Effect Of Calcium Chloride Research Articles

Effect of calcium chloride on heat-induced Mesona chinensis polysaccharide-whey protein isolation gels: Gel properties and interactions

Salt ions play an important role in the quality structure of food and sensory properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of different concentrations of calcium chloride (0–0.012 mol/L) on the gel properties and interactions of heat-induced Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP)-whey protein isolate (WPI) mixed gels. It was found that the apparent viscosity decreases gradually with the increase of calcium ion concentration, especially when the calcium ion concentration reaches 0.012 mol/L, the apparent viscosity is the lowest. The water holding capacity of the mixed gel decreased from 86.25% to 32.05% and the network structure of the gel became looser, which was consistent with low-field magnetometry results and the variation of microstructure. In the in vitro digestion experiments, the addition of 0.003 mol/L calcium chloride was effective in reducing the degradation of the gel. The results of chemical bonding analysis indicated that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions were the key forces that promoting gel formation and maintaining the gels network structure. This study showed that calcium ions could change the contribution of hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions to the gelation process.

Interactions and structural properties of zein/ferulic acid: The effect of calcium chloride

Zein is potential in encapsulating and delivering polyphenols in food industry. Our study investigated the interaction mechanisms and structural changes of the interaction between ferulic acid (FA) and zein under different CaCl2 concentrations. Addition of CaCl2 resulted in amino acids micro-environment and structural changes of zein and zein/FA complex, which was dependent on different CaCl2 concentrations. At 0.5 mol/L CaCl2 concentration, zein/FA exhibited spherical particles with rough surfaces. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the decrease of α-helix and β-sheets contents accompanied by the increase of β-turns and unordered coil contents. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated FA interacted with zein mainly through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic force. These observations might contribute to the decreased surface hydrophobicity and digestibility of zein. Results provided a better understanding of the interaction between zein and other molecules, which might be helpful for the development of zein particles as functional materials to encapsulate and deliver bioactive compounds.

Extending Shelf Life and Maintaining Quality of Tomato Fruit by Calcium Chloride, Hydrogen Peroxide, Chitosan, and Ozonated Water

Tomatoes are perishable fruit that makes them deteriorate rapidly during the post-harvest chain. Therefore, the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2), chitosan, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and ozonated water on the storage abil\ity and quality of tomato fruit (Solanumlycopersicum L. cv. 448) stored at 10 °C for 28 d was studied. Weight loss, firmness, fruit color, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, total carotenoids, and ascorbic acid content (AsA) of treated tomato fruit were recorded. Our results revealed that all tested treatments significantly extended the shelf-life and maintained quality of tomato fruit compared to the control. Chitosan and CaCl2 were the most effective treatments in maintaining quality attributes. Furthermore, a correlation study suggested that AsA and total carotenoids played a vital role in conserving tomato fruit quality during storage. PC1 had strong positive loading for pH, appearance, firmness, AsA, TSS, carotene, fruit color (L* & b*) and a strong negative loading for lycopene content, color (a), weight loss, and color index. PC2 had high positive loading for total acidity and total sugar content.

Rheological behavior of nanocellulose gels at various calcium chloride concentrations

In this work, the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration on the creep-recovery, linear and nonlinear rheological behavior of nanocellulose gels had been investigated to quantify gel properties. The absolute zeta potential of nanocellulose gels were decreased as the CaCl2 concentration increased, which was related to the electrostatic repulsion that origin from carboxyl group could be effectively screened with increasing CaCl2 concentration. Rheological measurements further confirmed this result for nanocellulose gels, which revealed that the increased modulus and viscoelastic properties were obtained in the presence of CaCl2. The rheological properties of nanocellulose gels were showed to depend on CaCl2 concentration. The enhanced gel network structure was related to the Ca2+ ions that promoted crosslink between nanocellulose by salt bridge. This work highlighted the potential of using electrostatic complexation between nanocellulose and Ca2+ ions to form gels, and demonstrated the tunability of the rheological behavior by adjusting the concentration of CaCl2.

CaM enhances chilling tolerance of peach fruit by regulating energy and GABA metabolism

The effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2), calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine (TFP) and different storage temperatures on chilling injury (CI) of peach fruit during postharvest storage were studied. The results showed that 0 ℃ storage and CaCl2 treatment reduced the CI index, reduced the ion leakage and maintained the integrity of cell membrane. Storage at 0 ℃ and CaCl2 treatment increased calmodulin (CaM) expression and protein content, energy charge (EC), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) content. At the same time, it also promoted the expression and activity of Ca2+-ATPase and other enzymes related to energy metabolism. In addition, storage at 0 ℃ and CaCl2 treatment promoted the expression and activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and increased the content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the expression of GABA transaminase (GABA-T). On the contrary, TFP treatment significantly increased CI index and ion leakage, significantly inhibited PpCaM expression and protein content, and decreased EC and GABA content. Moreover, the molecular properties of PpCaM were studied. The results showed that PpCaM was a highly conserved hydrophilic protein, located on the nucleus and plasma membrane. PpCaM could induce the expression of PpCa2+-ATPase, increase the activity of Ca2+-ATPase, and participate in the regulation of energy metabolism. In addition, PpCaM could activate the activity of PpGAD, promote the synthesis of GABA, and participate in the regulation of GABA metabolism. These results suggested that 0 ℃ storage and CaCl2 treatment promoted the expression of PpCaM and increased the protein content of PpCaM, suggesting PpCaM enhanced the cold resistance and reduced the occurrence of CI by participating in the regulation of energy metabolism and GABA metabolism.

Effect of calcium chloride on the self-ignition behaviours of coal using hot-plate test

The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the self-ignition behaviours of coal was studied under air atmosphere in this paper. Aqueous CaCl2 solutions (50, 100, 200, and 300 g/L) was used to treat a non-caking coal sample with high self-ignition potential, and the minimum auto-ignition temperature (MAIT) of the coal dust layer was determined using hot plate test to affirm thermal runaway. Both thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) were applied to investigate the decomposition of the samples. Results showed that CaCl2 generated a coating film with dense slurry-like envelope on the particle surface, which took an inhibition effect at low thermal conditions (before crossing point) because of heat absorption of moisture evaporation and oxygen diffusion resistance of pore structure blockage. The MAIT of the CaCl2-treated coal sample was increased from 210 to 240 °C, with a max elevation of 30 °C in comparison to H2O-Coal sample. However, opposite effect was also found at higher temperatures (after the crossing point). For 50 g/L CaCl2-Coal sample on hot surface of 240 °C, the calculated inhibiting rate at 10 and 50 min was 54.8% and −115.6%, respectively, suggesting that the catalysis effect at the later stage after ignition was over two times than the inhibiting effect at the initial self-ignition process. The Ca2+ in the form of its oxides (CaO and CaO2) at higher thermal conditions promoted the diffusion of oxygen to the coal surface and expanded the main combustion zone, suggesting a catalytic role in the coal combustion.

Effects of CaCl2 Treatment Alleviates Chilling Injury of Loquat Fruit (Eribotrya japonica) by Modulating ROS Homeostasis.

The effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment on chilling injury (CI), reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in loquat fruit at 1 °C storage for 35 d were investigated. The results indicated that CaCl2 treatment remarkably suppressed the increase in browning index and firmness as well as the decrease in extractable juice rate. CaCl2 treatment also decreased the production of superoxide radical (), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, but increased the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical () scavenging ability, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and their gene expressions. Moreover, compared to the control loquat fruit, CaCl2-treated fruit maintained higher contents of AsA, GSH, higher levels of activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and expressions of EjAPX, EjGR, EjMDHAR, and EjDHAR, but exhibited lower glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content. These results suggested that CaCl2 treatment alleviated CI in loquat fruit through enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities and AsA-GSH cycle system to quench ROS.

The study on the effect of calcium chloride deicing agent and concrete compressive strength on scaling

The study on the effect of calcium chloride deicing agent and concrete compressive strength on scaling

Effect of calcium chloride and gallic acid combination on the extension of postharvest life of Lagenaria siceraria, a vegetable with medicinal importance

Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. consists of all essential elements that are required for good and normal human health. Post harvest losses occur due to lack of proper packaging material, microbial spoilage, and improper handling during transport. Thus, this study deals with viability, sensory evaluation, antioxidant enzymatic activities of L. siceraria fruits by the treatment of a combination of calcium chloride and gallic acid (abbreviated as CG) for 21 days storage at room temperature. The solutions were prepared by the addition of CG in equal amount with different concentrations: 1:1 μM, 2:2 μM, 3:3 μM, and 4:4 μM. The untreated L. siceraria fruits survived for 14 days. However, all the coated L. siceraria fruits could sustain for 21 days, and the combination of 2:2 μM CG was superior in all aspects. The combination of calcium chloride and gallic acid showed beneficial effects by delaying the ripening process.

Exogenous calcium chloride (CaCl2) promotes γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in fresh-cut pears

Effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation pathways in fresh-cut pears was investigated. The metabolites, enzyme activity and gene expression associated with GABA shunt and polyamine degradation were measured. Results demonstrated that CaCl2 treatment promoted GABA accumulation and reduced the glutamate (Glu) content in fresh-cut pears. Ca2+ fluorescence in pear cell, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity and its gene expression increased significantly under CaCl2 treatment correspondingly. Meanwhile, the Ca2+ channel blockers lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) treatment not only significantly inhibited the activities of GAD, GABA transaminase (GABA-T), diamine oxidase (DAO), polyamine oxidase (PAO) and aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH), but also down-regulated the transcripts of PbGAD, PbGABA-T, PbPAO1 and PbPAO2. Taken together, it can be concluded that CaCl2 seems to be more effective to GABA shunt, while LaCl3 treatment mightily stimulate GABA shunt and polyamine degradation pathway.

Combined Influence of Chitosan and Calcium Chloride on Fusarium Dry Rot Disease Under Field Conditions

Background: Fusarium dry rot disease caused by Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel (F. sambucinum) can infect the potato tubers in the field and during storage. Yield losses by F. sambucinum reach 60%. Traditional methods to control Fusarium dry rot are fungicides application, which led to developing many isolates resistant to these fungicides. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and chitosan, alone or in combination, on plant development, tuber yield, and Fusarium dry rot disease incidence under field conditions. Methods: Soil inoculated with F. sambucinum before planting. We treated the seed tubers with CaCl2 (0.5 or 1%), chitosan 0.5%, or both. The foliage was sprayed twice with CaCl2 (0.5 or 1%), 0.1% chitosan, or both. During the vegetation period, growth parameters, such as germination (%), plant height (cm), and branches number per plant, were measured. At harvest, we calculated the total and the marketable number of tubers and tuber yield. In addition, during storage, we assessed the incidence of Fusarium dry rot disease on tubers. Results: Results revealed that combined pre-planting application with 1% CaCl2 and 0.5% chitosan with 2 hours intervals, then spraying foliar with 1% CaCl2 and 0.1% chitosan twice with ten days intervals starting at 40 days after planting resulted in: a) increasing the germination, enhancing the growth parameters such as plant height and branches number per plant; b) enhancing the marketable tuber yield by 75.2 and 97.6% in Sante and Kolobok varieties, respectively; c) reducing Fusarium dry rot disease incidence by 61.9-72.7%. Conclusion: The work highlighted that the combined pre-planting and foliar application of CaCl2 and chitosan might be recommended for potato producers to reduce the incidence of Fusarium dry rot disease and augment yields.

Physicochemical, structural and gelation properties of arachin-basil seed gum composite gels: Effects of salt types and concentrations

In this study, the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) with different concentrations (0–20 mM) on the properties of arachin and basil seed gum composite gels were investigated. The results showed that the G′, G″ and gel strength of the composite gels were enhanced by Ca2+ and Na+ at a low concentration and decreased at high concentrations. An appropriate concentration of Ca2+ or Na+ (10 mM) strengthened the electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds and facilitated a conformation conversion of the secondary structures from α-helix to β-sheet. These changes were responsible for the improved hydration properties including water-holding capacity, freeze-thaw stability and swelling behavior of the composite gels in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+ or Na+, which could be explained by the images of compact and uniform microstructures. High concentration of salt ions (15–20 mM) hindered the formation of regular gel network. These findings may facilitate the design of arachin-based gel products with improved texture and sensory characteristics.

The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Drought Tolerance of Mulberry

Drought stress greatly affects the quality and yield of mulberry leaves, which eventually influences the production of silkworm cocoon. In this study, the effect of calcium chloride on drought tolerance of mulberry was investigated. Different concentrations of CaCl2 solutions were sprayed on the leaves of mulberry under drought condition, and the physiological and biochemical responses were measured. As a result, the spray of CaCl2 on leaves (CaCl2-spray-on-leaves) was proved to have gradual increases in measure parameters as compared to CaCl2-untreated case under the same drought condition; furthermore, 20mM CaCl2-treated group showed a significant increase (P<0.05), which indicates the optimal CaCl2 concentration for improving the drought tolerance of mulberry. This study demonstrated that CaCl2-spray-on-leaves can be an effective measure to ameliorate the drought tolerance of mulberry in the severe-drought areas.

Effects of calcium chloride and poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) on the filtration rate of a bentonite suspension and the examination of the filtration mechanism

A bentonite suspension (1 wt%) was filtered, employing a cationic polymer, poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), and an electrolyte, calcium chloride (CaCl2), as flocculants at a pH and temperature of 6 and 50 °C, respectively. The effect of the flocculant concentrations on the filtration rate (FR) was investigated. Additionally, the filtration mechanism was examined by calculating the specific cake resistance (SCR), investigating the size of the aggregates, and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. FR increased and SCR decreased with increasing flocculant concentrations. Furthermore, FR, with PDMAEMA, significantly increased at a lower concentration than with CaCl2. The microscopic observation revealed that aggregates were formed when CaCl2 (≥ 300 ppm) or PDMAEMA (≥ 25 ppm) were utilized. Additionally, it was clarified that the aggregate size with PDMAEMA was much larger than that with CaCl2, and that FR increased as the aggregate size increased. FR was further improved when both 100 ppm PDMAEMA and 300 ppm CaCl2 were added to the suspension. In the XRD pattern, it was observed that the peak intensity, attributed to the (001) plane between the bentonite layers, increased with increasing CaCl2 concentration. From this result, it was assumed that large and hard aggregates were formed by aggregating CaCl2 between bentonite layers and crosslinking the layers with PDMAEMA. Therefore, SCR decreased and the filtration rate increased.

Effect of calcium chloride on emulsion stability of methyl-esterified citrus pectin.

High methyl-esterified citrus pectin (HMCP) molecules could be self-assembled into micelles in water. The morphology of HMCP micelles in water was irregular spheres, long rods, and arc-shaped. Most of HMCP molecules cross-linked with HMCP micelles in the presence of calcium chloride and increased the range of size distribution of HMCP micelles. A little number of HMCP molecules cross-linked with each other to form 80 nn~200nm microgel particles. Calcium chloride could improve HMCP emulsification when its concentration was more than 70mmol/L. HMCP micelles could be adsorbed on the surface of emulsion droplets. The emulsion prepared with HMCP and calcium chloride was similar to the Pickering emulsion.

Effect of calcium chloride and calcium lactate on shelf life extension of sweet orange

Effect of calcium chloride and calcium lactate on shelf life extension of sweet orange

Effects of exogenous calcium and calcium chelant on cold tolerance of postharvest loquat fruit

The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium chelant-ethylene glycol bis (2-aminoethyl ether) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) on chilling injury (CI) of postharvest loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica L. cv. ‘Changhong’) during cold storage was investigated. The results showed that CaCl2 treatment significantly prevented CI and maintained the membrane integrity resulting in the reduction of ion leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The exogenous calcium increased energy charge (EC) and the content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Meanwhile, CaCl2 treatment effectively enhanced the enzyme activities associated with energy metabolism including H+-adenosine triphosphatase (H+-ATPaese), Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-APTase), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Furthermore, the activities of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthase (P5CS), ornithine-ծ-aminotransferase (OAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), diamine oxidase (DAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) were enhanced by CaCl2 treatment, which contributed to the accumulation of osmotic substances γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), proline and polyamines (PAs). However, EGTA treatment significantly promoted CI index, increased MDA content and ion leakage. Moreover, low level of EC and GABA were also found in EGTA-treated loquat fruit. These results suggested that exogenous calcium could effectively enhance the chilling tolerance due to the high energy level and promoted accumulation of endogenous osmotic substances proline, GABA and PAs in loquat fruit.

RETRACTED: Effect of Calcium Chloride on Hydration Kinetics and Pore Structure of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate

Chemical admixtures are frequently used to regulate the setting and strength development of concrete materials. In this study, tricalcium silicate (C3S) was used as a model of the cement system, and the influence of calcium chloride, an extremely useful accelerator, on C3S hydration and the pore structure of hardened C3S paste were investigated by the combination of the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the N2 adsorption (BET). The results indicated that the addition of calcium chloride would significantly shorten the pre-induction and induction periods and enhance the specific surface area and porosity of hardened C3S paste. However, the presence of CaCl2 has little effect on the pores, with a width ranging from 2.5 nm to 5 nm. DSC technique has an advantage of measuring continuously the process of C3S hydration by changes of free water in hydrated C3S.

Effect of calcium chloride on the protein encapsulation and stability of proliposomal granules

The purpose of this study was to develop oral proliposomal granules incorporating CaCl2 in order to enhance the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of protein model drug after reconstitution. Proliposomal granules were prepared by a granulation process with a solid carrier, protein model drug, and lipid solution. The proliposomal granules were characterized in terms of particle size, EE, and loading capacity. Protein structure analysis and cellular viability were also examined. CaCl2, ranged 0.125–6.0% w/w, was successfully incorporated into the dried granules during the wet binding process of granulation. Reconstituted proliposomes with 1% w/w CaCl2 showed the highest EE among those examined. Different reconstituted diluents did not alter the EE, but had an impact on particle size and charge. The α-helical content (%), calculated from the mean molar ellipticity, was similar between protein drug alone and that with addition of CaCl2, indicating the preservation of structural integrity, as also confirmed by electrophoresis. CaCl2–incorporated proliposomes were non-toxic to cells at the dose used. In conclusion, inclusion of CaCl2 into proliposomal granules enhanced the EE of protein drug showing optimal effects at 1% w/w with good preservation of protein integrity and cellular viability.

Effect of calcium chloride on hydration kinetics and pore structure of hydrated tricalcium silicate

Chemical admixtures are frequently used to regulate the setting and strength development of concrete materials. In this study, tricalcium silicate (C3S) was used as a model of the cement system, and the influence of calcium chloride, an extremely useful accelerator, on C3S hydration and the pore structure of hardened C3S paste were investigated by the combination of the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the N2 adsorption (BET). The results indicated that the addition of calcium chloride would significantly shorten the pre-induction and induction periods and enhance the specific surface area and porosity of hardened C3S paste. However, the presence of CaCl2 has little effect on the pores, with a width ranging from 2.5 nm to 5 nm. DSC technique has an advantage of measuring continuously the process of C3S hydration by changes of free water in hydrated C3S.