Effects Of Biogenic Amines Research Articles

The effects of biogenic amines in Chinese Huangjiu on the behavior of mice and hangover headache-related indices.

Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) is a popular and traditional alcoholic beverage in China; however, the consumption of Huangjiu readily results in hangover symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify the main components associated with behavioral inhibition, headache, and the relevant mechanisms by using a mice hangover model. The results of an open-field experiment revealed that the key biogenic amine associated with mice behavior was histamine, which inhibited the behavior activity of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, histamine treatment decreased the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. In addition, the levels of dopamine and nitric oxide, which are associated with migraine, increased in the brain tissue of mice. In addition, the expression of receptor genes of 5-HT, including Htr1a, Htr1f, and Htr2c, is essential in regulating various behaviors and mental activities. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that histamine is a key component in Huangjiu, and it is related to hangover symptoms by affecting the level of 5-HT and its receptors.

Effects of biogenic amines on the immune response and immunoregulation mechanism in hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei in vitro

The effects of three biogenic amines (DA, NE and 5-HT) on the immune signaling pathway and immune response of hemocytes in shrimp were investigated through in vitro experiments. The results showed that the G protein effectors (AC, PLC), the second messengers (cAMP, DAG), Calmodulin (CaM) and protein kinases (PKA, PKC) of DA and NE groups shared a similar trend in which all intracellular signaling factors increased significantly and reached the maximum at 3 h. The concentrations of AC, cAMP and PKA in 5-HT groups decreased significantly compared with the control group, while the concentrations of PLC, CaM, DAG and PKC in 5-HT groups increased markedly. The immune parameters such as total hemocyte count (THC), cell viability, antibacterial activity and bacteriolytic activity, as well as prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity in three biogenic amines groups decreased significantly, while the phenoloxidase (PO) activity increased significantly. The phagocytic activity in DA and NE groups decreased significantly, while that in 5-HT groups increased markedly and reached the highest level at 1 h. Among these three biogenic amines, DA showed the strongest effect on the immune activity of the hemocytes, whereas 5-HT had the least effect. In addition, we speculated that DA and NE might regulate phagocytosis by activating intracellular AC-cAMP-PKA pathway while 5-HT might inhibit intracellular AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. Moreover, the activation of proPO system might be related to PLC-DAG-PKC and PLC-CaM pathway.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of eyestalk from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after the injection of dopamine.

Dopamine (DA) is a crucial neuroendocrine-immune factor regulating the stress response of Litopenaeus vannamei. To understand the regulatory mechanisms of DA in L. vannamei, the eyestalks of L. vannamei with injection of DA (10-6mol/shrimp) at 3 and 12h were chosen to perform transcriptome analysis in this study. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method was used to validate the accuracy of transcriptome data and analyze the expression pattern of candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different time points (0, 3, 6, and 12h) after DA injection. The transcriptome data showed that 79,434 unigenes were generated. Therein 204 and 434 DEGs were obtained at 3 and 12h respectively. Besides, the results of enriched pathways showed that the DEGs were involved in GnRH signaling pathway (ko04912) dopaminergic synapse (ko04728), glutamatergic synapse (ko04724), synapse (GO:0045202), synaptic vesicle transport (GO:0048489). Moreover, the Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) of 13 candidate DEGs between transcriptome sequencing and RT-PCR was 0.948, which confirmed the reliability and the accuracy of the transcriptome sequencing results. Furthermore, the results of interaction analysis uncovered 4 pairs of DEGs between eyestalks and hemocytes. Therefore, these results revealed that DA promoted the sensitivity of eyestalk to gonadal related hormones, induced the expression of neuroendocrine factor, enhanced the synaptic behavior and neural signal transduction, regulated immune systems and antioxidation, inhibited the visual function, and promoted the molting. These findings will benefit to foster the understanding on the effects of biogenic amines on neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) networks of crustacean, and supply a substantial material and foundation for further researching of the NEI response.

Role of Biogenic Amines in Oviposition by the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella L.

Oviposition is an important reproductive behavior that is triggered by mating in insects, and biogenic amines might be involved in its regulation. The effects of biogenic amines on oviposition have only been studied in a few insect species, and the findings to date have not been conclusive. In addition, there are few studies on the effects of biogenic amines on oviposition of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. Here, we tested how mating and biogenic amines regulate oviposition of P. xylostella by injecting amines and amine receptor antagonists into virgin and mated females and counting the number of eggs laid afterward. Biogenic amines of octopamine and tyramine could induce virgin adults of P. xylostella to lay eggs, while dopamine and serotonin had no such effect on oviposition. Furthermore, the octopamine antagonists mianserin, epinastine, and phentolamine inhibited oviposition by mated females. The tyramine antagonist yohimbine, dopamine antagonist SCH23390, and serotonin antagonist ketanserin did not block oviposition by mated females, and octopamine and tyramine-inducing oviposition by virgin females could be inhibited by the octopamine antagonists mianserin and epinastine instead of the tyramine antagonist yohimbine. We conclude that octopamine and its receptors are involved in mating-triggered oviposition in P. xylostella, while tyramine acts as a subsidiary. Further, the inducing effect of tyramine on oviposition is achieved via octopamine receptors instead of tyramine receptors. This experiment is helpful to further understand the role of biogenic amines in mating regulation and to provide a new strategy for controlling P. xylostella.

Transcriptome analysis of hemocytes from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with the injection of dopamine

As a crucial neuroendocrine-immune factor, dopamine (DA) could regulate the immune system of Litopenaeus vannamei. To understand the immune mechanisms and regulatory pathways of DA in L. vannamei, the transcriptome analysis of hemocytes of L. vannamei with injection of DA (10−6 mol/shrimp) at 3 and 12 h were performed in this study. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method was applied to validate the accuracy of transcriptome sequencing and analyze the expression pattern of candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different time points (0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) after DA injection. The results showed that a total of 51382 unigenes with a N50 length of 2341 bp were generated. And 1397 and 457 DEGs were obtained by comparative transcriptome at 3 and 12h respectively. Moreover, the results of functional annotation and enriched pathway showed that the DEGs were involved in phagosome (ko04145), lysosome (ko04142), Endocytosis (ko04144), and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (ko04621). Besides, the Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) between transcriptome sequencing and qPCR was 0.845, which confirmed the reliability of the transcriptome sequencing results and the accuracy of assembly. Furthermore, the expression pattern of 15 candidate DEGs, containing 9 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated DEGs at 3 h, indicated the regulation of DA in physiological functions especially in the immune system. Therefore, these results revealed that DA induced the expressions of membrane receptors or proteins, activated intracellular signaling pathways, regulated cellular and humoral immune systems, controlled antioxidation and apoptosis, and was involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine system. These findings are helpful to promote the understanding on the effects of biogenic amines on physiological functions and regulatory networks of crustacean, and offer a substantial material and foundation for researching the immune response of crustacean.

Gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase from the Amazon River shrimp, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda, Palaemonidae): effect of exogenous biogenic amines on enzyme activity in juveniles and adults

Despite the biological and economic importance of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum, a role for biogenic amines in the osmoregulatory capability of this diadromous species remains unstudied. This investigation provides an extensive kinetic characterization of the effects of the exogenous polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine on (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity in gill microsomal preparations from juvenile and adult shrimps at varying concentrations of ATP, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and on inhibition by ouabain. (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity in both juvenile and adult shrimps is inhibited by spermidine (60–95%) and putrescine (40–70%) while spermine has a negligible inhibitory effect (<10%). Putrescine affects the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis and enzyme affinity (K M) for ATP in both enzymes, while spermidine alters specific activity only. Spermidine increases Mg2+ affinity of the adult (Na+, K+)-ATPase while putrescine decreases Mg2+ affinity in both enzymes. Spermidine decreases Na+ affinity by ≈50% in both enzymes, while putrescine increases affinity of the juvenile enzyme twofold. These biogenic amines cause slight changes in K M values in both enzymes. These findings suggest that the effect of biogenic amines on gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity and kinetics may be species and stage specific.

The effects of biogenic amines, gonadotropin-releasing hormones and corazonin on spermatogenesis in sexually mature small giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879)

Neurotransmitters such as the serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), as well as the neurohormones gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) and corazonin (Crz), are known to have various effects on decapod crustaceans, including ovarian maturation and spermatogenesis. The effects of these neurotransmitters and neurohormones on spermatogenesis in the small male freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, have not been reported. So, we undertook histological and histochemical observations, as well as germ cell proliferation assays to examine the effects of 5-HT, DA, two exogenous GnRH isoforms (l-GnRH-III and oct-GnRH) and Crz. Ten experimental groups were injected with 5-HT and DA at 2.5 × 10 −7 and 2.5 × 10 −6 mol/prawn, and l-GnRH-III, oct-GnRH and Crz at 50 and 500 ng/gBW, at 4-day intervals from days 0 to 16. We found that prawns treated with 5-HT and GnRH isoforms exhibited significant increases in their testis-somatic index (TSI), seminiferous tubules at early maturation, i.e., stages I and III, with increased diameter of the tubules (DST), and germ cell proliferation, by days 4, 12 and 16, compared with saline control groups. In contrast, prawns treated with DA and Crz showed mostly seminiferous tubules at late maturation stages VIII and IX, and decreases of TSI, DST, and cell proliferation, by day 12, compared with saline control groups. By day 16 the Crz-treated prawns had died. These data indicate that 5-HT and GnRHs can stimulate spermatogenesis, while DA and Crz inhibit spermatogenesis. Consequently, hormonal treatment of male broodstocks in aquaculture with 5-HT and GnRHs could provide valuable tools to enhance reproduction by accelerating testicular maturation, leading to increased production of sperm.

Chemocommunication between bacteria and the higher vertebrate animals

Between bacteria and the higher vertebrate animals there are close chemocommunicational connections that are realized via signal molecules secreted by bacteria, on the hand, and vertebrate hormones and hormone-like substances, on the other hand. The review presents data on regulatory effects of biogenic amines (catecholamines and serotonin), peptide hormones, and immunomodulators of the higher vertebrates on the vitally important functions of bacterial cells, their virulence and survivability. It has been shown that some bacterial signal molecules, such as N-acylated derivatives of homoserinelactones, also are able to regulate fundamental cellular processes in the higher vertebrates. Deciphering of molecular mechanisms of information exchange between bacteria and the higher vertebrates is both of theoretical significance for studies on pathways of evolution of chemosignal systems of pro- and eukaryote organisms and of practical significance for development of new approaches for treatment of bacterial infections.

Variations in Functional Activity of the Hormone-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase System in Tissues of Gastropod Mollusks with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Treatment of gastropod mollusks of pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and orb snail Coretus corneus with streptozotocin was followed by an increase in hexose content in the hemolymph and development of the diabetic state (day 1 after treatment). Functional activity of the hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system significantly decreased in the muscles and hepatopancreas of mollusks with diabetes. We revealed a decrease in the regulatory effects of biogenic amines and peptide hormones that were realized via stimulatory (octopamine, dopamine, serotonin, tryptamine, and relaxin) and inhibitory G proteins (somatostatin). Disturbances in the hepatopancreas were more pronounced than in the muscle. The severity of disorders in the adenylate cyclase system reached maximum 1 day after streptozotocin treatment. The sensitivity of this system to hormonal and nonhormonal agents was partially restored on days 3 and 5. Hexose content in the hemolymph was elevated after streptozotocin treatment, but returned to normal on day 3. Our results indicate that hyperglycemia is one of the key factors for dysfunction of the adenylate cyclase system in mollusks with the diabetic state.

Disturbance of transduction of adenylyl cyclase-inhibiting hormonal signaling in the myocardium and brain of rats with experimental type 2 diabetes

Presently, our work, as well as that of other authors, has produced convincing evidence in favor of the idea that disturbances in hormonal signaling systems are one of the main causes of the development of pathological alterations and complications in diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these disturbances remain practically unstudied, particularly in insulin-independent type 2 diabetes. Using a neonatal streptozotocin model of type 2 diabetes, whose duration was either 80 or 180 days, we studied changes in the functional activity of components of the hormone-regulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling system in the myocardium and brain striatum of diabetic rats as compared with control animals. In diabetes, the Gi-realized process of transduction of the hormonal signal inhibiting AC activity has been shown to be markedly impaired. This is manifested as a decrease of the inhibitory effect of hormones on AC activity and an attenuation of their stimulation of the G-protein’s GTP-binding activity. In the case of noradrenaline (myocardium), the inhibitory pathway of the AC system regulation is completely suppressed, while the stimulatory pathway is preserved. An increase in the duration of diabetes development from 80 to 180 days leads to some decrease in the transduction of hormonal signals realized via Gi-proteins. The stimulatory effects of biogenic amines and relaxin on AC activity and GTP binding in the myocardium and brain of diabetic rats change relatively little, both in the 80-and in the 180-day diabetes. Thus, in the experimental type 2 diabetes, disturbances in Gi-protein coupled signal cascades are primarily observed, through which hormones realize their inhibition of AC activity.

Regulatory calcium effect on adenylyl cyclase functional activity in the infusorian Dileptis anser

Earlier we have shown that some non-hormonal activators of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and hormones of higher vertebrate animals are able to affect functional activity of the AC system in the infusorian Dileptus anser. In the present work, sensitivity of this infusorian AC to Ca2+ was studied and it was found that calcium cations at concentrations of 0.5-10 microM stimulated significantly the enzyme activity in D. anser partially purified membranes. An increase of Ca2+ concentrations to 100 microM and higher led to the complete block of their stimulatory effect. In the EDTA-treated membranes the enzyme activity was reduced markedly, but it was restored significantly by addition of Ca2+. Calmodulin antagonists--chlorpromazine, W-7, and W-5--caused a dose-dependent decrease of the enzyme activity stimulated by 5 microM Ca2+ with IC50 values of 35, 137, and 174 microM, respectively. The AC-stimulating effects of biogenic amines (serotonin and octopamine) were completely retained in the presence of 2.5 and 100 microM Ca2+, whereas effects of peptide hormones (relaxine and EGF) were hardly changed in the presence of 2.5 microM calcium ions, but were markedly inhibited by 100 microM Ca2+. In the EDTA-treated membranes, the AC effects of biogenic amines were reduced, while the effects of peptide hormones were not revealed. On addition of Ca2+, the AC effects of biogenic amines were completely restored, whereas the effects of peptide hormones were not detected or were restored to a non-significant degree. Calmodulin antagonists slightly affected the AC effects of peptide hormones at concentrations efficient in the case of vertebrate AC, but decreased them markedly at higher concentrations. The AC effects of biogenic amines were little sensitive even to high antagonist concentrations. The obtained data show that targets of action of peptide hormones in the infusorian D. anser cell culture are the AC forms whose activity does not D. depends on calcium cations and possibly is regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin, whereas targets of action of biogenic amines are calcium-independent enzyme forms.

Effect of biogenic amines on juvenile hormone metabolism in male Drosophila under normal conditions and during heat stress

Effect of biogenic amines on juvenile hormone metabolism in male Drosophila under normal conditions and during heat stress

Distribution and function of biogenic amines in the heart of Nautilus pompilius L. (Cephalopoda, Tetrabranchiata)

Biogenic amines (serotonin and catecholamines), play an important role in the control of the blood flow not only in vertebrates, but also in invertebrates such as cephalopods. In contrast to the well investigated hearts of the a 'modern', coleoid cephalopods, the innervation of the heart of the archaic Nautilus pompilius L. has not been studied in detail. In this study the distribution and effects of biogenic amines in the Nautilus heart were investigated. Serotonin and catecholamines were visualised by the glyxoylic acid induced fluorescence. High performance liquid chromatotography analysis was performed to discriminate between the catecholamines, which showed a high content of noradrenaline in the 4 auricles, the aorta and the ventricle, whereas the ventricle showed a high dopamine content. Adrenaline was found at a very low concentration in the ventricle. Serotonin and dopamine were also immunohistochemically localised to larger nerves and throughout the heart, respectively. In organ bath experiments, the auricles showed little spontaneous activity. After adding serotonin, they displayed rhythmical contractions, which were accelerated dose-dependently by noradrenaline. In summary, these data suggest an important role for biogenic amines in the control of the heart of Nautilus pompilius L., with serotonin possibly stimulating excitatory nerve fibres, whereas noradrenaline is likely to influence the muscle contraction itself.

Molecular mechanisms of the regulatory effect of biogenic amines on the functional activity of the adenylate cyclase signal system in nerve ganglia of the mollusk Anodonta cygnea

Molecular mechanisms of the regulatory effect of biogenic amines on the functional activity of the adenylate cyclase signal system in nerve ganglia of the mollusk Anodonta cygnea

Effect of biogenic amines on oxidation of farmorubicin by Fenton-like reagents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dopa and catecholamines on the generation of oxygen active species during oxidation of farmorubicin by "Fenton-like" reagents using chemiluminescent and spectrophotometric techniques. The tested catechols were found to reduce the light emission accompanying oxidation of farmorubicin by Co(II) + H2O2 and Cu(II) + H2O2 mixtures. The quenching effect was followed by their rapid oxidation to aminochromes possessing toxic activities.

Presynaptic effects of biogenic amines modulating synaptic transmission between identified sensory neurons and giant interneurons in the first instar cockroach.

Intracellular recording was used to investigate the modulatory effects of serotonin and octopamine on the identified synapses between filiform hair sensory afferents and giant interneurons in the first instar cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Serotonin at 10(-4) mol l(-1) to 10(-3) mol l(-1) reduced the amplitude of the lateral axon-to-ipsilateral giant interneuron 3 excitatory postsynaptic potentials. and octopamine at 10(-4) mol l(-1) increased their amplitude. Similar effects were seen on excitatory postsynaptic potentials in dorsal giant interneuron 6. Several lines of evidence suggest that both substances modulate the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials by acting presynaptically, rather than on the postsynaptic neuron. The fitting of simple binomial distributions to the postsynaptic potential amplitude histograms suggested that, for both serotonin and octopamine, the number of synaptic release sites was being modulated. Secondly, the amplitudes of miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin were unaffected by either modulator. Finally, recordings from contralateral giant interneuron 3, which has two identifiable populations of synaptic inputs, showed that each modulator had a more pronounced effect on excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by the lateral axon than on those evoked by the medial axon. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that neuropilar processes containing serotonin are present in close proximity to these synapses.

Effects of Biogenic Amines on Growth and The Incidence of Proventricular Lesions in Broiler Chickens

Biogenic amines have been implicated in a malabsorption syndrome characterized by decreases in feed efficiency and enlargement of the proventriculus. Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two common biogenic amines, histamine (HIS) and cadaverine (CAD), on broiler growth and the incidence of pathologies associated with proventriculitis. In the first experiment, broiler chicks were fed diets containing 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% HIS, and in the second experiment chicks were fed diets containing 0, 0.1, and 0.2% HIS, 0.1% CAD, or a combination of 0.1% HIS and 0.1% CAD. Histamine at 0.1 and 0.2% or the combination of HIS and CAD (0.1% each) reduced body weight and feed conversion at 21 d of age. Histamine (0.2%) or the combination of 0.1% HIS and 0.1% CAD increased the circumference of the gastric isthmus 14 and 16%, respectively, and the relative weight of the proventriculus by 21 and 36%, respectively. Histamine and CAD increased the total number, incidence, and severity of gizzard erosion and proventricular ulcers (plaques), and decreased the prominence of gastric papillae by 9 to 108%, depending on the lesion and level of biogenic amine. Dietary HIS (0.2%) increased putrescine by 91% and spermidine by 41% in proventriculus, and dietary CAD increased tissue CAD to detectable levels. Analysis of 49 commercially available, animal by-product feedstuffs suggests that if biogenic amines were the singular cause of proventriculitis, the current industry levels of dietary animal protein (5 to 10%) would not compromise growth performance.

Effects of Biogenic Amines and Polypeptide Hormones on Protein Kinase A and Adenylyl Cyclase Activities in Muscles of the Mollusc Anodonta cygnea

The effects of biogenic amines, glucagon, and insulin on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activity have been studied in the muscle tissue of the freshwater bivalve mollusc Anodonta cygnea. It was shown that serotonin, glucagon, and insulin both in vivo and in vitro stimulated PKA activity, whereas isoproterenol inhibited it. The stimulating effect of serotonin and inhibiting effect of isoproterenol was blocked by serotoninergic (cyproheptadine) and adrenergic (propranolol) inhibitors, which confirms specificity of the effect of biogenic amines on the PKA activity. Taking into account participation of adenylyl cyclase system in action of the above hormones, the revealed hormonal effects on the PKA activity produce metabolic effects via the following chain reaction. In the case of serotonin and glucagon: receptor → Gs-protein → AC → cAMP → PKA → phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (GS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and inhibition of their activity; in the case of isoproterenol: β-adrenoreceptor → Gi-protein → AC inhibition → decreasing PKA → inhibition of phosphorylase and stimulation of GSI and G6PDH. A participation is suggested of the insulin-stimulated AC signaling system in the mechanism of the mitogenic insulin effect mediated, as shown in this work, via the PKA activation, but not of the metabolic effect of insulin.

Effects of Biogenic Amines on Broiler Performance

This study was designed to determine whether the biogenic amines phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine, alone or in combination, if added at levels above those commonly found in complete mixed rations containing animal by-product meals, would cause lesions or reduce performance in broilers. The levels of biogenic amines used were double those that have been previously reported to cause problems for broilers. Data collected on performance, gross pathology, and histopathology at 3 and 6 wk indicated no significant differences in production parameters among amine treatments. No significant gross lesions or histopathologic changes were evident. This study suggests that the four studied biogenic amines are of little concern to the broiler industry when fed in the amounts utilized.

The Effect of Biogenic Amines and Their Analogs on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Fat Body of the CockroachBlaberus discoidalis

Several biogenic amines and their analogs were examined for stimulatory effects on glycogen phosphorylase activity and trehalose biosynthesis in fat body of the cockroach,Blaberus discoidalis.Octopamine and synephrine were the most potent activators of fat body phosphorylase; 10 μM octopamine being nearly as effective as the hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH). Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and tyramine produced intermediate effects, whereas dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and melatonin had no effect. The fat body octopamine receptors appeared to be pharmacologically related to vertebrate α-adrenergic receptors and belonged to the Octopamine1class receptor. In contrast to previous reports, synephrine also induced both phosphorylase activation and hypertrehalosemia as effectively as octopamine. Demethylchlordimeform, a formamidine insecticide structurally similar to octopamine, also strongly activated fat body phosphorylase, possibly by interaction with the octopamine receptor.