Effect Of Carbon Tetrachloride Research Articles

Histological and immunohistochemical study on the effect of Carbon tetrachloride on kidney of adult male albino rats

Histological and immunohistochemical study on the effect of Carbon tetrachloride on kidney of adult male albino rats

Assessment of the effect of cell transplantation on DNA repair in rat hepatocytes exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) by DNA comet assay

Introduction. The effect of carbon tetrachloride (freon-10, asordin, hladon-10) is an organochlorine compound with the chemical formula CCl4 and the subsequent transplantation of fetal liver cells (FLC) on DNA degradation and repair in rat hepatocytes by means of alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (DNA comet assay) was assessed. Material and methods. Acute toxic damage to the rat liver was simulated by a single oral administration to female Wistar rats of CCl4 in an oil solution at a dose of 3000 mg/kg. As a protective agent, a suspension of FLC of E19 rat fetuses was used. Quantitative assessment of the degree of damage to the nuclear DNA of liver cells was performed by DNA comet assay on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 16 of the experiment. Results. Intravenous injections of fetal liver cells 6 h after exposure to CCl4 induces DNA repair processes in rat hepatocytes in 5-7 days and led to a decrease in the intensity of nuclear DNA damage. The trend toward a decrease in the number of undamaged hepatocytes continued on the 16th day of the experiment, and, therewith, the enhancement of reparative processes after FLC injection revealed itself in in a significant decrease in the number of hepatocytes with a high intensity of nuclear DNA damage. Limitations. To prevent unwanted death of animals in the group, studies were limited to a dose of 3000 mg/kg of CCl4 in oil solution. Conclusion. The method of alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (DNA comet assay) allowed quantitative assessment of the degrees of genome damage and repair. The obtained positive results suggest that FLC exert a protective effect of the structure of the DNA of rat liver role after acute exposure to CCl4.

The possible role of curcumin-chitosan nanocomposite in reducing the impairment effect of carbon tetrachloride on the testis tissue in liver fibrosis model

The possible role of curcumin-chitosan nanocomposite in reducing the impairment effect of carbon tetrachloride on the testis tissue in liver fibrosis model

Study of hepatotoxins influence in vitro on basic biochemical indicators of liver functional state

An antimicrobial drug of the fluoroquinolone group, ciprofloxacin, is widely used in Ukraine. However, some researchers have noted the probable hepatotoxicity of this drug with prolonged use or use of high doses of ciprofloxacin. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of carbon tetrachloride, as a classical model of hepatocyte injury, with the effects of ciprofloxacin.
 The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical parameters of the liver when simulating toxic damage to hepatocytes with carbon tetrachloride or ciprofloxacin.
 Materials and methods. The study was carried out on isolated rat hepatocytes, in whose culture medium carbon tetrachloride or ciprofloxacin was added. After incubation in the supernatant and cell homogenate, the activities of marker enzymes of cytolysis were determined: ALT, AST, γ-GTP, LF, LDH, DC and MDA.
 Results. The introduction of ciprofloxacin into the culture of hepatocytes at a concentration of LC50 caused changes in biochemical parameters similar to those caused by carbon tetrachloride. Thus, an increase in ALT, AST, γ-GTP, LF, LDH, DC and MDA was observed when CCl4 or ciprofloxacin was added to the culture.
 Conclusion. Incubation of rat hepatocytes with carbon tetrachloride or ciprofloxacin caused an increase in the level of enzymes and lipid peroxidation products. These parameters are indicators of gross changes in cells, which are the result of impaired keto acid formation, impaired redox reactions, impaired glycogen production

Pharmacological assessment of the aqueous extract of rose oil waste from Rosa x damascena Herrm cultivated in Georgia

Among Rosaceae family's most popular and important plants Rosa x damascena Herrm. holds one of the top places due to its centuries-long application in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and medicine. Despite this, the chemical and pharmacological study of different products obtained from R. damascena still does not lose its relevance. Currently, considerable attention is paid to the valorization of the waste from rose oil production in order to fully utilize valuable physiologically active constituents. The present study provides data on some pharmacological properties of the aqueous extract of rose oil waste from the R. damascena cultivated in Georgia. In particular, evaluation of gastro- and hepatoprotective activity of the aforesaid extract has been carried out in animal models and revealed its efficacy. The extract appeared to dose dependently stimulate leucopoiesis (up to 75%) and prevent ethanol-induced gastric injury (20-80%). As well, the extract ameliorated hepatoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride by 63%.

Effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) sonochemistry on the size of active bubbles for the production of reactive oxygen and chlorine species in acoustic cavitation field

It is known that the evaporation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) into the acoustic cavitation during water sonolysis results in the generation of many reactive species (e.g. chlorinated elements), probable reduction of bubble temperature and the scavenging of hydrogen atom by its reaction with CCl4. Consequently, the chemistry of bubbles (sono-activity) is completely modified, which means that the change of the active bubbles distribution is more plausible in the presence of CCl4. The present work gives the first study of the impacts of carbon tetrachloride on the size distribution of active bubbles as well as the optimum size for the maximal yielding of reactive oxygen species (ROS: ●OH, O, O3, HO2● and H2O2) and reactive chlorine species (RCS: ●CCl3, :CCl2, ●Cl, Cl2, HOCl). In addition, the extent of these effects (of carbon tetrachloride) was evaluated as function of the ultrasonic parameters, namely, ultrasound frequency and acoustic intensity. It has been shown that the optimum ambient bubble radius for the maximal production of ROS and RCS shifts towards higher values (~6–7 µm) when CCl4 concentration is greater than 0.02 mM (i.e. for a frequency of 300 kHz). However, for lower concentrations of CCl4 (<0.02 mM), this optimum exists at around 3.1 µm. As the acoustic intensity is raised, the range of active bubbles and the optimum size are increased, where this effect is more intense for CCl4 concentrations greater than ~0.01 mM. For higher frequencies, 875 and 1000 kHz, it has been demonstrated that the existence of CCl4 in the bulk liquid practically has no effect on the optimum size for the maximal yielding of oxidants.

Therapeutic Effects and Associated Mechanisms by which "Fuyang Jiedu Huayu" Granules Treat Chronic Liver Failure in the Rat.

Aim Fuyang Jiedu Huayu (FYJDHY) granules are a combination of five traditional Chinese medicines with known therapeutic effects against chronic liver failure (CLF). The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of FYJDHY to ameliorate the effects of carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced CLF in rats and to explore the possible molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic efficacy. Methods A model of chronic liver failure was established by intraperitoneal injection of 50% carbon tetrachloride into SD rats for 8 weeks. After establishing the model, rats were treated with either low-dose (4.725 kg/d), medium-dose (9.45 kg/d), or high-dose (18.9 g/kg/d) FYJDHY for 2 weeks. After treatment, samples of liver tissue and blood were harvested from rats in each group. Serum ALT, AST, and TBIL levels and prothrombin time were measured using a biochemical analyzer. The expression of Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder 1), TPO (thrombopoietin), and its receptor c-Mpl were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, and assessment of histological improvement in liver tissue was by H&E-stained tissue sections. Results Compared with the model group, serum ALT, AST, and TBIL levels and PT of rats in the intervention group were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In addition, FYJDHY alleviated pathological damage to liver tissue and increased the expression of Gab1, TPO, and its receptor c-Mpl in liver tissue, to levels statistically significant compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The therapeutic effect of FYJDHY on CLF may be related to the promotion of angiogenesis and improvement in hemopoietic function in individuals suffering from CLF.

Preliminary Evaluation of Hepatorenal Protective Potentials of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Kigelia africana&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Toxicity in Adult Male Wistar Rats

Background and aim: Hepatorenal toxicity is a very common ailment with resultant deleterious burden on the overall body systems and high mortality rate. Although myriads of drug agents are in circulation, its medical management is still inadequate as no effective treatment which inhibits disease progression and complications, has been synthesized yet. Therefore, this study focused on the potentials of Kigelia africana ethanolic leaf extract (KAELE) in preventing hepatorenal toxicity using CCl4 model of toxicity in rats. Method: KAELE was subjected to phytochemical screening. Following two-week acclimatization, thirty-six (N = 36) adult male Wistar rats were grouped into six consisting of six animals each (n = 6). Group I was given distilled water as control while groups II to VI received silymarin (100 mg/kg), CCl4 (1 ml/kg), KAELE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) respectively. All groups pre-treated with silymarin and Kigelia africana ethanol leaf extract lasted for a period of fourteen (14) days using a gastric tube. CCl4 was administered intraperitoneally to groups II, III, IV, V and VI 48 hours after the last pretreatment on day 14. Post treatment, animals were sacrificed and the blood obtained and sera used for biochemical analysis while the tissues for histological evaluations. Results: The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and phenols. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the level of all serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in the extract-treated groups. KAELE showed a dose-dependent hepato-protective property as it significantly mitigated the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the liver function markers studied (total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, albumin and total protein). KAELE showed the decrease necrotic hepatic plates around the portal areas and damaged blood vessels with less fatty acids infiltrations in this study. Conclusion: KAELE possesses hepatorenal protective potentials.

Amelioration of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury by Citrus Leaf Extract

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of citrus leaf extract in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and its potential molecular mechanism. Carbon tetrachloride was used to construct hepatic injury animal model. To this end, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, carbon tetrachloride-treated, and two carbon tetrachloride + citrus leaf extract-treated groups. The results show that citrus leaf extract treatment significantly reversed the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the body weight changes and liver index. Besides, treatment with citrus leaf extract also reduced the levels of serum liver enzymes and oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. H&amp;E staining and western blotting suggested that citrus leaf extract could repair liver histological damage by regulating AMPK and Nrf-2.

Estimation of the infl uence of cytochrome P450 induction on carbon tetrachloride genotoxicity in vitro

Introduction. One of the stages of the pathogenesis of the toxic eff ect of carbon tetrachloride is the formation of compounds of reactive oxygen species with DNA, leading to the modifi cation of nitrogenous bases. The frequency of formation of nucleotides modifi ed by nitrogenous bases correlates with the number of single-and double-chain breaks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. The initiator of the formation of active forms of oxygen and lipid peroxidation in liver cells upon receipt of carbon tetrachloride is a trichloromethyl radical formed during biotransformation by microsomal enzymes of cytochrome P450.The aim of the study was to analyze the changes in the genotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in hepatocytes at normal and increased activity of cytochrome P450 caused by the infl uence of an inductor (sovol).Materials and methods. Evaluation of genotoxicity is performed by the method of DNA-comets aft er gavage with carbon tetrachloride culture of mouse hepatocytes МН22а in 96-well microplates without the induction of cytochrome P450 and chemical induction of cytochrome P450 by sovol. Determination of DNA content in comet tail (%), comet tail length (μm) and tail moment was performed in ImageJ 1.48. Statistical analysis of the results was performed in the program SPSS Statistics 21.Results: Experimental data on the genotoxic eff ect of carbon tetrachloride on hepatocytes of the MN–22A cell line without induction of cytochrome P450 and chemical induction of cytochrome P450 by sovol are presented. It was found that 0.5 mm solution of carbon tetrachloride in 1 hour aft er addition to the culture medium is genotoxic for hepatocytes MH–22a without the use of sovol (p&lt;0.001). Th e lack of determined using the method of DNA-comet signs of genotoxicity of 5 mm carbon tetrachloride (p&gt;0.05) in the culture medium, probably due to the transition of the cells into a state of parametros. Genotoxic eff ect is not detected by DNA comet aft er 3 and 24 hours of incubation of hepatocytes MN–22A with 0.5 and 5 mm solutions of carbon tetrachloride without preincubation with sovol (p&gt;0.05), which may indicate repair of the damage. Aft er 72 hours of preliminary incubation of hepatocytes with sovol and the followin g four-hour cell priming with 2.5 mm tetrachloromethane solution, higher values of the parameters of DNA comets are observed than when seeding with tetrachloromethane without incubation with sovol (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: According to the results of the study 72 hours of cytochrome P450 induction by sovol increases the genotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in vitro, compared with 24 h of inductor exposure, which may indirectly indicate a higher level of formed reactive oxygen species caused by increased activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TOXICITY

Biological rhythms are genetically fixed as a universal form of adaptation to cyclically changing environmental factors. Many organs including the liver and body systems function in an oscillatory mode. Its central role in the process of detoxification may determine the variability of toxic effects in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The including of chronobiological patterns in the procedures of toxicological and hygienic studies will allow more accurate assessing of the properties of tested substances. The aim of the study was to identify variations in the seasonal chrono-reactivity of warm-blooded animals to the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride. In studies there were used Wistar rats, divided into experimental (CCl4-induced toxic hepatitis) and control groups in the winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Standard laboratory diagnostic methods studied key indices characterizing the functional activity of the liver and the antioxidant status of the organism (direct and total bilirubin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, ALAT, ASAT, hydroperoxide, malonic dialdehyde, catalase in the liver tissues). According to the results of the conducted research, seasonal biorhythms have a modulating effect on the organism of warm-blooded animals, and the amplitude of the detected fluctuations was observed to be wider in terms of modeled pathology. The calculation of the variation values of numerical indices shows fluctuations to take place in the range of 10-60% in control group, and within the range of 60-300% in the pathology. The most labile index was catalase. Since the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride toxicity is mediated through the initiation of lipid peroxidation, this may explain the observed phenomena of seasonal chronoreactivity. Thus, taking into account the modulating role of biorhythms in protocols for toxicity testing can optimize the currently used procedures of human health risk assessment.

A cross-sectional survey based on blood VOCs, hematological parameters and urine indicators in a population in Jilin, Northeast China

The objective of this study was to examine whether long-term exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will have an effect on the health of non-occupational population. A total of 499 non-occupational participants aged more than 18 that live around Jilin Petrochemical Industrial Zone were chosen by stratified cluster random sampling. Their blood VOCs' levels, hematological parameters and urine indicators together with detailed questionnaire data were used to find possible relationships using binary logistic regression analysis. The detection rate of benzene in the blood was high in the non-occupational population around the industrial area, and it even reached 82.3% in males but no significant difference was recorded between male and female population. In addition, trichloroethane (male: 33.2% V female: 21.7%; p = 0.002), carbon tetrachloride (males: 20.3% V females: 7.5%; p < 0.001) and trichlorethylene (male: 34.9% V female: 24.7%; p = 0.004) all showed significant differences in gender, and without exception, the prevalence of males was higher in these three VOCs than of females. The changes in red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT) and basophils are correlated with carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and chloroform, respectively. And RBC, HCT and basophils are statistically significant in male compared with female of the study population. The increase in trichlorethylene was associated with an increase of 1.723% (95% CI 1.058-2.806) in HCT. The increase in carbon tetrachloride showed a more significant correlation with an increase of 2.638% in RBC count (95% CI 1.169-5.953). And trichloromethane led to a 1.922% (95% CI 1.051-3.513) increase in basophils. The changes in urinary WBC, urine ketone (KET) and urinary bilirubin (BIL) showed significant correlation with benzene, carbon tetrachloride and dibromochloromethane, respectively. The correlation in females is more significant than in males. The increase of benzene in the female population increased urinary leukocyte count by 2.902% (95% CI 1.275-6.601). The effect of carbon tetrachloride on KET was particularly pronounced, resulting in an increase of 7.000% (95% CI 1.608-30.465). Simultaneously, an increase in dibromochloromethane caused an increase of 4.256% (95% CI 1.373-13.192) in BIL. The changes in RBC, HCT and basophils can only serve as an auxiliary indicator for disease diagnosis, so they have no significant clinical significance. However, the alteration of urinary WBC, KET and BIL has great clinical significances, and it is suggested that the monitoring of the above indicators from low-dose long-term exposure be strengthen in this area.

Immunotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride

This article presents an estimate of the number of cells with the content of heat shock protein HSP70, as well as the level of tumor necrosis factor TNF-α and IL-10 under conditions of intoxication with tetrachloromethane (CCl4). It was shown that the number of cells containing HSP70 protein granules signifi cantly increased in the thymus and spleen cells on day 3 after administration of the toxicant. The toxic eff ect of CCl4 leads to an increase in the level of TNF-α and a decrease in IL-10 in blood plasma. The results showed that the response of the body to intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 is manifested by an increase in the production of HSP70 and TNF-α, which can serve as markers of cellular damage and has prognostic and diagnostic signifi cance.

Effect of carbon tetrachloride on the luminol sonochemiluminescence reaction kinetics during multibubble cavitation

The sonochemiluminescence (SCL) of luminol reaction was studied in alkaline medium using a dissolution of luminol, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide and carbon tetrachloride. The presence of carbon tetrachloride enhances the SCL reaction up to allow the study of the reaction in real time using a cell phone video camera. This experimental setup allows the study of the cavitation dynamics in real time and through all the reactor, including homogeneous and heterogeneous cavitation zones. Finally, it was tested the effect of ethanol, the ionic strength and pH on the SCL.

Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba in renal system versus toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride

Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba in renal system versus toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride

Hepatoprotective activity ofchenopodium albumLinn. in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity rats

Chenopodium album Linn. is a commonly used herbal drug against many diseases. The hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of dried powder of leaves plant of Chenopodium album Linn. was investigated in hepatotoxicity rat model. Hepatotoxicity was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride. Different doses were tested to decide the dose related hepatoprotective efficacy of Chenopodium album Linn. (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg body weight/day po for two weeks). The Hepatoprotective effect of these extracts was evaluated by liver function biochemical parameters (i. e. total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total protein, serum glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase and In Vivo antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidases (LPO) and catalase activities) and histopathological examination of liver. In extract-treated animals, the toxicity effect of carbon tetrachloride was controlled significantly by restoration of the levels of serum biochemical parameters as compared to the normal and standard drug silymarin treated groups. Histology of liver sections of the animals treated with the extracts showed the hepatic cell regeneration. Therefore, the results of present study support the hepatoprotective effect of Chenopodium album Linn.

Effects of carbon tetrachloride on oxidative stress, inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

In the present study, the cellular and molecular mechanism of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in fish was investigated by studying the effects of CCl4 on the oxidative stress, inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis. Common carp were given an intraperitoneal injection of 30% CCl4 in arachis oil (0.5ml/kg body weight). At 72h post-injection, blood were collected to measure glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA), liver samples were taken to analyze toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and gene expressions of inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB/cREL). Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed after treatment of the primary hepatocytes with CCl4 at 8mM. The results showed that CCl4 significantly increased the levels of GPT, GOT, MDA, TLR4 and CYP2E1, reduced the levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH and T-AOC, and up-regulated the gene expressions of NF-κB/cREL and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12. In vitro, CCl4 caused a dramatic loss in cell viability and induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Overall results suggest that oxidative stress lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α/NF-κB and TRL4/NF-κB signaling pathways play important roles in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in fish.

Ultrastructural study of the effect of carbon tetrachloride on the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland of mice and the possible protective role of ginger

Ultrastructural study of the effect of carbon tetrachloride on the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland of mice and the possible protective role of ginger

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Tamarix nilotica flowers

Context: Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamaricaceae) is used in the Egyptian traditional medicine as an antiseptic agent. This plant has been known since pharaonic times and has been mentioned in medical papyri to expel fever, relieve headache, to draw out inflammation, and as an aphrodisiac. No scientific study is available about the biological effect of this plant.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the hydro-alcoholic extract (80%) of T. nilotica flowers for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities.Materials and methods: Hepatoprotective activity was assessed using carbon tetrachloride–induced hepatic injury in rats by monitoring biochemical parameters. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biochemical markers of hepatic damage such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tissue glutathione were determined in all groups.Results and conclusion: Carbon tetrachloride (5 mL/kg body weight) enhanced the SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels. There was a marked reduction in tissue glutathione level in diabetic rats. The hydro-alcoholic extract of T. nilotica (100 mg/kg body weight) ameliorated the adverse effects of carbon tetrachloride and returned the altered levels of biochemical markers near to the normal levels.

ChemInform Abstract: A Dipole Moment Study of Enamines, Amides, Amidines, Hydrazones, Triazenes and Ureas.

Abstract A dipole moment analysis of compounds containing an NXY group (with XYC; XC, YO, S, Se or NR; XN, YC, and XYN) has yielded significant values for their NXY mesomeric moments, which are related to the relevant NX rotational barriers taken from the literature. The dipole moments of N,N-dimethylbenzamidine, N,N,-dimethylthiobenzamide (and N,N-dimethylselenobenzamide), and N,N,N′-trimethybenzamide (from the literature), are interpreted on the basis of two mesomeric moments (m(NCY) and m(PhCY)). An attempt is also made to explain the dipole moments of N,N-diethylimidazolidin-2-one, -2-thione and -2-selenone. Finally, the effect of carbon tetrachloride on the dipole moments of N,N-dimethylamides, N,N′-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one and N,N′-diethylimidazolidin-2-one is briefly discussed.