Effect Of Atmospheric Temperature Research Articles

The Effect of Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure on Sympathetically Mediated Pain

That pain sensation can be related to weather conditions has been accepted since early times, but the hypothesis that an increase in pain could act as a predictor for bad weather to come, tends to be looked on with scepticism. This personal investigation demonstrates that there is a sufficiently clear relationship to encourage further research.

Effect of abiotic factors on the burrow density of some sympatric field murids

The burrow density of sympatric murids in relation to various abiotic factorsviz. maximum and minimum atmospheric temperatures, relative humidity, soil temperature and soil moisture was studied in the agro-ecosystem of village Kakrod-Jind (Haryana) Analysis of monthly recorded data on burrow density revealed a biomodal patterni. e. a peak each during the months of September and March · Of these abiotic factors, soil moisture revealed significant positive correlation with the burrow density whereas relative humidity exhibited invariably the least interaction · However, path co-efficient analysis depicted the direct effects of soil temperature and soil moisture and indirect effect of maximum and minimum atmospheric temperature through soil temperature on the burrow density. The use of path co-efficient analysis in such studies has been suggested.

Effect of high atmospheric temperature on the appearing time of signs of VB1 deficiency in rats : Yang Ze, et al. Chin J Ind Hyg Occup Dis 1988;347–350

Effect of high atmospheric temperature on the appearing time of signs of VB1 deficiency in rats : Yang Ze, et al. Chin J Ind Hyg Occup Dis 1988;347–350

Influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the performance and emissions of nitric oxide and smoke of high speed diesel engines in the Athens/Greece region

This work investigates the effect of atmospheric temperature and humidity changes on the specific power output, specific fuel consumption and the emissions of nitric oxide and smoke from an automotive diesel (compression ignition) engine. A simulation model of the combustion process and the emitted pollutants from such an engine is used. Special attention is focussed on the calculation of the fuel jet characteristics, the heat exchange of the two zones (burning, air), where 11 chemical species are considered, with the nitric oxide forming in a kinetically controlled manner. The analysis is modified accordingly for predicting the effect of variable humidity. The predictions of the effect of ambient temperature and humidity changes are compared, for the baseline values, with the results from a relevant experimental investigation carried out at the laboratory of the author. The analysis is applied for typical (typical day of the month) temperature and humidity ratio values for the Athens/Greece region over a 1 yr interval, mainly to see the effect on the emitted nitric oxide and smoke, which add heavily to the acute Athens pollution problem. The investigation reveals clearly the effect of ambient temperature and humidity changes, showing good agreement with relevant reports from the literature and providing insight into the mechanisms involved.

Recurrent and non-recurrent croup: an epidemiological study.

A community-based study investigating the natural history of recurrent and non-recurrent croup is described. Daily temperature data were collected during 1977-83, in order to analyse seasonal variation and the effect of atmospheric temperature on the number of croup episodes per calendar month. A case-control study of 137 cases--consisting of 75 children with recurrent croup and 45 children with non-recurrent croup--and 236 controls matched by age and sex was also conducted. It aimed to study associations between croup and other selected diseases in the patients and their families. Recurrent croup differed from non-recurrent croup in its natural history in a number of ways. There was a winter and autumn peak in the number of episodes per month. These episodes occurred on days with significantly lower maximum and minimum temperatures. Recurrent croup was significantly associated with a patient history of asthma and wheezy bronchitis and a family history of croup. In contrast, non-recurrent croup showed an autumn peak only, as well as no association with atmospheric temperature or other disease in the patients and their families. This study confirms and extends observations indicating that recurrent croup involves a persistent and inherited airways hyper-reactivity that is triggered by viral and other stimuli, including those related to temperature.

Ambient temperature and humidity effects on the performance and nitric oxide emission of spark ignition engined vehicles in Athens/Greece

The present work investigates the effect of atmospheric temperature and humidity changes on the specific power output, specific fuel consumption and nitric oxide emissions from a typical spark-ignited petrol automotive engine. A simulation model of the combustion process and the emitted pollutants from such an engine, developed by the present author, is used. Special attention is focussed on the movement of the spherical flame front, the heat exchange of the two zones (burned, unburned), where eleven chemical species are considered, with the nitric oxide forming in a kinetically controlled manner. The analysis is modified accordingly for predicting the effect of variable humidity. The predictions of the effect of ambient temperature and humidity changes are compared, for the baseline values, with the results from a pertinent experimental investigation carried out at the laboratory of the author. The analysis is applied for typical (typical day of the month) temperature and humidity ratio values for the Athens/Greece area over one year interval, mainly to see the effect on the emitted nitric oxide which adds heavily to the acute Athens pollution problem. The investigation reveals clearly the effect of ambient temperature and humidity changes, showing good agreement with relevant reports from the literature, providing insight into the mechanisms involved.

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The bending fatigue behavior of adhesive bonded joints of FRP was investigated under relatively low cycle repeated stress, and the effect of type of over-laid plate in adhesive bonded part and the effect of atmospheric temperature on fatigue strength were examined. The specimens used were orthophthalic acid unsaturated polyester reinforced with glass mat or glass mat combined with roving cloth. The mother plate and the over-laid plate of the specimens were made of the same material. The fatigue testing machine was developed originally by the authors and the bending method of 4 point supporting system was adopted. And the bending moment was applied by an unbalanced rotating weight. The stress cycle was 400cycles/min constant and the testing air temperatures were 23°C, 50°C and 80°C. The following results were obtained from the experiments.(1) The observed fatigue strength of the adhesive bonded joint was increased more as the over-laid plate was strengthened, if the bending stress imposed on the adhesive surface area was adopted as the stress amplitude.(2) The fatigue strength of the both-side adhesive bonded specimen was twice that of the plain specimen, and the increase of fatigue strength for the one-side adhesive bonded specimen was between 1.3 and 1.6 times.(3) The fatigue strength was considerably decreased at above 50°C.(4) Dynamic creep properties were much influenced by the atmospheric temperature.(5) The formula proposed previously by the present authors for the estimation of fatigue life in the tensile fatigue test, which is given as Eq. (1), was found to be applicable also for the bending fatigue test.

Effect of relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, and suspending medium on the airborne survival of human rotavirus

The Wa strain of human rotavirus, grown in MA-104 cells, was suspended either in tryptose phosphate broth or feces from a case of rotaviral diarrhea. It was then aerosolized into a rotating drum using a Collison nebulizer. The drum air was sampled using an all-glass impinger containing tryptose phosphate broth as collecting fluid. At 20 +/- 1 degree C, the virus aerosolized from tryptose phosphate broth was found to survive best at 50 +/- 5% relative humidity, where its half-life was 44.2 +/- 6.3 h. At 30 +/- 5% and 80 +/- 5% relative humidity, the half-life of the virus was 24.5 +/- 3.5 and 3.8 +/- 1.0 h, respectively. At 6 +/- 1 degree C, the airborne survival of the virus at the mid and low relative humidity levels was further enhanced, but at the high relative humidity it remained very similar to that seen at 20 +/- 1 degree C. When aerosols of fecally suspended human rotavirus were held at 20 +/- 1 degree C with 50 +/- 5% relative humidity, nearly 80% of the airborne virus particles remained infectious even at the aerosol age of 24 h. These findings may help in our understanding of the epidemiology of rotaviral infections.

The effect of local atmospheric temperature upon umbilical cord 25-hydroxy vitamin D.

THERE was a close correlation between 25-hydroxycitamin D (25-OHD) measured in umbilical cord blood and both the mean monthly atmospheric temperature (p<0.001) and the total hours of sunshine (p<0.005) recorded during the last 3 months of pregnancy at the weather station nearest to the mother’s home. Cord serum cholesterol also correlated with atmospheric temperature (P<0.02) and sunlight (P<0.009). No relationship was demonstrable between serum calcium and 25-OHD or between calcium or alkaline phosphatase and cMmatic conditions. Birth weight was linked positively with serum calcium (P<0.0001) and inversely with alkaline phosphatase (P< 0.0001 ).

To the problem of noise reduction in sea-level records used in vertical crustal movement detection

The aim of this investigation is to develop a simple technique that would allow us to use the sea-level records for detecting contemporary vertical crustal movements of duration from several months to several years. The choice of auxiliary data needed for any such analysis is restricted to the regularly available meteorological data to make this approach possible in routine search for precursory movements in earthquake-prone areas. A linear mathematical model is designed to evaluate the effect of atmospheric temperature and pressure variations, river discharge, long periodic tides and Chandlerian motion. Spectra of the residual sea-level variations are also shown. It is concluded that local episodic crustal movements of a magnitude larger than some 10 cm may be detectable by this approach. If finer resolution is needed then it it necessary to also account for steric level, wind, and sea-current variations, for which data are largely non-existent.

A General Correlation of the Flammability of Natural and Synthetic Polymers

The concept that flammability is fundamentally related to the potential thermal energy available per unit of volume of material emerged from attempts to correlate the effect of composition variables on the flammability of neoprene vulcanizates as measured by the oxygen index (O.I.) test. The origins of this test clearly show that it is a highly specific measure of flammability—the tendency of a composition to continue to burn once ignited—and that it is thermodynamically related to the heat of combustion of materials. This relationship is developed to a linear correlation which includes a wide variety of synthetic and natural materials and permits reasonable prediction of O.I. values from elemental analysis. Polymeric materials containing carbon and oxygen in atom ratios of less than 6 to 1 are more flammable than predicted. The effect of atmospheric temperature on O.I. can be predicted in relation to the O.I. value at normal temperature. This effect is shown to be independent of the composition of the material being tested. These two correlations permit the construction of a simple general map of flammability against which experimental data can be compared and judgments made with respect to the significant variables involved. There appears to be a significant relation between O.I. data, as viewed from these correlations, and the data of other flammability tests.

A general correlation of the flammability of natural and synthetic polymers

The concept that flammability is fundamentally related to the potential thermal energy available per unit of volume of material emerged from attempts to correlate the effect of composition variables on the flammability of neoprene vulcanizates as measured by the oxygen index (O.I.) test. The origins of this test clearly show that it is a highly specific measure of flammability—the tendency of a composition to continue to burn once ignited—and that it is thermodynamically related to the heat of combustion of materials. This relationship is developed to a linear correlation which includes a wide variety of synthetic and natural materials and permits reasonable prediction of O.I. values from elemental analysis. Polymeric materials containing carbon and oxygen in atom ratios of less than 6 to 1 are more flammable than predicted. The effect of atmospheric temperature on O.I. can be predicted in relation to the O.I. value at normal temperature. This effect is shown to be independent of the composition of the material being tested. These two correlations permit the construction of a simple general map of flammability against which experimental data can be compared and judgments made with respect to the significant variables involved. There appears to be a significant relation between O.I. data, as viewed from these correlations, and the data of other flammability tests.

Bermuda sea level in relation to tides, weather, and baroclinic fluctuations

The sea‐level record over an 8‐year period at the Biological Station, Bermuda, has been analyzed in an attempt to deduce the complete physics of sea‐level variations in the frequency band of 1 cycle per 8 years to 0.5 cycles per hour. The admittance of the linear tidal lines was calculated, and, on the basis of certain assumptions about a linear system, the Hilbert transform relation between real and imaginary parts of the admittance function was used to deduce the function between diurnal and semidiurnal tides. The North Atlantic appears to be resonant with a period of 14.8 hours having a Q exceeding 3.3. An overtone of the resonance is also possibly present. An examination of the overtides in the record indicates that the hydrodynamical regime plus measuring system is highly linear. The spectra of observed atmospheric pressure, temperature, and winds were calculated, and the transfer functions between atmospheric narrow‐band processes (tides) and the continuum with sea level were computed. The tidal constituent S2 is about 10 per cent radiational in nature. The continuum of sea level is found to be dominated by pressure in an inverted barometer sense for periods shorter than a year. At longer periods, the winds appear to dominate, but low‐frequency sea‐level power rises more rapidly than any other weather variable, so that the sea‐level spectrum essentially decouples from the atmosphere. The effect of atmospheric temperature is found to be negligible. A comparison between temperature measured in the main thermocline and the sea‐level record yielded no coherence in any part of the spectrum. Approximately 0.1 cm of the semidiurnal tide is attributed to motion of the sea surface by the baroclinic tide. Otherwise, the rest of the internal wave spectrum can be ignored. The Panulirus hydrographic station sequence shows coherence between dynamic heights and the residual (nonweather) sea‐level record for periods between 6 months and a year. At very low frequencies, the dynamic height spectrum tapers off, indicating that the lowest‐frequency energy in the sea‐level record is probably in barotropic motions. Examination of the coherence between the sea‐level record and another record made nearby on Bermuda indicates that the tide‐gage record used in this study is representative of sea‐level motion over a scale of a few miles. Approximately 87 per cent of the total sea‐level variance is explicitly accounted for. The remainder of the energy is in errors of the analysis and in barotropic motions.

Foetal dwarfism in sheep—an effect of high atmospheric temperature during gestation

The course of pregnancy was followed in three groups of Peppin-strain Merino ewes. Group 1 of seven ewes, maintained on a high plane of nutrition, all lambed; the mean birth weight of lambs was 8 lb. 6 oz. The six ewes in group 2, kept on a low plane of nutrition, all lambed; the mean birth weight of their lambs was 1 lb. 9 oz. lower (P&lt;0·01). The seven ewes in group 3 kept on a low plane of nutrition and subjected daily to temperatures of 112° F. dry bulb, 92° F. wet bulb, produced only four lambs; the mean birth weight was 4 lb. 6 oz. less than those from group 1, and 2 lb. 13 oz. less than those from group 2 (P &lt; 0·001).Scale photographs of the lambs, and X-rays and measurements of their long bones, after dissection, showed that the lambs of group 3 were miniatures: their skeletons were much reduced in size, whereas low nutrition alone (group 2), caused little skeletal reduction.The mechanism of dwarfing is not clear. However, fore-cannon bone lengths and liver weights, considered in relation to lamb birth weights indicated that it was not a nutritional effect.This study was undertaken at the Physiology Department, University of Queensland. It is a pleasure to thank Prof. W. V. Macfarlane for the valuable facilities, and for his help and encouragement.

Effect of Atmospheric Temperature and Daylight on Egg Weight and Yield in Fayoumi and Baladi Fowls

INTRODUCTIONUNTIL fifteen years ago, eggs were regarded among the chief exports of Egypt. Unfortunately, Egyptian eggs were driven out of the export market for a number of reasons, perhaps the most outstanding of which was their small size and lack of uniformity.The egg yield of the country is produced by fowls which are regarded as indigenous, and whose history is not known. Strictly speaking there are no well defined breeds, but the fowl population of Egypt may be classified into two main groups which are locally known as the Baladi and the Fayoumi. This study deals with the effect of seasonal variations, i.e. atmospheric temperature and daylight, on egg production.REVIEW OF LITERATUREWhetham (1933), Bennion and Warren (1933), Reineke and Turner (1945) and Brody (1948), showed that temperature is one of the main causes of seasonal variation in the egg number laid by the fowl. On the …

443. Keeping quality and raw-milk grading: III. Comparison of keeping quality tests and dye tests in milk control (results of a field trial)

1. The results discussed in this part of the report were obtained by examination of milk samples taken at approximately fortnightly intervals throughout a period of one year from 298 farms in eight widely separated areas of England and Wales. The samples were examined by the routine resazurin test, the methylene-blue (4½/5½ hr.) test, the methylene-blue (½ hr.) test and the temperature-compensated keeping quality test using clot-on-boiling (c.o.b.) to determine the end-point. For the first three tests, the treatment of the samples and the standards applied conformed to those prescribed officially for these tests in England and Wales. Details are given of the treatment of samples and testing procedure for the temperature-compensated c.o.b. test. With this test two standards, equivalent to a residual keeping quality at 22° C. of 21 and 24 hr. from 9 a.m. on the day of collection of the milk from the farms, for both evening and morning milk were used.2. The results are analysed on the basis of the proportion of farms and of samples passing or failing the different tests, the effect of shade atmospheric temperature on the incidence of failures and the relationship between the standards imposed by the c.o.b. tests and the official methylene-blue (4½/5½ hr.) test.The proportion of farms and of samples passing each test was much higher in winter than in summer and was directly related to the prevailing shade atmospheric temperature. However, a proportion of farms was consistently able to comply with the standards. No more than 5% of the total failures by any test could be ascribed to the 60 (20%) best farms, whereas the 60 (20%) worst farms were responsible for as many as 37–60% of the total failures from the 298 farms.

Effect of Atmospheric Temperature on Body Temperature and Respiration Rate of Jersey Cattle

Effect of Atmospheric Temperature on Body Temperature and Respiration Rate of Jersey Cattle

Effect of Atmospheric Humidity and Temperature on the Relation between Moisture Content and Electrical Conductivity of Cotton*

Effect of Atmospheric Humidity and Temperature on the Relation between Moisture Content and Electrical Conductivity of Cotton*

The Effect of Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature upon the Performance of a Petrol Engine

The efficiency of all internal combustion engines is influenced to a large degree by the density of the charge prior to ignition. In the stationary engine operating at normal ground density, the variation in compression pressure throughout the range of working conditions is so small as to have no appreciable effect upon engine performance. In the aero engine, however, the conditions obtaining in flight are such as to produce wide variation in the suction pressure and therefore in the compression pressure due to changes in atmospheric density. Table I has been prepared to show the variation in air pressure, temperature and density with height, the figures given representing the mean conditions obtaining in the south of England.

The effect of moderately high atmospheric temperatures upon the formation of agglutinins

In an earlier communication2 we have pointed out that previous experiments on the effect of atmospheric temperature upon the development of various immunity reactions suggest two general conclusions: (1) That very high atmospheric temperatures, over 35° C, tend to produce a condition of fever and to hasten the production of antibodies of various sorts, while (2) moderately high atmospheric temperatures (30°-35° C), apparently tend to decrease the power of producing antibodies, presumably by a lowering of general vital resistance without the stimulus which accompanies the production of fever. We reported certain experiments of our own which were in harmony with the last conclusion, inasmuch as they showed an apparent diminution in hemolysin production in rabbits kept at an atmospheric temperature of 29°-32° C. The present report deals with similar experiments upon the effect of moderately high temperature upon the formation of agglutinins.This particular immunity reaction has been studied in relation to te...