Effect Of Calcination Temperature Research Articles

Study of The Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Phase Composition of ZnO Powder Synthesized via The Sol-Gel Method

This study investigated the effect of calcination temperature on the phase composition and crystal size of zinc oxide powders synthesised by the sol-gel method. Zn powder, HCl and NaOH were used as precursors in a multi-step process involving dissolution, titration, gel formation, leaching, drying and calcination at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 700°C for 2 hours. Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data using MAUD and Rietica software determined phase composition and crystal size. Initial analysis identified a single simonkolleite phase (Zn5(OH)8Cl2) prior to calcination, which disappeared at 500°C. Wurtzite (ZnO) appeared at 300°C, accompanied by secondary phases (NaCl and ZnCl2). The wurtzite content increased to 81.42 wt% at 700°C. Calcination temperature also influenced crystal size, which ranged from 27.34 nm to 110.61 nm for wurtzite at different temperatures. The results highlight the dynamic changes in phase composition and crystal size with different calcination temperatures, providing valuable insights into tailoring zinc oxide properties for various applications.

Facile synthesis of Ni-based oxides nanocatalyst: effect of calcination temperature on NRR properties of NiO

Facile synthesis of Ni-based oxides nanocatalyst: effect of calcination temperature on NRR properties of NiO

Effect of calcination temperature on structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Mg0.75Zn0.25Al0.2Fe1.8O4 ferrites

Based on the desire to improve material properties, the effects of temperature have begun to be investigated. It was found that for nano-sized powder materials, such as ferrites, the structural properties like crystal structure and grain size, as well as many magnetic and electrical properties depending on them, change with the calcination temperature. Considering these changes, the effect of calcination temperature on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of MZA ferrites (Mg0.75Zn0.25Al0.2Fe1.8O4) prepared by co-precipitation was investigated in this study. The produced MZA ferrites were calcined at three different temperatures (600, 700, and 800 °C). The X-ray diffraction results showed that the samples exhibited a cubic spinel structure. It was found that the crystal sizes (D_sch) calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation increased with increasing calcination temperature (22.47, 33.53, and 42.53 nm). From the Williamson–Hall (W–H) plots, crystal sizes were calculated almost same as Debye–Scherrer crystal sizes. The nano-sized particles were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Elemental analysis was performed using EDX. ν1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ u }_{1}$$\\end{document} and ν2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ u }_{2}$$\\end{document} absorption bands and O–H and C–H vibrations were detected in the FTIR spectra. Magnetic measurements were carried out at room temperature and in the range of ± 60 kOe under the applied field. Magnetic results are explained by superparamagnetism. Dielectric measurements were performed at room temperature and a frequency range of 20 Hz to 10 MHz. The dielectric properties can be explained by Maxwell–Wagner theory. Impedance spectroscopy study revealed that the relaxation mechanism is consistent with the Cole–Cole model. In AC conductivity studies at room temperature, it was found that the sample calcined at 600 °C would be suitable for energy storage devices.

One-part geopolymer binder based on boron wastes: Effects of calcination temperature and NaOH dosage on strength and microstructure

One-part geopolymer binder based on boron wastes: Effects of calcination temperature and NaOH dosage on strength and microstructure

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by Myrtus communis plant extract with investigation of effect of precursor, calcination temperature and study of photocatalytic performance

An elegant approach was made for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by Myrtus Communis plant extract using two different precursors at variable temperatures (400,600, and 800 °C). The properties of nanoparticles were investigated with PXRD, SEM-EDX, PL, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectrometer. PXRD results inferred that all samples have pure wurtzite phase confirming with JCPDS card No. 36–1451. The UV–Vis spectroscopy exhibited that all estimated bandgaps are a little less than those for bulk ZnO. It was confirmed by EDX spectra that Zn and O atoms are the main compositions of the material. FESEM images displayed hexagonal-like shapes of nanoparticles for all samples prepared with acetate. Hexagonal morphology was observed in the samples having green emission at room temperature PL measurements. It was seen that methylene blue degraded about 90 % after about 20 min of irradiation of UV light for samples calcined at 400 °C. It was also observed that the samples calcined at 400 °C degraded methylene blue by approximately 99 %. This work is the first paper on the morphological utilization and photocatalytic performance of green synthesized ZnO with Myrtus communis plant extract with various calcination temperatures via two different precursor reagents.

The Green Preparation of Mesoporous WO3/SiO2 and Its Application in Oxidative Desulfurization

Recently, supported WO3-based catalysts have been widely used in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) due to their advantages of easy separation, high activity, and being environment-friendly. In this work, supported mesoporous WO3/SiO2 catalysts have been prepared using an incipient-wetness impregnation method with agricultural waste rice husks as both a silicon source and mesoporous template, and phosphotungstic acid as a tungsten source. The effects of different calcination temperatures and WO3 loadings on the ODS performance of samples are studied, and the appropriate calcination temperature and WO3 loading are 923 K and 15.0 wt.%, respectively. The relevant characterization results show that, compared with pure WO3, the specific surface area and mesopore volume of WO3/SiO2 samples are greatly increased. Due to (a) high WO3 loading, (b) high specific surface area, and (c) nanoscale WO3 grains uniformly dispersed on the surface of the mesoporous SiO2 carrier, active sites of WO3/SiO2 catalysts are greatly increased, and their catalytic activities are improved. After the sixth and eighth runs in the ODS of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, respectively, the WO3/SiO2 catalyst still maintains high catalytic activity (>99.0%) despite the presence of a partial loss of WO3. In addition, with the aid of the UV-Vis technique, the tungsten-peroxo species, the active intermediates in the ODS reaction catalyzed by the WO3/SiO2 catalyst, are captured. Finally, a possible mechanism for the ODS of bulky organic sulfides using the WO3/SiO2 catalyst is proposed.

Effect of calcination temperature on Co/sepiolite catalyst for hydrogen production by ethanol steam reforming: Co speciation from phyllosilicate to spinel

Hydrogen production via ethanol steam reforming (ESR) was conducted over amorphous sepiolite (SEP) supported Co based catalysts, deeming as a green and sustainable strategy for renewable energy. However, the subtle regulation to the ESR reactivity of Co/SEP catalysts still remains a challenge. Given the structure sensitive property of ESR, calcination temperature, as a vital regulation parameter, was used to control the key physicochemical properties of catalysts. By various characterization techniques, the results revealed that a calcination temperature mediated metal-support interaction was manifested in the form of Co speciation evolution. With increasing calcination temperature, the occurrence states of Co species change from Co oxides to Co-phyllosilicate then to Co-Al spinel. The ESR experiments indicated that Co/SEP-600 catalyst possessed a suboptimal activity via a dehydrogenation route and a 50 h stability due to a compromising among Co-phyllosilicate dominated MSI, texture, Co0 nanoparticle size and acid-base property. The further improvement of calcination temperature only brought about a poor stability of Co/SEP-700 with a phase transformation or a low activity of Co/SEP-800 with an irreducible Co-Al spinel. Hence, the interaction type of Co with SEP framework Si/Al atoms determined the ESR reactivity of the catalysts, which was modulated by the calcination temperature. Additionally, abundant graphitic coke deposition on the agglomerated Co0 grains was attributed the weak MSI, such as Co/SEP-400, while a slight coke deposition appeared at Co/SEP-800 with an irreducible Co-Al spinel phase.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Adsorption Performance of Tanggamus Natural Zeolite for Ammonium Removal from Shrimp Pond Wastewater

This research explores the potential of locally sourced natural zeolite from the Tanggamus District, Indonesia, for the removal of ammonium from shrimp pond wastewater. The study utilizes a comprehensive approach involving desilication modification, batch adsorption experiments, and field-scale application. The zeolite, predominantly composed of clinoptilolite, undergoes calcination at varying temperatures, with 200°C proving to be optimal for enhancing ammonium adsorption capacity. The study also highlights the efficient use of zeolite at a lower dosage of 5 g/L, yielding high removal efficiency. The real-world effectiveness of this method was confirmed by field experiments, where the application of calcined zeolite resulted in lower ammonium concentrations in shrimp ponds. The results demonstrate that the application method, specifically direct spreading in the ponds, affects adsorption performance. These findings underscore the potential of using Tanggamus Natural Zeolite as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for ammonium control in shrimp pond wastewater. This work paves the way for future research focusing on the long-term application effects and zeolite regeneration methods to further improve the economic and environmental efficiency of this approach.

Role of surface species in CO oxidation over CuO@LaMnO3 nanocomposites: Effect of calcination temperature

As one of the main atmospheric pollutants, CO poses great hazards to the living environment. This study synthesized a series of CuO@LaMnO3 nanocomposites via a well-optimized one-step synthesized sol-gel method. All catalysts were calcined at different temperatures (600–800 °C) to analyze their impact on the material properties. The appropriate elevation of calcination temperature visibly enhanced the catalytic behavior, due to the greatest activity being gathered on the sample calcinated at 700 °C, with nearly 100% conversion for CO at 150 °C. Further characterization results revealed that the change in surface species induced by the calcination temperature was a key factor in enhancing catalytic behavior. The coupling of CuO and LaMnO3 induced electron migration and released more Mn4+, Cu+ and OS, boosting the upgraded adsorption capacity of CO, which served as the inherent motivation for the high activity observed over the CuO@LaMnO3 catalyst. Finally, a possible mechanism model of CO oxidation over the CuO@LaMnO3 catalyst was proposed. Adoption of the innovative composite method herein indeed led to a rich variation in the valence state of the elements on the catalyst surface without the inclusion of copper into the lattice, which in turn caused a significant alteration in the reaction mechanism.

Non-radical activation of peroxymonosulfate for degradation of antibiotics in saline environments by biochar flakes prepared with molten salt strategy

Due to the serious interference of inorganic salts, it is very important to develop a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation system that can operate normally and efficiently in saline environments. Herein, the Fe-N-doped biochar flakes (FSBC) derived from sesame powder were developed with the help of molten salt strategy for activating PMS to achieve efficient degradation of tetracycline in salt environment. The effect of calcination temperature on physical and chemical properties was studied to further optimize the performance of the catalyst. FSBC-800 showed the best activation performance for PMS, with a TC removal rate of ∼ 94 % within 10 min. Mechanism research shows that FSBC-800 activates PMS through singlet oxygen (1O2) and electron transfer, so the reaction system is extremely selective and can almost avoid interference from various inorganic ions. The FSBC-800/PMS system can operate efficiently in the coexistence of 8 common anions/cations (0–250 mM), and salinity of 0.1–5.0 wt% has almost no negative impact on the system. In addition, possible degradation pathways of tetracycline were proposed, and the toxicity of intermediate products during the degradation process was evaluated. This study provides a PMS oxidation system with strong selectivity that can cope with various complex saline environments.

In-situ sodium chloride template synthesis of γ-WO3 hollow cubes for high-sensing and dual-selective hydrazine/dibutylamine detection at different temperatures

The fabrication of a chemiresistive sensor with dual-selectivity to highly toxic and explosive N2H4/dibutylamine (DBA) remains challenging due to no report. To this aim, we synthesized uniform (NH4)0.33WO3 cuboid precursors through optimized solvothermal reaction and in-situ formed NaCl template. Subsequently, the precursors were calcined in air to transform into γ-WO3 hollow cubes (WO3-HC) assembled from near-spherical nanoparticles, and the effect of calcination temperature on microstructures and gas-sensing properties was investigated. Among, WO3-HC-5 obtained by calcining precursor at 500 °C has broad pore channels, large specific surface area and abundant oxygen vacancy defects. Under the catalytic synergy of surface W6+ Lewis acid with dangling bonds, WO3-HC-5 sensor realizes the bifunctional monitoring of N2H4 and DBA. It presents large response value (S = 606.6) to 100 ppm N2H4 at 50 °C and a good response (S = 76.7) to the same concentration of DBA at 217 °C, and has fast response rate, low practical detection limit, satisfactory stability and humidity resistance. WO3-HC-5 represents the first metal oxide-based sensor with dual-selectivity towards aforementioned harmful gases at different operating temperatures. Moreover, the bifunctional mechanism has been characterized and analyzed in detail.

Antibacterial activity of mixed metal oxide derived from Zn-Al layered double hydroxide precursors, effect of calcination temperature

Antibacterial activity of mixed metal oxide derived from Zn-Al layered double hydroxide precursors, effect of calcination temperature

Low-Temperature controlled synthesis of nanocast mixed metal oxide spinels for enhanced OER activity

The controlled cation substitution is an effective strategy for optimizing the density of states and enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of transition metal oxide catalysts for water splitting. However, achieving tailored mesoporosity while maintaining elemental homogeneity and phase purity remains a significant challenge, especially when aiming for complex multi-metal oxides. In this study, we utilized a one-step impregnation nanocasting method for synthesizing mesoporous Mn-, Fe-, and Ni-substituted cobalt spinel oxide (Mn0.1Fe0.1Ni0.3Co2.5O4, MFNCO) and demonstrate the benefits of low-temperature calcination within a semi-sealed container at 150–200 °C. The comprehensive discussion of calcination temperature effects on porosity, particle size, surface chemistry and catalytic performance for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) highlights the importance of humidity, which was modulated by a pre-drying step. The catalyst calcined at 170 °C exhibited the lowest overpotential (335 mV at 10 mA cm−2), highest current density (433 mA cm−2 at 1.7 V vs. RHE, reversible hydrogen electrode) and further displayed excellent stability over 22 h (at 10 mA cm−2). Furthermore, we successfully adapted this method to utilize cheap, commercially available silica gel as a hard template, yielding comparable OER performance. Our results represent a significant progress in the cost-efficient large-scale preparation of complex multi-metal oxides for catalytic applications.

Coal gangue‐based ceramics foams by water spray granulation and post particle stacking method

AbstractFoamed ceramics were prepared by the water spray granulation and post particle stacking method using coal gangue as the main raw material. The effects of raw material weight ratio (i.e., raw material composition by varying the content of dolomite and talc), calcination temperature, time, and heating rate on the pore structure and properties of the samples were investigated and the foaming mechanism of foamed ceramics was revealed. The crystalline phase of foamed ceramics mainly consisted of quartz, anorthite, and enstatite. The decrease of dolomite content and the increase of talc content in the raw materials led to the initial decrease and then increase of the pore size dispersion coefficient, while the apparent porosity and water absorption of the samples gradually decreased, and the apparent density increased. The sample with a composition of gangue:waste glass:dolomite:albite:talc of 65:5:10:10:10 and calcined at 1200°C for 10 min with a heating rate of 1°C/min has the optimized uniform pore structure. This study provides a high value‐added utilization of coal gangue, and the experimental basis for the preparation of low‐cost foamed ceramics.

Effect of calcination temperature on hydroxyapatite in fluoride removal from groundwater: Process optimization and kinetic study

The present study investigates the defluoridation capacity of calcium hydroxyapatite as an efficient and environmentally safe adsorbent material. Calcium hydroxyapatite was synthesized by co-precipitation route using Ca/P = 1.76 ratio followed by calcination at various temperature ranges (30–900 °C) and termed as CaHAP-T. The physical and chemical properties of CaHAP-T samples were analyzed by TGA, SEM, BET, XRD, TEM, UV-DRS, FTIR, and NMR techniques. The CaHAP-900 sample exhibited exceptionally excellent thermal stability, crystallinity and ion-exchange capacity. Furthermore, the parametric studies revealed 98.12 ± 1.03 % fluoride removal efficiency at 30 °C temperature and 30 min contact time at neutral pH using 1 g/50 mL of adsorbent dose. The well-fitted pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion model indicates the chemisorption combined with diffusion control of fluoride ions sorption on CaHAP-900 adsorbent. This work offers a deep understanding of the removal of fluoride ions from contaminated groundwater in prevalent areas and the calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAP-900) can be utilized as an efficient cost-effective adsorbent material.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Palm Nut Shells: Effects of Calcination Temperature on Porosity and Chemical Properties

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Palm Nut Shells: Effects of Calcination Temperature on Porosity and Chemical Properties

Magnetic CoFe alloy–Co supported on mesoporous carbon as an efficient catalyst for the degradation of bensulfuron-methyl: insight into the effect of calcination temperature on carbon defects and singlet oxygen

CoFe–Co/MC with abundant carbon defects was prepared to activate PMS to remove BSM. Adjusting the calcination temperature can regulate the content of carbon defect and the main active specie 1O2, further improving catalytic activity.

Effect of calcination temperature of titanium dioxide (TiO2) on adsorption performance of doxycycline hydrochloride

In this work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized at different calcination temperatures by sol-gel method using butyl titanate as raw material. The effect of calcination temperature on the crystallinity and adsorption properties of TiO2 were investigated at 300 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C, respectively. The characteristics of TiO2 were analysed by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyzer and zeta potential tester. The results showed that the crystal type, specific surface area and zeta potential of TiO2 nanoparticles changed with the increase of calcination temperature and the best performance of anatase crystals happened at the calcination temperature of 300 °C (TiO2@300) for doxycycline hydrochloride (DCH) adsorption. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of DCH was 28.97 mg/g with DCH removal rate of 86.92% at 0.03 g TiO2@300 addition in 100 ml 10 mg/L DCH solution. TiO2@300 could be a promising adsorbent.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Polymerized Aluminum Chloride Waste Residue Cement Mortar

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Polymerized Aluminum Chloride Waste Residue Cement Mortar

Urea-driven g-C3N4 nanostructures for highly efficient photoreduction of Cr(vi) under visible LED light: effects of calcination temperature.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanostructures were synthesized via the calcination of urea at various temperatures ranging between 400 and 600 °C and were utilized for photoreduction of Cr(vi) in aqueous medium. Due to the low adsorption of Cr(vi) on the g-C3N4 surface, a more accurate assessment of the photocatalytic performance of the samples was carried out. Although the characterization showed that the specific surface of samples increased as the calcination temperature increased, the most efficient product in terms of the photoreduction duration of Cr(vi) was produced through the calcination process carried out at 450 °C, which reduced the concentration by more than 99% in 40 minutes. These results demonstrate that the structural and surface properties of g-C3N4 are critical factors that impact the photocatalytic performance. Alongside the calcination temperatures, the concentration of citric acid as a hole scavenger, the source of illumination, pH levels, and the recycling ability of the produced specimen at 450 °C were also investigated. Conspicuously, the photocatalyst works better when more citric acid is present and the pH level decreases. Out of all the cases studied regarding the light source, the 400 nm LED light source was found to be the most efficient. Additionally, even after going through the photoreduction process four times, the photocatalyst still remained highly efficient.