flocculation in the neutral emulsions. However, the acidic emulsions containing high levels of CMC (>0.3wt.%) remained stable after 60days of storage due to the formation of multilayer structures. At pH 4, CMC desorbed from the droplet surfaces at high NaCl concentrations, leading to lower emulsion stability.

Effects of carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) serve as carriers for growth factors and bone substitutes. Although both carriers are placed into the defect sites, their impacts on bone regeneration are unclear. Herein, we examined whether CMC and HPMC affect the differentiation of bone marrow progenitors into osteoclasts and osteoblasts. We therefore induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis in murine bone marrow progenitors in the presence of CMC and HPMC, respectively. Measures of osteoclastogesis were based on the number and activity of tartrate-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive (TRAP(+)) multinucleated cells and expression of marker genes. Osteoblastogenesis was determined by the number and activity of alkaline-phosphatase-positive (AP(+)) colonies and relevant marker genes. Viability was assessed by colorimetric measurement of formazan formation. We report that CMC at 1% caused a significant reduction in the number and activity of TRAP(+) multinucleated cells. Changes in viability were not responsible for the observed effects. HPMC showed no remarkable impact on osteoclastogenesis; however, the concentration was limited to 0.5% because of the high viscosity. The ability of bone marrow progenitors to form AP(+) colonies was not affected by either of the two carriers. Together, these results suggest that CMC and possibly also HPMC can decrease osteoclastogenesis while osteoblastogenesis remains unchanged in vitro. These observations raise the possibility that these carriers might affect the cellular process of bone regeneration.

The Effect of Carboxymethylcellulose and Xanthan on the Rheology of Bentonite Suspensions

In this article, the rheological properties of bentonite suspensions at different concentrations, with and without anionic polymer additives, are investigated. The clay used is a drilling bentonite from Maghnia (west of Algeria) and the additives are sodium carboxymethylcellulose and xanthan gum. Experimental flow measurements, obtained by a controlled-stress rheometer, were used to highlight the effect of the additives on the rheological properties of the bentonite suspension. The Herschel-Bulkley and the Ostwald models were used to fit the rheograms. It has been shown that the presence of carboxymethylcellulose in the bentonite suspension has helped to remove the yield stress and to increase the viscosity of the mixture. On the other hand, the xanthan induced an increase in the yield stress and a high increase in viscosity of the bentonite-polymer mixtures.

Study of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Papaya Peels as Binder in Ceramics

Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose from papaya peel (CMCp) on the properties of ceramics were investigated. Cellulose was extracted from papaya peels by NaOH and then it was modified by chloro acetic acid to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose. The prepared CMCp was applied as a binder in ceramic slip in order to increase its viscosity. Sodium silicate was also added into the slip for providing a dispersion of slip and protecting the sedimentation of clay particles. Various concentrations of CMCp and commercial CMC (CMCc) (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25% w/w of dry weight of clays) were added into the slip. Effect of CMC on viscosity of the slip and the ceramic density were studied. The relationship between the ceramic properties such as, shrinkage, porosity, casting rate and bending strength (both green strength and fired strength), and CMC concentration was also observed. As increasing both CMCp and CMCc, viscosity increased while density decreased. The prepared ceramics (green ware and fired ware) added with CMCp were found to have higher strength and lower in %shrinkage than that of adding with CMCc. The thickness of the ceramic wall adding CMCc increased with increasing CMCc concentration, and time in contrast to that of CMCp as the thickness decreased with increasing CMCp concentration. However, the ceramics with addition of CMCp possessed higher strength than that of the commercial one.

Effect of Carboxymethylcellulose and Starch as Thickening Agents on the Quality of Tomato Ketchup

1 Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickening agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and starch on the quality parameter of tomato ketchup during storage at 30°C. The carboxymethylcellulose was used at the rate of 0.75-1.25% while, starch was 3-4% in the formulation of tomato ketchup. The moisture content of ketchup was increased by the addition of both the thickening agents. The protein, fibre, ash, acidity and total soluble solid of tomato ketchup were decreased gradually when higher percentage of starch and carboxymethylcellulose were added. Amounts of lycopene, vitamin C and reducing sugar content were higher in the ketchup where starch was used. Starch and carboxymethylcellulose had <10 cfu/g of molds and total viable bacteria throughout storage at 30°C for 60 days. Carboxymethylcellulose treated ketchup was found more suitable than the starch treated through sensory evaluation.

Effect of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose and Determination of Pore Throat Criteria for Water-based Drilling Fluids

In this research, the effect of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) on the rheological properties of two different water-based drilling fluids was studied. It was observed that the fluid loss decreased as CMC concentration increased, but the rate of decrease was too low to notice after 1 gr. CMC. It was also observed that shear stress increased as the CMC concentration increased. Experimentally, it was observed that 1 gr. CMC/350 ml of drilling fluid slurry is sufficiently appropriate for optimum rheological efficiency. The pore throat plugging criteria for the two drilling fluids was studied and conditions leading to perforation, pore plugging, and development of empirical correlations for the plugging criteria was determined.

Surface film formation on a carbonaceous electrode: Influence of the binder chemistry

We have investigated the possible effect of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the SEI film formation at the surface of a graphite composite electrode of LiCoO 2/graphite cells. The electrode/electrolyte interface was analyzed by XPS at different potentials of the first electrochemical cycle, and after simple contact of the electrode with the electrolyte. We could evidence a specific reactivity of CMC towards the electrolyte (LiPF 6 in a mixture of carbonate solvents), resulting in the formation of new species that contribute to the surface film composition. This result shows that the chemical reactivity of CMC towards the electrolyte takes part in the formation of the surface film, and contributes to the good properties of CMC as binder.

Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Aqueous Processing of LiFePO[sub 4] Cathodes and Their Electrochemical Performance

Aqueous-based LiFePO 4 particulates were investigated with respect to their use in fabrication of lithium-ion battery cathode as a function of degree of substitution (DS) on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The dispersion properties of LiFePO 4 particulates were characterized using electroacoustic measurements, rheology, and microstructural observations at two different DS values on CMC. It was found that the LiFePO 4 suspensions with lower DS had better long-term dispersing efficiency and more compact microstructure than those with higher DS. Furthermore, the electrodes with lower DS (141 mAh) exhibited a better electrochemical cycling performance than those with higher DS (134 mAh) after the same number of cycles.

The Influence of Modified Media with Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Morphology and Antibiotic Production by Streptomyces Hygroscopicus

ABSTRACTActinomycetes, especially members of the genus Streptomyces, are responsible for producing the majority of known antibiotics. The production of antibiotics by filamentous organisms is often dependent on the morphology and size distribution of the pellet population within the culture. The effect of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on growth and antibiotic (hexaene and azalomycine) production by Strepotmyces hygroscopicus were investigated. By adding the polymer to the fermentation medium, the growth was changed from a single large glob to small reproducible pellets, and wall growth was diminished to a minimum. Maximum concentration of hexaene was reached at 3% (wt/vol) CMC and maximum concentration of azalomycine was reached at 1 % (wt/vol) CMC.

Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and pregelatinized corn starch on the quality of amaranthus spaghetti

Six gluten-free spaghetti typologies in base of amaranthus flour were produced, using two types of gluten substitutes, carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC) at three different percentages, 0.1% (LCMC), 0.2% (MCMC), 0.3% (HCMC) and pregelatinized corn starch (PCS) at three different percentages, 5% (LPCS), 7% (MPCS), 9% (HPCS). The amaranthus spaghetti were compared with a control spaghetti sample of durum semolina (CTRL). We ran some tests on the samples to determine breakage susceptibility by water sorption kinetics, cooking loss, the cooking resistance by fitting the values of elastic modulus, instrumental stickiness and sensory analysis. The spaghetti obtained from amaranthus flour containing CMC and PCS showed breakage susceptibility higher than that of the CTRL, while they showed a cooking resistance equal or lower with respect to the CTRL. The spaghetti with CMC had a lower stickiness, equal values of cooking loss and similar values of sensory attributes with respect to that of the CTRL. For the spaghetti containing PCS, the cooking loss values were higher and the sensorial attributes were lower with respect to that of the CTRL and of the spaghetti containing CMC. Moreover, the stickiness values for the spaghetti samples with PCS increased as the pregelatinized corn starch concentration increased. From the result it emerged that spaghetti samples containing CMC presented better performances especially in cooking with respect to the spaghetti samples with PCS.

Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and xanthan gum on rheological profile of dried maize masa

Maize masa was obtained using a traditional nixtamalisation process, and then freeze-dried to obtain dried masa. Both masa dispersions with 10%(w/V) total solids control (DM), masa dispersions mixed with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (0.2% and 0.5%(mass fraction) gum solids) named masa with hydrocolloid (DMH) were prepared by distilled water, and the rheological properties were tested. Dynamic oscillatory measurements were performed on a TA Instruments AR-1000 Controlled Strain Rheometer using a parallel plates system with a diameter of 60 mm and a gap of 200 μm. The strain amplitude sweeps were run from 0.1% to 3 % in the 1st stage (at 25 °C) and from 0.1% to 5% in the 2nd (at 90 °C) and 3rd stages (at 25 °C) of a heating (at 25–95 °C, stage 1) — cooking (95 °C, 10 min, stage 2)-cooling (95 °C to 25 °C, stage3) kinetics at a frequency value of 1 Hz. Once the linear viscoelastic region was found, the frequency sweeps (0.1–10 Hz) were run when a constant strain value of 0.3% was used in the 1st and 2nd stages and of 0.5% in the 3rd stage of the kinetics. All masa samples (DM and DMH) behave as viscoelastic gels with G′ (elastic modulus) >G″ (viscous modulus), when all masu samples are subjected to three stages of heating-cooking-cooling kinetics using increments in the moduli values as progressing from one stage to another. Overall, the hydrocolloid addition decreases both moduli values, probably by interfiring with the masa components structure in an aqueous environment. The smoothest gel is the one of DMH-xanthan with 0.5% (mass fraction) of solids.

Assessment of Osmotic Process in Combination with Coating on Effective Diffusivities during Drying of Apple Slices

The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coating on the mass exchanges during the osmotic dehydration of apples and its effect on the quality of final product were studied. Coating semi-rings of apple with CMC solution (1%) was found to prevent solute uptake and to reduce salt diffusion coefficient from 4.35 × 10−10 m2/s to 2.86 × 10−10 m2/s. However, coating did not significantly affect the diffusivity of water. The effective diffusivity of salt and consequently solids gain were found to be depended on the concentration of CMC solution in the range of 0–1%. Increasing the concentration of CMC further from 1% had no effect on the mass exchanges during the osmotic process. Maximum performance ratio, defined as water loss/solids gain, and the lowest solids diffusion was observed for coated samples (with 1% CMC solution) treated with an osmotic solution containing glucose syrup (50%) and NaCl (2%).

Osmotic Dehydration of Apple Slices with Carboxy-Methyl Cellulose Coating

ABSTRACT The effect of carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) coating on mass transfer process during osmotic dehydration of apple slices and its effect on salt absorption were investigated. The study was conducted using four concentrations of CMC (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 3%) and nine osmotic solutions comprising of glucose syrup (30, 40, and 50%) and salt (2, 4, and 6%). Sample contact time with the hypertonic solution was 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min. Both coated and uncoated samples were evaluated in terms of water loss (WL), solids gain (SG), WL/SG ratio, and salt absorption. Optimal condition was obtained when the CMC concentration of 1% was used with hypertonic solution comprising of 50% glucose syrup and 2% salt.