Effects Of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

Probing the Nexus Effect of CO2 Emissions, Fossil Fuels, Energy Imports and Economic Growth on Renewable Energy Consumption in OIC Member Countries in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Panel Data Estimations

In recent years, the role of renewable energy sources has increased in the amount of energy consumed worldwide. Much remains unknown about the components that influence renewable energy consumption. This article addresses this issue for the Southeast Asian countries that are members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. Besides having major energy resources, the region is well suited for renewable energy development as it can measure the effects of carbon dioxide emissions, fossil fuels, energy imports, and economic growth. In this study, we found that there is no statistically significant difference in renewable energy consumption in previous years; economic growth and concurrent increases in carbon dioxide and fossil fuel emissions do not have a positive impact on renewable energy use in the OIC region of Southeast Asia; and the impact of energy imports has a significant impact on the consumption of renewable energy. In addition, how the findings of this study impact policy is discussed.

Unraveling Korea’s Energy Challenge: The Consequences of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Use on Economic Sustainability

This research delves into the effects of carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption on economic growth in Korea from 1980 to 2022, employing a sophisticated nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. The study unveils pivotal findings, most notably the positive association between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth, suggesting that periods of economic expansion in Korea have been accompanied by surges in emissions. Furthermore, the investigation highlights a significant, albeit asymmetrical, positive impact of primary energy consumption on economic growth, illuminating the critical role of energy in the nation’s economic trajectory. The analysis also identifies essential economic determinants—namely, the labor force, gross fixed capital formation, and net inflows of foreign direct investment—underscoring their pivotal contributions to economic proliferation. The reliability of these insights is corroborated through advanced econometric techniques, including fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares methods. A noteworthy discovery emerges from the Toda–Yamamoto causality test, revealing bidirectional Granger causality between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth, as well as between energy consumption and economic growth. Moreover, it uncovers a unidirectional causality flowing from labor, capital formation, and foreign direct investment towards economic growth. These findings elucidate the complex interplay between environmental and economic elements, highlighting the critical need for sustainable energy policies and proactive environmental stewardship in Korea. By advocating for a synthesis of economic advancement and environmental sustainability, this study presents indispensable insights for policymakers. It calls for a judicious approach to balancing Korea’s economic ambitions with its ecological responsibilities, thereby charting a sustainable path forward for the nation. Through its comprehensive analysis, this research contributes valuable perspectives to the discourse on economic development and environmental sustainability, offering guidance for Korea’s strategic planning and policy formulation.

Determinants of Green GDP in ASEAN-5 Countries

The over-exploitation of natural resources to increase economic growth causes environmental degradation, and climate change has been a serious research issue. Gross Domestic Green Product (green GDP) is a proxy of Green economic growth. It is an indicator of sustainable economic development that considers aspects of environmental degradation. This study aims to determine the effect of carbon dioxide emissions, foreign direct investment, current account balance, and population on green GDP in five ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Myanmar. This study utilized panel data, a combination between time series and cross-section data. The panel data was examined by using the eViews 11 application. The selected model was the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). This study found that two independent variables: carbon dioxide emissions and the population had a significant positive effect on green GDP. Meanwhile, Foreign Direct Investment and current accounts do not significantly affect green GDP. Thus, the government as a regulator has a role in managing policies related to carbon emissions and population in supporting green economic growth.

The nexus between tourism, economic growth, and environmental pollution at a regional level in Spain: a new CS-ARDL approach

ABSTRACT Over recent decades, tourism has undergone rapid growth, contributing to economic growth. Moreover, recent studies have included environmental variables in their analyses, although they tend to use a country-level approach despite the fact that tourism development takes place at a regional level. This study analyzes the relationship between tourism, economic growth, and the environment in Spain during 2004–2021, using an innovative approach that analyzes the data at a regional level. The hypothesis is that tourism affects economic growth and the environment. Using econometric analysis through CS-ARDL and causality analysis, the short- and long-term relationships of the three analyzed variables have been identified, adjusting these estimates according to the presence of cross-dependency between the regions. The results verified the positive effects of tourism on economic growth, and the adverse effects of carbon dioxide emissions on tourism. Theoretical and policy implications are suggested, and limitations are discussed.

Renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission and financial stability: does institutional quality matter?

ABSTRACT In the context that countries around the world are making efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote the use of renewable energy, the impact of these issues on the economy is becoming more and more concerned. Our study investigates the impact of renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions on financial stability and the role of institutional quality in mitigating these effects. Using panel data from 147 countries, including both developed and developing countries, and applying the quantile regression method, this study found that both renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions reduce financial stability. Moreover, the negative effects of carbon dioxide emissions on financial stability intensify in countries with higher financial stability. Additionally, institutional quality was found to play an important role in mitigating the negative impacts of renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions on financial stability, especially in countries with high levels of financial stability; the impact was insignificant in developing countries with low levels of financial stability. Our results can be useful for regulators in both developed and developing countries to control the negative impacts of carbon emission reduction and renewable energy policies on financial stability.

Thermal and optical investigations of various transparent wall configurations and building integrated photovoltaic for energy savings in buildings

The growing global attention on energy consumption in buildings, along with the harmful effects of carbon dioxide emissions on climate change, has recently heightened efforts on sustainability and energy savings in buildings. As a result, the search for high thermal resistance walls, as well as the development of integrated photovoltaic technology with front glass walls to save energy in buildings, is an important and promising topic. The current study investigates and compares the energy-saving capabilities of four building transparent wall configurations: basic glass, facade, basic glass integrated with photovoltaics, and facade integrated with photovoltaics at different ambient temperatures, wind speeds, and solar radiation. The study also introduces a comprehensive three-dimensional heat transfer and electrical model that combines a Steady-State Thermal solution with the ANSYS mechanical solver and a fluid flow solution with the ANSYS Fluent solver to simulate the full layers of Cadmium Telluride solar cells, transparent walls, and the air conditioning room. Each model was subjected to a full-day simulation using Egypt weather conditions in the summer season to evaluate the efficacy in terms of saving artificial lighting loads, thermal loads for air conditioning, daily electricity generation from Cadmium Telluride solar cells, and total energy savings throughout the day. According to the findings, the facade integrated with photovoltaics and basic glass integrated with photovoltaics configurations deliver about 394 Wh/m2 of electrical energy to the building daily. Furthermore, when air conditioning and lighting loads, as well as solar cell productivity, are considered, the facade, basic glass integrated with photovoltaics, and facade integrated with photovoltaics configurations save 46.9%, 31.5%, and 79.3% of total electricity consumption, respectively, when compared to the basic glass wall.

Effects of carbon dioxide emissions on agricultural production indexes in East African community countries: Pooled mean group and fixed effect approaches

The ongoing climate change threat brought by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere has rekindled global activism to address its detrimental effects on agricultural production with the maximum tenacity. The current study, consequently, examines the causal effect between CO2 emissions and agricultural production indexes while controlling for renewable energy consumption, arable land and governance, using data spanning from 1996 to 2019. The study applied pooled mean group/Autoregressive distributed lag and fixed effect approaches and tested for the causality between the variable of interest using the Dumitrescu and Hurlin Granger non-causality test. The long-run equation shows that CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, labour force and arable land size have positive effects on the crop production index. Whereas, renewable energy consumption, labour force, arable land size and governance positively affect the livestock production index. While no causality exists between CO2 emissions and crop production index. However, the effects of governance and the size of arable land on agricultural production remained inconclusive. To achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger for their people, East African Community countries need to commercialize agricultural production and embrace more eco-friendly farming techniques.

Water stress and sustainability challenges: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa is considered one of the hotspots most likely to be affected by water problems due to the region's heavy reliance on agriculture. This study has three objectives. First, it aims to assess the driving factors that influence environmental performance in Sub‐Saharan countries. Second, it investigates the impact of water scarcity on sustainable development in sub‐Saharan nations by utilizing available data on the environmental performance index (EPI) from 2000 to 2010, which is the only complete and accessible time series. Third, it seeks to identify the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the EPI. To achieve these objectives, the study employs an empirical dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and a panel of selected countries in sub‐Saharan Africa to examine long‐term equilibrium and short‐term adjustments. The results indicate a positive correlation between population growth and EPI in Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, and South Africa. In the long term, the population coefficient exhibits a negative and significant relationship with EPI. Maternal mortality rates were found to have 1% relevance, while health spending was deemed irrelevant. Both carbon emissions and the proportion of the population with improved water sources had a negative and significant impact on the environmental index. The findings underscore the conflicts between water demand and other explanatory variables on water stress in sub‐Saharan countries. Thus, the study recommends the urgent formulation of regional policies to effectively safeguard future generations from the threat of water poverty.

A Panel Snapshot of Climate Change (CO2) Emission on Health Risk: The Case of Relating Sub-Saharan Africa to Different Country Regions

The rising concern that the effect of climate change on population health risk is gradually generating significant attention. This no doubt influenced the exploration of climate change (co2) emission on population health risk in the case of relating African to different income regions. This study made use of fixed panel cross-sectional analysis, descriptive analysis and correlation coefficient index to estimate the study objective which was to investigate the effects of climate change (co2) emission on population health risk among different country income regions from 2000 to 2021 from the World Bank Indicators (WBI) across the selected income countries and region. Findings showed that climate change (Co2) emission per capita, gross domestic product per capita, and food production index, have negative and significant effects on population health risk, whereas, urban population defecation has a positive and significant effect on the population health risk among different country regions. Specifically, carbon dioxide emissions (C02) (c02empc) are highly associated with High-Income countries (HIC) when compared to other income regions. Hence, argued that attention should be to infrastructural sustainability and provision to maintain a clean environment. In addition, more energy should be channelled into food production and livestock production, especially for low-income regions to mitigate the overall effects of carbon dioxide emissions (C02) (c02empc) to tackle food security. Urgent policy actions and responses to air and water quality as useful adaptation strategies in the wider context of climate affect resilience for low-income regions like SSA countries.

The nexus between carbon emission, energy use, and health expenditure: empirical evidence from Bangladesh

Bangladesh is facing a conundrum in figuring out how to improve public health while simultaneously reducing the environmental pollution. To alleviate the pressure from the high healthcare expenditure in Bangladesh, environmental management efforts to improve the quality of the environment need to be developed with the help of understanding the nexus between carbon emission, energy use, and health expenditure. In a society that is experiencing quick and difficult environmental problems due to rising energy demand, the current study focused on evaluating the effects of carbon dioxide emissions, fossil fuel energy use, and renewable energy use on health expenditure in Bangladesh. Time series data were analyzed from the year 2000 to 2020 using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares technique. The findings revealed that a 1% increase in carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel energy use will increase health expenditure by 0.95% and 2.67%, respectively. Furthermore, a 1% increase in renewable energy use may result in reduced health expenditure by 1.44% in the long run. This article provides policy recommendations to ensure environmental sustainability and healthcare facilities by lowering carbon emission in Bangladesh. This research would be helpful for designing a proactive health scheme to counteract the emerging health consequences of environmental pollution in Bangladesh.Graphical

Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria: The Role of Financial Development

This study examines the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth, including investigating whether the CO2-economic growth relationship is dependent on financial development in Nigeria between 1980 and 2020. Due to dwindling economic growth, Nigeria experienced two recessions in one decade. Besides poor growth rates, Nigeria remains a leading emitter of CO2 in the Sub-Saharan region. The motivation for this study derived from the rising level of carbon dioxide emissions in Nigeria which might affect economic growth by dwindling agricultural activities (low output) in some regions, pose health challenges and create a shortage of inputs to agro-allied industries. Hence, this paper attempted to see if there was a causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, financial development, and economic growth in Nigeria. The relationship between the variables was examined using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimation technique (ARDL) estimation method. The framework for this study has its basis in the endogenous growth theory and utilizes the growth and pollution stock model which showed that sustainable economic growth is influenced by a large stock of pollution (CO2 emission). The results of the boundaries test for cointegration showed a long-term relationship between CO2 emissions, economic expansion, financial development, and energy use. According to empirical data, CO2 emissions have little long-term impact on economic growth. However, there is evidence that the interaction of CO2 emissions and financial development promotes economic growth over the long term, suggesting that CO2 emissions only have an economic influence when there is financial development.

The effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the building energy efficiency

• Total energy is made up of operational and embodied energy is calculated. • Latter of which is linked to embodied CO2 (ECO 2 ) emissions is calculated. • Multiplying the mass of the materials by the CO 2 coefficients (kg CO 2 /kg) is used. • The method could save a significant amount of energy, CO 2 , and power. • Greater building performance, rapid and sustainable design processing is suggested; During this anthropocentric period, sustainable energy supply and climate changing could be a main source of problem for human being. Scientists believe that the ratio of climate changing and global warming is linked to the increase in greenhouse gas increment due to fossil fuels, particularly CO 2 . According to studies, the building sector is a main source of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions into the atmosphere. Building construction, operation, and the use of unclean energy sources have led in a significant quantity of CO 2 being emitted into the environment. As research progresses toward zero-energy buildings and usage of sustainable clean energy, it is critical to reduce a building's total energy consumption and environmental effect throughout its existence. Total energy is made up of operational and embodied energy, the latter of which is linked to embodied CO 2 (ECO 2 ) emissions that relates to the greenhouse effect. CO 2 is calculated by multiplying the mass of the materials by the CO 2 coefficients (kg CO 2 /kg). The findings give useful baseline metrics for each material's contribution in case of mass and ECO 2 . It was determined that this method could save a significant amount of energy, CO 2 , and power. The major benefits were identified to include greater building performance, a rapid and sustainable design processing, increased energy efficiency and the supply of superior design choices.

The Impact of the Environment, Digital–Social Inclusion, and Institutions on Inclusive Growth: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis

Though the literature on inclusive growth is rich, further well-founded studies are required on the issue of sustainable inclusive growth. This paper seeks to summarize the role of environmental degradation in inclusive growth based on carbon dioxide emissions, and its interaction with factors such as social inclusion, digital inclusion, and institutions. One of the findings derived from the generalized method of moments (GMM) model is that sustainable inclusive growth can be achieved in all three income groups from the global data while focusing on institutional quality, digital inclusion, and social inclusion. Simultaneously, the harmful effects of carbon dioxide emissions can be circumscribed. The major recommendations of this study are that efforts to achieve sustainable inclusive growth should combine mutually reinforcing policies, namely: (i) promoting environmentally focused sustainable inclusive growth with socio-digital inclusivity; (ii) ensuring a strong institutional playing field for achieving inclusive growth; and (iii) strengthening macroeconomic policies, which means controlling inflation, and enhancing trade openness and literacy levels.

Environmental degradation effect on agricultural development: an aggregate and a sectoral evidence of carbon dioxide emissions from Ghana

PurposeQuality environment is argued to be essential for ensuring food security. The effect of environmental degradation on agriculture has thus gained the attention of researchers. However, the analyses of aggregate and sectoral effect of carbon dioxide emissions on agricultural development are limited in the literature. Consequently, this study examines the effect of aggregate and sectoral carbon emissions on Ghana's agricultural development.Design/methodology/approachTime-series data from 1971 to 2017 are employed for the study. Regression analysis and a variance decomposition analysis are employed in the study.FindingsThe results show that the country's agricultural development is negatively affected by aggregate carbon emission while financial development, labour and capital increases agricultural development. Further, industrial development and emissions from transport sector, industrial sector and other sectors adversely affect Ghana's agriculture development. The contribution of carbon emission together with other explanatory variables to the changes in agricultural development generally increases over the period.Originality/valueThis study analyses the aggregate and sectoral carbon dioxide emission effect on Ghana's agricultural development.

The roles of financial development and urbanization in degrading environment in Africa: Unravelling non-linear and moderating impacts

The detrimental effects of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and ecological footprint (EF) on the ecosystems, climate change and global warming necessitate the adoption of various methods to ameliorate them. An insight into the root causes of CO2 and EF is fundamental for policy decisions on environmental sustainability. Though some scholars have shown some drivers of CO2 and EF, the non-linear and moderating impacts of financial development (FIN) and urbanization (URB) in degrading the environment in Africa has not been thoroughly investigated. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to examine the non-linear roles of FIN and URB in degrading the environment with emphasis on CO2 and EF in a sample of 31 African nations. It also determines the roles of FIN and URB in moderating the environment-energy nexus It utilizes empirical techniques that accommodate cross-sectional dependency, endogeneity and heterogeneity. The main results indicate that URB has an inverted U-shaped effect on CO2 while FIN has a tenuous U-shaped impact. URB and EF have a U-shaped relationship albeit FIN has a tenuous non-linear impact on EF. Besides, URB plays a mitigating role in the connection between CO2 and energy use whereas FIN plays a detrimental role. Further analysis indicates that FIN cannot moderate the nexus between energy use and EF albeit URB does aggravates the relationship. This research underscores the roles of FIN and URB on the environment in Africa. It notes that the proxy used to measure environmental degradation matters in considering the roles of FIN and URB on environment. As a result, the environmental regulations and energy policies that ignore the roles of URB and FIN may impede the pursuit of sustainable environment and development.

On the goals of sustainable production and the conditions of environmental sustainability: Does cyclical innovation in green and sustainable technologies determine carbon dioxide emissions in G-7 economies

Many economies have recognized environmental pollution as a pressing concern threatening global sustainable production and consumption. Experts agree that extensive use of carbon-intensive fuels in consumption and production has amplified the harmful effects of carbon dioxide emissions. Several governments have responded by implementing strict laws and promoting innovation in green and sustainable technologies across private and public institutions, e.g., universities. Even though extant literature supports research and development as a procyclical phenomenon, the non-linear effect of shifts in R&D and innovation in green and sustainable technologies on carbon dioxide emissions in the G7 countries remains unexplored. The paper examines the asymmetrical and cyclical relationship between innovation in green and sustainable technologies and carbon dioxide emissions using panel data of G7 nations from 1990Q1–2018Q4. The Westerlund cointegration tests confirmed the cointegration relationship among the selected variables. Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimator demonstrated that adverse shocks in innovation in green and sustainable technologies contribute to carbon dioxide emissions in recessions. Second, the results supported that positive shocks in innovation in green and sustainable technologies mitigate carbon dioxide emissions during economic boom periods. Third, the current estimates showed that gross domestic product increases carbon dioxide emissions, but renewable energy consumption reduces carbon dioxide emissions. Beyond that, the robustness check supported the consistency and accuracy of the current results. Overall, the present findings suggested that the relationship between innovation in green and sustainable technologies and carbon dioxide emissions is counter-cyclical.

From Kyoto to Paris: Problematic route of state responsibility for climate change

Anthropogenic climate change is one of the effects of carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels. The Climate Change International Legal Regime consisting of primary rules set out in international treaties has been established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the lack of special secondary rules in this regime, a violation of its primary rules leads to applying the general rules of state responsibility in DARSIWA. The question is whether these general rules are compelling enough. The article shows that the attribution of GHG emissions to states is complex due to the lack of a specific causal relationship and diversity of GHG emitters. In addition, there is no absolute and comprehensive obligation for GHG emission under the climate change legal regime, which could hold the emitting state responsible. In addition, assuming the compensation as an inherent consequence of responsibility, state accountability rules cannot effectively deal with climate change because of the cumulative nature of damages and the discarding of compensation from the relevant treaties, particularly from the Paris Agreement. Therefore, in addition to the legal liability of states, other dimension of their responsibility including ethical responsibility should also be considered as much as possible.

A theoretical analysis of the energy rebound effects of private consumers

The research uses microeconomic theory and consumer theory to analytically test the theoretical basis of the indirect rebound effect caused due to upsurge in the energy efficiency of consumers from the private sector. It also explains how to use the carbon dioxide emissions reflected in the life cycle assessment to forecast and describes the indirect rebound effect of carbon dioxide emissions measured by the household sector. In addition, the thesis also empirically benefits the research studies focused on the rebound effect as it stimulates the policy scenarios and BAU in an estimated common equilibrium framework. According to the theoretical studies, there are different elasticities for the firm and household that determine the extent of the rebound effect and these determinants vary as the policy standards turn further stringent. Moreover, it is also shown that each of these policy scenarios exerts a much large rebound effect that outspreads throughout the economy, reaching up to half of the entire economy being measured by the life cycle of greenhouse emissions. Though more direct rebound effects are generated from the stringent fuel efficiency standard which is measured in terms of the higher percentage than the medium and lenient standards but still more decrease in the carbon emissions is attributed to the stringent policy that is measured in terms of the physical units.

Drivers of the peaking and decoupling between CO2 emissions and economic growth around 2030 in China.

Reaching the peak of carbon dioxide emissions is the basis and premise of carbon neutrality. In this paper, the factor decomposition model was used to analyze the influencing factors and effects of carbon dioxide emissions. Causal chain model of elastic decoupling was established. The historical decoupling state between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth and the decoupling effect of its influencing factors were analyzed. The prediction model of carbon dioxide emissions was used to explore the change trend of China's carbon dioxide emissions and its peak in the short and medium term in the future. The elastic decoupling trend between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth was predicted. The results show that economic growth is the main force driving carbon dioxide emissions. Both energy intensity and energy consumption structure have a strong inhibiting effect on carbon dioxide emissions except for a few years, but the former has a more significant inhibiting effect than the latter. In general, the elastic decoupling between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth has experienced a state from weak decoupling to growth linkage and then to weak decoupling. And this weak decoupling trend will continue to increase in the short and medium term. During the 14th Five-year and 15th Five-year period, if the average annual economic growth rate will be maintained at 4.61 to 5.85%, energy intensity will be reduced by 16.14 to 18.37%, and the proportion of non-fossil energy in the energy consumption structure at the end of the 14th, 15th, and 16th Five-Year Plan period will be around 19.9%, 23.2%, and 26.1%, respectively, and then the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions will continue to decline. It is expected to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions between 10,453 and 10,690 billion tons from 2025 to 2027. And the earlier the peak time is, the smaller the peak is, which would provide valuable time for carbon neutrality and room to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the medium and long term.

A comprehensive analysis of a power-to-gas energy storage unit utilizing captured carbon dioxide as a raw material in a large-scale power plant

The global destructive effects of carbon dioxide emissions and the importance of energy storage for grid stability and peak shaving applications are in deep concern. In this regard, this paper investigates the recycling of carbon dioxide from gas-fired power plant emissions into synthetic natural gas based on a novel power-to-gas process with the aim of chemical energy storage and emission reduction. The hybrid power-to-gas process proposed in this paper integrates the power generated from the gas plant and renewable energies. To make a precise evaluation of system performance, the referenced system is analyzed from technical, economic, and environmental points of view. The process is optimized through the reaction operation conditions and the energy utilization of the process. The results demonstrate that the power-to-gas process achieves a reaction synthetic natural gas production yield of over 97% at the optimal operation conditions. Regarding energy and environmental outlook, the power plant provides 15.4% of the power-to-gas total energy consumption, with the remaining 84.6% supplied from renewable energy resources. From the synthetic natural gas produced, the power-to-gas process provides total annual energy storage of 2.9 × 107 GJ and recycles 1.6 Mton of carbon dioxide for the power plant flues, resulting in a reduction of the plant emissions by around 66%. According to the economic data, with the consideration of the selling price of oxygen, the cost of the synthetic natural gas produced results in 1738 $/ton. The obtained results indicate that the system designed can reduce production costs due to hybrid electricity and offers two unique attributes: energy storage capability and drastic reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.