Effect Of Cage Research Articles

Flow Mechanism Characterization of Porous Oil-Containing Material Base on Micro-Scale Pore Modeling.

The self-lubricating effect of the porous oil-containing cage is realized by storing and releasing lubricants through its internal micro-scale pore structure. The internal flow and heat transfer process in the micron-submicron pore structure is crucial to the self-lubricating mechanism of the porous oil-containing cage. To this end, a new modeling method of porous cage was proposed based on random seeds theory, and the local two-dimensional models of porous cage with different micro-scale pore structure were established. The multiphysics coupling simulation analysis of lubricating oil inside the porous cage with the effect of centrifugal force and thermal expansion was carried out based on the COMSOL Multiphysics platform. In order to characterize the micro-scale pore structure, new structural parameter indicators, such as relative surface perimeter, effective porosity, tortuosity and fluid properties related to the internal flow process, were all extracted from the above models. Combing with the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, a flow resistance model of oil flow inside the porous oil-containing cage was obtained. Finally, comparison of simulation results and analytical solutions of the micro-scale resistance model was carried out to verify the correctness of the micro-scale resistance model. The work provides a new direction for the study of the lubrication mechanism of the porous oil-containing cage.

Rational Fabrication of a Smart Electrochemiluminescent Sensor: Synergistic Effect of a Self-Luminous Faraday Cage and Biomimetic Magnetic Vesicles.

A smart electrochemiluminescent (ECL) sensor has been designed in this work. The sensing system consisted of Ag NPs-Ti3AlC2 nanosheets (Ag-TACS) as the self-luminous Faraday cage and biomimetic magnetic vesicles as the functional substrate. By engineering the structure and properties of Ti3AlC2 nanosheets to induce the Faraday-cage effect, the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) was extended to contribute to ECL enhancement. Compared with the Faraday cage that further incorporated luminous materials, the self-luminous Faraday cage in the "direct label" model kept all the luminous materials on the OHP. Meanwhile, biomimetic magneticvesicles with highly efficient fluidity were used to improve the sensing efficiency and obtain a perfect Faraday-cage structure to enhance the ECL signals. The highest ECL enhancement (ca. 25 times) has been achieved by the synergistic effect of the Faraday cage and biomimetic magnetic vesicles. This sensing system was used to detect the wild-type K-ras gene in the colorectal tumor tissue. It provides not only an important guide for the novel ECL sensing concept but also a smart modulation system of the electromagnetic field.

Supramolecular Interaction of Molecular Cage and β‐Galactosidase: Application in Enzymatic Inhibition, Drug Delivery and Antimicrobial Activity

Enzyme inhibitors play a crucial role in diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases related to bacterial infections. We report here the effect of a water-soluble self-assembled PdII 8 molecular cage towards β-galactosidase enzyme activity. The molecular cage is composed of a tetrapyridyl donor (L) and cis-[(en)Pd(NO3 )2 ] (en=ethane-1,2-diamine) acceptor and it has a hydrophobic internal cavity. We have observed that the acceptor moiety mainly possesses the ability to inactivate the β-galactosidase enzyme activity. Kinetic investigation revealed the mixed mode of inhibition. This inhibition strategy was extended to control the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The internalization of the Pd(II) cage inside the bacteria was confirmed when bacterial solutions were incubated with curcumin loaded cage. The intrinsic green fluorescence of curcumin made the bacteria glow when put under an optical microscope. Furthermore, this curcumin loaded molecular cage shows an enhanced antibacterial activity. Thus, PdII 8 molecular cage is quite attractive due to its dual role as enzyme inhibitor and drug carrier.

Impact of Fish Farming in floating cages on zooplankton Community in Euphrates River, Iraq

The Impact of floating cages Fish culture on zooplankton in Euphrates river of middle of Iraq was examined from cage and non-cage site at monthly intervals from January 2018 to December 2019. the physical and chemical properties of river water were measured including Water Temperature, Turbidity,Total Solid suspended ( TSS), pH, Electrical Conductivity(EC),Total Dissolved Solids(TDS),Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5),phosphate (PO4) and Nitrate (NO3),The results indicated that: the, Turbidity,Total Solid suspended ( TSS), pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), (PO4) phosphate and (NO3) Nitrate values in cage site were significantly higher than non-cage site (p<0.05) This gives evidence of the effect of fish cages on this properties. In the current study about 48 Taxonomic units of zooplankton were identified, the rotifer was dominate group including 23 taxa to rotifera, 12 taxa belonging to cladocera and 13 taxa to copepod. The Zooplankton showed high density in river 9470 ind/m3 during April in non-cage site while lower1100 ind/m3 in December in cage site also the rotifer recorder density from (425 ind/m3 in cage site to 4925 ind/m3 non-cage site), cladocera density from225 ind/m3 in cage site to 1850 ind/m3 in non-cage site and copepod density from 450 ind/m3 in cage site to 2695 ind/m3 non-cage the high values were in spring and autumn while lowest values were recorded in summer and winter. The results of relative abundance index showed that the species rotifera: Keratella cochlearis,K.valga, Euchlanis delatata while the cladocera Alona rectangular, Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus, Simocephalus vetulus and the copepods: nauplii were more abundant in the Euphrates river at cage site. The Shanon-Weiner index of total Zooplankton varied from 1.81 to 4.13 bit/ind while the Shanon index of Rotifer from 1.85 to 3.78 bit/Ind, Cladocera varied from 0.001 to 3.04 bit/Ind and Copeoda varied from 0.35 to 2.71 bit/Ind with greatest values were recorded at April and September in non-cage site while lower values at and June and November in cage site that give evident to effect of cage on zooplankton.

Preparation of Nano Hydroxyapatite/Polyamide Composite and Its Application in Lumbar Disc Herniation Operation

Carbon fiber (CFR) was used to strengthen the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/polyamide (ha/pa) to synthesize ternary composites with different mass fraction. At the same time, its mechanical and material characterization were compared with that of ha/pa without CFR. CFR-ha/pa was used as the substrate for the culture of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (C3H10T1/2). The cell morphology and adhesion properties of materials were analyzed by immuno light staining of cytoskeleton and adhesion protein, and FESEM. The interbody fusion cage based on the material was used in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. According to the X-ray film and the corresponding scoring standards (JOA, ODI and VAS), the therapeutic effect of the interbody fusion cage was evaluated. The results showed that there were cavities on the surface of CFR-ha/pa composites. With the increase of the mass fraction of CFR in CFR-ha/pa composites, the compressive strength (from 115 MPa to 218 Mpa), the bending strength (from 85 MPa to 140 MPa) and other mechanical indexes of the composite increased obviously. After 24 h of cell inoculation, the substrate of CFR-ha/pa group was covered by layered, well spread and fused cells, and there was dense cell adhesion around it, that was to say, the material and cells showed good adhesion performance. At the same time, the levels of Integrin α1 and Integrin β1 significantly increased in CFR-ha/pa group (P &lt; 0.05). The VAS and ODI scores of polyether ether ketone (Peek) interbody fusion cage group and CFR-ha/pa interbody fusion cage group were lower than those before operation (P &lt; 0.05). The therapeutic effect of CFR-ha/pa interbody fusion cage is better than Peek interbody fusion cage.

Distributed fiber optic monitoring of a CFA pile with a central reinforcement bar bundle

In this paper, we present an application of distributed fiber optic sensor (DFOS) technology to measure the strain of a continuous flight auger (CFA) test pile with a central reinforcement bar bundle, during a static load test carried out in London. Being distributed in nature, DFOS gives much more information about the pile performance as compared to traditional point sensors, such as identifying cross-sectional irregularities or other anomalies. The strain profiles recorded along the depth of the piles from the DFOS were used to calculate pile deformation (contraction), shaft friction, and tip resistance under various loads. Based on this pile load test, a finite element (FE) analysis was performed using a one-dimensional nonlinear load-transfer model. Calibrated by the shaft friction and tip resistance derived from the monitored data, the FE model was able to simulate the pile and soil performance during the load testing with good accuracy. The effect of the reinforcement cage and central reinforcement bar bundle were investigated, and it was found that the addition of a reinforcement cage would reduce the pile settlement by up to 20%.

Enhancement of Anticancer Efficacy and Tumor Penetration of Sorafenib by Ionic Liquids.

Ionic liquids (ILs) possess unique solvation and biological properties for drug delivery. Choline and geranic acid (CAGE) in particular, has been successfully formulated to orally deliver insulin and hydrophobic therapeutics such as sorafenib (SRF). However, relatively little is known about the effect of CAGE on intracellular delivery of drugs. Here the effect of low-concentration CAGE (<2mg mL-1 ) on the delivery of SRF into cancer cells (4T1, PANC-1, and HT29) as well as intestine epithelium cells (Caco-2) is studied. The anti-cancer effect of SRF is enhanced by up to fivefold in the presence of CAGE (0.5mg mL-1 ). The effect is mediated not by enhancing the cellular uptake of SRF but by improving intracellular SRF retention by inhibiting exocytosis. Moreover, CAGE improves the anti-tumor effect of SRF by increasing apoptosis and blocking cell-cycle progression. Moreover, CAGE significantly enhances the penetration of SRF into and across multicellular constructs with multiple mechanisms involved. Collectively, the administration of ILs such as CAGE combined with SRF may offer a novel therapy to better inhibit tumor progression.

Inhibition of in situ coating of sediment ceramsite on sediment nutrient release of eutrophic lakes.

Based on the main components in the residual soil to meet the characteristics of ceramic grain production raw materials, and combining with the principle of anti-filter layer technology for seepage control of hydraulic buildings, a lead wire cage filled with silt grains made from lake dehydration silt can be obtained. Moreover, the same-position treatment method of bed surface is desilted by this kind of ceramic lead wire cage in a reasonable structural form to improve water environment. In order to investigate the inhibition effect of this method on sediment resuspension, the effect law on water quality and the growth of indigenous microorganisms, 25 experimental groups were constructed to simulate 5 flow patterns of eutrophic lakes in this paper. We can analyze the inhibition effect of ceramic lead wire cage on sediment resuspension by monitoring the change of suspended matter content, monitoring the concentration change of ammonia nitrogen and soluble phosphorus can show the effect of ceramic lead cage on water quality, and monitoring the dissolved oxygen content can indirectly reflect the effect of the growth of indigenous microorganisms to some extent. The results show that in a certain flow mode, the ceramic lead wire cage can effectively inhibit the resuspension of the sediments, prevent the release of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the sediments, and promote the growth of microbial attachment. The research results will maximize the benefits of the utilization of silt resources, and will optimize the in situ repair methods, and have broad application prospects.

Effect of Organic Cage Nucleating Agent Structure on Nucleating Efficiency and the Structure-Property Relationship.

Three types of organic cage compounds, namely, cucurbit[6]uril (Q[6]), hemicucurbit[6]uril (HQ[6]), and β-cyclodextrin (BC), with different cavity structures as heterogeneous nucleation agents were selected for a polypropylene (PP) foaming injection molding process. The experimental results showed that Q[6] with a “natural” cavity structure possessed the best nucleation efficiency of these three cage compounds. The nucleation mechanism of organic cage compounds was explored through classical nucleation theory, molecular structure, and in situ visual injection molding analysis.

Cyclic loading tests of stirrup cage confined concrete-filled steel tube columns under high axial pressure

This paper presents a cyclic loading test study on 2 full-scale stirrup cage confined circular concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns and 3 full-scale stirrup cage confined square CFT columns under high axial pressure and low-cycle fatigue horizontal loading. The effect of the contact mode between the stirrup cage and the steel tube wall on the hysteretic behaviours of the specimens was investigated. The failure mode, hysteretic energy dissipation capacity, skeleton curve, elastic stiffness, maximum bearing capacity, ductility index, stiffness degradation, and residual deformation of the confined composite columns were analysed. The results indicate that using stirrup cage in the CFT columns can considerably enhance the seismic performance of CFT columns under high axial force ratio. Welding the stirrup cage to the inner wall of the steel tube can further strengthen the confinement effect of the stirrup cage and steel tube on the infilled concrete while also reducing the amplitude of the drum bending degree and the length of the local buckling region of the steel tube. Therefore, the overall stiffness, maximum bearing capacity and hysteretic energy dissipation capacity of the specimens are improved. Stirrup cage confined square CFT columns with the same design parameters have a greater bending stiffness, maximum bearing capacity and hysteretic energy dissipation capacity compared with those of stirrup cage confined circular CFT columns. The final failure mode of the stirrup cage confined square CFT columns is more favoured than that of the stirrup cage confined circular CFT columns for seismic design; namely, no ductile metal fracture of the steel tube wall on the tensile side was observed.

Effect of rotor cage's outer and inner radii on the inner flow field of the turbo air classifier

AbstractThe effects of rotor cage's outer and inner radii on flow field of the turbo air classifier are comparatively analyzed by numerical simulation using ANSYS‐FLUENT. The results of quantitative analysis show when the rotor cage's outer and inner radii are increased, the tangential velocity, radial velocity and upward axial velocity decrease in the annular region and near the entrance of the rotor cage. However, when the rotor cage's outer and inner radii are too large or too small, the tangential velocity and radial velocity will be fluctuated greatly. Moreover, the rotor cage's outer and inner radii directly influence the radial velocity distribution in the rotor cage channel. The rotor cage's outer and inner radii should not be too large or too small. Therefore, in the seven contrast rotor cage models, model 100–70 and 90–60 are selected to carry out the calcium carbonate classification experiments due to their small tangential velocity and radial velocity fluctuations and well‐distribution in the rotor cage channel. The experimental results reflect the characteristics of the numerically simulated flow field in the classifier.

Effect of a Large-sized Cage with a Low Metabolizable Energy and Low Crude Protein Diet on Growth Performance, Feed Cost, and Blood Parameters of Growing Layers.

Effects of a large-sized cage with a low metabolizable energy and low crude protein (LME-LCP) diet on growth performance, feed cost, blood biochemistry, and antibody response of growing layers were evaluated. A total of 668 one-day-old female Gushi chicks were randomly allocated into three different cages, namely, large, medium, and small cages, referred to as Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively, and fed LME-LCP diets. A fourth group of birds raised in small cages and fed a standard diet (STD) was designated Group D i.e. the control. Equal stocking densities were maintained among the four groups throughout the experiment, from 50–20 birds/m2. Large cages with LME-LCP diet (Group A) increased the shank length and girth as chicks grew, improved the activities of serum creatine kinase, and reduced serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The total feed intake in birds from Group A was higher than those from the other groups at every stage. The total cost (rmb/bird) of feed was 6.70% lower in Group A than that in Group D, which indicated the cost-effectiveness of large cages. In conclusion, large cages with LME-LCP diets have positive effects on body weight, shank growth, and serum biochemical indices of growing Gushi chicks, and can reduce feed costs.

In vitro comparison of personalized 3D printed versus standard expandable titanium vertebral body replacement implants in the mid-thoracic spine using entire rib cage specimens

BackgroundExpandable titanium implants have proven their suitability as vertebral body replacement device in several clinical and biomechanical studies. Potential stabilizing features of personalized 3D printed titanium devices, however, have never been explored. This in vitro study aimed to prove their equivalence regarding primary stability and three-dimensional motion behavior in the mid-thoracic spine including the entire rib cage. MethodsSix fresh frozen human thoracic spine specimens with intact rib cages were loaded with pure moments of 5 Nm while performing optical motion tracking of all vertebrae. Following testing in intact condition (1), the specimens were tested after inserting personalized 3D printed titanium vertebral body replacement implants (2) and the two standard expandable titanium implants Obelisc™ (3) and Synex™ (4), each at T6 level combined with posterior pedicle screw-rod fixation from T4 to T8. FindingsNo significant differences (P < .05) in primary and secondary T1-T12 ranges of motion were found between the three implant types. Compared to the intact condition, slight decreases of the range of motion were found, which were significant for Synex™ in primary flexion/extension (−17%), specifically at T3-T4 level (−46%), primary lateral bending (−18%), and secondary lateral bending during primary axial rotation (−53%). Range of motion solely increased at T8-T9 level, while being significant only for Obelisc™ (+35%). InterpretationPersonalized 3D printed vertebral body replacement implants provide a promising alternative to standard expandable devices regarding primary stability and three-dimensional motion behavior in the mid-thoracic spine due to the stabilizing effect of the rib cage.

Effect of Cage or Deep Litter Housing on Production Performance of White Leghorn Chickens

Effect of Cage or Deep Litter Housing on Production Performance of White Leghorn Chickens

Zeolitic Metal Cluster Carboxylic Framework for Selective Carbon Dioxide Chemical Fixation through the Superlarge Cage.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with zeolitic structure process fantastic structural metrics and display excellent applications in many aspects; however, they are difficult to assemble. Herein, on the basis of a tetrahedral Zn4O cluster and a 3,5-bis(2,4-dicarboxylphenyl)nitrobenzene (H4L) ligand, a novel sodalite (SOD) zeolitic cluster framework (ZCF), {[Zn4(O)(L)2]·4DMF·6H2O}n (ZCF-1; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), has been hydrothermally synthesized. Compared with the traditional SOD zeolitic framework of ZIF-8, the cage size of ZCF-1 is dramatically improved from 16.9 to 29.2 Å by the introduction of longer tetradentate carboxylic ligands. Moreover, because of the functional nitryl group in the ligand, ZCF-1 exhibits a high CO2/CH4 selectivity. Hence, further research on the chemical fixation of CO2 is implemented, which reveals excellent heterogeneous catalytic activity and durability. Especially, a unique selective catalytic performance with a high yield of 88.3% on a larger molecular size reactant (glycidyl phenyl ether) is observed, which is attributed to the stereoselection effect of the superlarge cage and abundant Zn4O catalytic clusters in ZCF-1.

Effect of zero-profile and self-locking intervertebral cage and plate-cage construct on maintenance of cervical curvature after anterior cervical surgery

To compare differences in the maintenance of cervical curvature after anterior cervical surgery between zero-profile and self-locking intervertebral cage and plate-cage construct (PCC). A clinical data of 100 patients with single-segment cervical disc herniation who were treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion were retrospectively analyzed between January 2015 and January 2016. Among them, 50 patients were treated with the zero-profile and self-locking intervertebral cage (group A) and 50 patients with the PCC (group B). There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, gender, bone mineral density, disease duration, operative segment, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, C 2-7 cervical curvature, segmental Cobb angle, and adjacent vertebral height ( P>0.05). The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The postoperative VAS and JOA scores were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy. The C 2-7 cervical curvature, segmental Cobb angle, and adjacent vertebral height were measured on lateral X-ray films, and the interbody fusion was evaluated according to Pitzen's criteria. The operation time in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B ( t=2.442, P=0.021), but there was no significant difference in the intraoperative blood loss between the two groups ( t=0.812, P=0.403). All patients were followed up 24-36 months, with an average of 28.5 months. According to Pitzen's criteria for cervical interbody fusion, bone fusion achieved in both groups. The VAS score, JOA score, C 2-7 cervical curvature, segmental Cobb angle, and adjacent vertebral height of the two groups at 1 and 24 months after operation were significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). The C 2-7 cervical curvature, segmental Cobb angle, and adjacent vertebral height of group A at 24 months changed significantly compared with those at 1 month ( P<0.05). The other indexes of the two groups showed no significant difference between the different time points after operation ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in C 2-7 cervical curvature, segmental Cobb angle, and adjacent vertebral height between the two groups at 24 months after operation ( P<0.05); but there was no significant difference in the clinical indexes at 1 and 24 months and the imaging indexes at 1 month between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with the PCC, the zero-profile and self-locking intervertebral cage can significantly shorten the operation time and obtain the same clinical efficacy, but the intervertebral height loss and secondary cervical curvature change after operation is more serious.

Patient-Specific 3-Dimensional Model for High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment Through the Rib Cage: A Preliminary Study.

The purpose of this study was to develop a patient-specific 3-dimensional model for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment through the rib cage using patient data. Experimental testing to derive parameters used in defining the amount of energy and alteration needed in treatment protocols for upper abdominal disorders under the rib cage was performed. Reconstructed rib cage models based on patient data, tissue-mimicking material phantoms, and magnetic resonance imaging-guided HIFU using a multielement phased array transducer were used in the experiments. Changes in the focal temperature, acoustic power, and acoustic pressure distribution were investigated with and without the presence of the rib cage model. An ExAblate system (InSightec Ltd, Tirat Carmel, Israel) was used to sonicate phantoms by varying the target phantom or rib cage model location. The effect of the rib cage on the acoustic pressure distribution and acoustic power was closely related to the anatomic structures of the ribs. Thermometry revealed that heating at the focus could be controlled by changing either the power or duration of HIFU application to improve the focal temperature change. The focal temperature change was found to be related to the distance between the rib cage model and focus and the shadow area on the transducer elements covered by the rib cage model in the beam path. Experimental results suggest that the rib cage model is a valuable and useful tool that can provide realistic human anatomic structures and properties for evaluating the effects of the rib cage on ultrasound propagation.

The effect of cage size on stress levels in captive green anole (Anolis carolinensis)

Abstract Reptiles are often used as model species in scientific research and are popular in the pet trade, yet how they cope with captive conditions has not been well studied. Stress caused by captivity could affect the endocrinology, physiology and behaviour of animals, resulting in a general decrease in welfare and could confound the results of scientific experiments. One of the factors that could influence stress in a captive environment is the size of the cage. However, the effect of cage size on stress has rarely been investigated in reptiles. In this study, the effect of cage size on the behaviour, morphology and physiology of the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) was quantified. We were unable to find an effect of cage dimensions (range 0.05 to 0.2 m3) on body mass, tail-base width, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H/L ratios), behaviour and faecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) levels.

The effect of rib cage on the dynamic response stability of the scoliotic spine

The purpose of this study is to reveal the protective effect of rib cage on scoliotic spine by comparing the different effect of rib cage on the stability of normal spine and Lenke1 scoliotic spine. Firstly, according to X-ray computed tomography (CT) image data, four spinal finite element models (SFEMs), including normal spine without rib cage (N1), normal spine with normal rib cage (N2), scoliotic spine without rib cage (S1) and scoliotic spine with deformed rib cage (S2), from the first thoracic vertebrae to the sacral vertebrae (T1～S) were established. Secondly, the natural vibration characteristics of the four SFEMs were obtained by modal analysis. Finally, the maximum vibration amplitudes of the four SFEMs under external excitation were obtained by steady-state analysis. As shown in results, compared with N1, the maximum deformation of N2 segment T4～T6 in the X -axis (coronal axis), Y -axis (sagittal axis) and Z -axis (vertical axis) directions decreases by 38.44%, 53.80% and 33.72%, respectively. Compared with S1, the maximum deformation of S2 segment T4～T6 in the X -axis direction, Y -axis direction and Z -axis directions decreases by 44.26%, increases by 32.80% and decreases by 49.23%, respectively. As it can be seen, for normal spine, the rib cage can improve the stability of the whole spine in three directions; for the Lenke1 scoliotic spine, the rib cage can reduce the vibration of the scoliotic spine in the X -axis and Z -axis directions and improves the stability of the whole spine in the two directions, while in the Y -axis direction, for the serious severe anteversion of scoliotic spine, the deformed rib cage exacerbates the vibration of the scoliotic spine in this direction and destroys the stability of the scoliotic spine in the Y -axis direction. This study reveals the biomechanical characteristics of rib caged influence on the stability of the scoliotic spine and it has guiding significance for the study of daily protection methods and protective tools for scoliotic patients.

Turning On the Near-Infrared Photoluminescence of Erbium Metallofullerenes by Covalent Modification.

The photoluminescence of lanthanide ions inside fullerenes is usually very weak due to the quenching effect of the fullerene cage. In the case of Er@C82, the near-infrared emission from the Er3+ ion is completely quenched by the C82 fullerene cage. It remains challenging to turn on the photoluminescence of Er@C82 and other monometallofullerenes. In this work, we adopt a covalent modification strategy to alter the electronic structure of the fullerene cage for sensitizing the near-infrared emission of Er3+ ions in metallofullerenes Er@C2n (2n = 72, 76, and 82). After covalent modification with trifluoromethyl, phenyl, or dichlorophenyl groups, the erbium metallofullerenes exhibit photoluminescence at 1.5 μm, which is the characteristic emission of the Er3+ ion. Particularly, the otherwise nonfluorescent metallofullerene Er@C82 is transformed into fluorescent derivatives by using this strategy. The photoluminescence from the Er3+ ion is ascribed to energy transfer from the fullerene cage to the Er3+ ion. According to theoretical calculations, the sensitization of the Er3+ ion by the fullerene cage is associated with the large HOMO-LUMO gap and the closed-shell electronic structure of the metallofullerene derivatives. This work provides useful guidance for the design and synthesis of new fluorescent metallofullerenes.