Effect Of Ammonium Chloride Research Articles

Effect of ammonium chloride on the morphology of hexagonal boron nitride prepared by magnesium thermal reduction

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) crystals with cylindrical and nanoplate shape were prepared by the magnesium thermal reduction method. A simple and novel strategy successfully controlled the preferred growth direction of h‐BN crystal by adding a small amount of ammonium chloride to the reaction system, realized the transformation of the h‐BN crystal growth mode from cylindrical to nanoplate, and the thickness of h‐BN crystal nanoplates rapidly decreased from 2 μm to 40 nm. XRD results showed that the ammonium chloride content also significantly promoted the crystallinity of the synthesized h‐BN nanoplates, and the G.I. index decreased from 2.4 to 1.9. Raman and TEM results showed that the crystallinity of synthesized h‐BN was close to the properties of the single crystal.

Influences of hardening agent on some physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard

Effects of Ammonium chloride (NH4CI) as a hardening agent on thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), screw holding resistance (SHR), Janka hardness, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding (IB) properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were evaluated. Target densities were 712 and 715 kg/m³ for hardener applied (0.75 kg/m³ solid as 10% solution (fiber dry wt.)) and unmodified factory made 18 mm thick MDF, respectively. A total of 400 samples were tested. Boards produced without hardener presented better mechanical properties except for SHR. Indeed, SHR was around 9.2% improved by hardener utilization. However, hardener utilization caused around 8.4%, 7.3%, 3.6%, and 1.3% decreases for MOE, MOR, IB, and Janka hardness, respectively. Surprisingly, soaking time caused opposite results for TS and WA. The TS and WA of the hardener utilized MDF decreased around 40.3% and 29.6% for short-term soaking (2h) but remarkable increases (around 62.4% and 20%, respectively) were observed for long-term (24h) soaking. Statistical analysis proved that there were statistically significant (P<0.05) differences between all the evaluated properties.

Effects of ammonium chloride on structural stability of cobalt carbonate hydroxide and their improved electrochemical performance for supercapacitor

Transition metal salts are potential materials for energy storage and conversion. However, their application is limited by poor morphology retention and performance stability during charge/discharge processes. Herein, the interlaced rod-like Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0·11H2O (CCO) are prepared on nickel foam (NF) by hydrothermal method. During the experiment, the reaction solution is changed from weak basic to weak acidity with the increase of NH4Cl, and it has obvious influence on the growth and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared CCO. When the molar ratio of CO(NH2)2/NH4Cl in solution is 1:2.8 (the pH value of solution is 5.42), the microstructure of CCO nanorods (NRs) are obviously different from that obtained by other molar ratios, and many nanofloccules surrounded on their surface. Moreover, they show improved electrochemical performance, and the specific capacities are 2115.1 and 1400 C/g at 1 and 20 A/g, respectively. Especially, the structure of CCO NRs is remained after 3000 electrochemical cycles, and the specific capacity only lost 3% of the initial value, showing their good cycle stability. In addition, an assembled hybrid CCO NRs/NF//AC device can output a specific energy of 41.8 Wh/kg at 850.7 W/kg. These results can fully prove that the as-prepared CCO NRs is a good candidate for high-performance electrode material.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING GLYCOGEN CONCENTRATION IN HELMINTHS: INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE RANGE

Spectrophotometric methods for determining glycogen content are used in studies to quantify the effect of anthelmintics on carbohydrate and energy metabolism of helminths. The most specific of them include the method proposed by Krisman C.R., which was later adapted by Danchenko E.O. and Chirkin A.A. to apply in forensic medicine, and Andreyanov O.N. et al. in helminthology. Saturated solutions of calcium chloride and ammonium chloride are used in the procedure. It is known that the solubility of salts depends on temperature. Krisman C.R. studied the effect of calcium chloride on the optical density of the analyzed solutions depending on temperatures, but no detailed studies were made on the role of ammonium chloride. The present paper presents data on the effect of ammonium chloride on the optical density of the analyzed samples under the influence of temperatures in the range of 10–30 oC. This salt introduced to neutralize alkali increases the optical density of the solutions. It is found that ammonium chloride not only neutralizes the decrease in optical density, but also causes its increase as temperatures increase. In salt-free samples, the deviation from the specified glycogen content (0.1 mg) in the range of 10 oC was 12.1%, and with the addition of ammonium chloride, it decreased and varied within 4–8.5%. To improve the accuracy of the analysis, it is recommended to avoid studies in large temperature ranges.

Effect of Ammonium Chloride in addition to standard of care in outpatients and hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic has called an urgent need for drug repurposing to improve the outcome of the disease. Quaternary ammonium compounds have been demonstrated to have antiviral effects and may be of use against SARS-CoV-2 infections. DesignIn this double-blind, single-center study, we enrolled patients with positive PCR test and/or CT findings for COVID-19. The participants of each group were randomly assigned to Diphenhydramine Compound (Diphenhydramine + Ammonium Chloride) plus standard of care or to Diphenhydramine alone and standard of care groups. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 30 days of randomization. Secondary outcomes include viral burden, clinical status, assessed by a 5-point ordinal scale, and length of stay in hospitalized patients. ResultsA total of 120 patients were included in the trial, 60 of which were assigned to the Ammonium Chloride group. The primary endpoint was not statistically different between the two groups (HR: 3.02 (95% CI, 0.57–16.06; p = 0.195)). Recovery time and viral burden were significantly lower in the Ammonium Chloride group, corresponding to an odds ratios of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.15–2.83; p = 0.01) and 7.90 (95% CI, 1.62–14.17; p = 0.014), respectively. ConclusionThe findings of this study advocate the careful addition of Ammonium Chloride to standard of care for COVID-19 patients.

Effect of ammonium chloride and disodium hydrogen phosphate with molasses as a substrate for Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of β-glucan

Glucans are a type of polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, bacteria and yeasts. β-glucans have various biological activities as antitumour, antioxidant, anticholesterol, antiageing and immune system booster known as an immunomodulator. One of the yeasts that can produce β-glucans is Saccharomyces cerevisiae because most of the cell wall structures contain mannoproteins, β-1,3-glucan, and β-1,6-glucan, which function to strengthen cell structure and as a portion reserve food. This study aims to see the effect of adding ammonium chloride and disodium chloride with molasses as a natural substrate for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of β-glucose. The research stages began with making a growth curve, fermentation process, separation of β-glucan, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis showed positive results for β-glucan. In quantitative analysis, the highest amount of cell biomass obtained in Formula 4 = (04395 ± 0,1318) mg containing 4% molasses, 2% peptone, 0,2% Ammonium chloride and 0.02% Na2HPO4 and distilled water up to 150 mL with a fermentation time of 72 hours. The addition of ammonium chloride and disodium hydrogen phosphate affected beta-glucan levels after 72 hours of fermentation in Formula 4 = (0,0840 ± 0,0467) %.

The Effect of Ammonium Chloride on the Structure of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and the Proliferative Activity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles that contain ammonium chloride crystals are obtained. The X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and BET methods show that ammonium chloride crystals are decomposed in argon in the temperature range of T = 220–270°C. The heat treatment at T = 300°C gives thermal stability to the nanoparticles. The presence of ammonium chloride in the culture medium has a substantial effect on the biocompatibility of nanoparticles. An increase in its content reduces the proliferative activity of mesenchymal stromal cells.

Effect of ammonium salt on the stability of surface sulfide layer of smithsonite and its flotation performance

The sulfidization–xanthate method is an important method for recovering smithsonite. As the sulfidization time increases, the newly formed sulfidization layer on the smithsonite surface is unstable, which causes attenuation and affects the recovery efficiency. We studied the stability of the sulfidization layer of smithsonite and the effect of ammonium chloride on the sulfidization layer by microflotation experiments, sulfur adsorption test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry. Microflotation experiments results showed that ammonium-chloride addition can increase the recovery efficiency of the smithsonite by ~10%. Sulfur adsorption test results showed that after ammonium-chloride addition, more sulfur components were formed on the smithsonite surface. XPS results showed that after ammonium-chloride addition, the atomic concentration of the surface sulfur component increased from 0.09% to 2.38%. ToF-SIMS results showed that the newly formed sulfide component was more evenly distributed and the surface of the sulfide layer was smoother. The sulfur composition and sulfide layer thickness increased significantly, which increased the sulfide layer stability and improved the recovery efficiency of the smithsonite. All these details have established that the ammonium chloride has a good promoting effect on the sulfidization of smithsonite and increases the sulfidization layer stability.

Effects of ammonium chloride on the yield of carbon nanofiber aerogels derived from cellulose nanofibrils

Carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogels are a new class of advanced materials that have many potential applications in the energy and environmental sectors. However, some CNF aerogels consist of materials derived from fossil-fuels and energy-intensive production processes. For the successful industry-scale applications of carbon aerogels, the development of large-scale production methods with a smaller environmental footprint is required. Cellulose is a promising alternative material as a precursor of CNF aerogels, due to its renewability, high carbon content, and carbon neutrality. However, the low yield of CNF aerogels from the pyrolysis of cellulose nanofiber (CellNF) aerogels hinders their practical applications. To increase the yield of CNF aerogels from the pyrolysis of CellNF aerogels, we investigated the use of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as a carbonization promoter. The influence of the amount of NH4Cl, pyrolysis temperature, and method of adding NH4Cl to the cellulose precursor were systematically studied. Drastic improvements were observed in the yields of CNF aerogels, by 141–446% at 600 °C and 118–225% at 800 °C of pyrolysis, with the addition of NH4Cl (0.5–1.5 NH4Cl/CellNF weight ratio). The morphology, chemical and crystalline characteristics, microstructure, and porosity of CNFs in the aerogels were not affected by the addition of NH4Cl.

Nitrogen fertilizers promote plant growth and assist in manganese (Mn) accumulation by Polygonum pubescens Blume cultured in Mn tailings soil

This study examined how different nitrogen (N) forms and application levels promote plant growth and assist in manganese (Mn) remediation of Polygonum pubescens Blume (P. pubescens) cultured in soil with a high Mn level. The effects of ammonium chloride (a) and urea (u), at three application levels (10, 20, and 30 mg L−1 N) and control (no N addition, CK) on the growth, Mn accumulation, and enzymatic anti-oxidative defenses of P. pubescens were examined. In general, both ammonium-N and urea-N promoted the plant mass and height of P. pubescens. The total Mn amount of roots, stems, and leaves in N treatments were higher (p < 0.05) than that of CK. The ammonium-N treatments showed greater plant biomass and Mn accumulation compared to the urea-N ones. In general, the accumulations of Mn, Cr, Zn, and Cu were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the N fertilizer treatment than those in the control; while the accumulations of Pb were higher (p < 0.05) in P. pubescens across all N fertilizer treatments than those in the control. The N addition decreased the contents of O2− and H2O2 in the leaves of P. pubescens, while increasing the activities of enzymatic anti-oxidative defenses.

Effect of ammonium chloride on leaching behavior of alkaline anion and sodium ion in bauxite residue

Abstract This study focused on leaching behavior of alkaline anion and sodium in bauxite residue through ammonium chloride treatment. The results showed that the pH of bauxite residue decreased from 10.49 to 8.93, total alkaline anion ( HCO 3 − , CO 3 2 − , OH−, A 1 O 2 − ) concentration reduced from 38.89 to 25.50 mmol/L, leaching rate of soluble sodium was 80.86% with ammonium chloride addition of 0.75%, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio of 3 (mL/g), temperature of 30 °C and reaction time of 18 h; L/S ratio was the main factor affecting the removal of alkaline anion and the leaching of sodium. Furthermore, ammonium chloride promoted the dissolution of diaspore and changed the micro/morphological characteristics with the increase of massive structure. The findings of this work will contribute to achieve soil-formation of bauxite residue.

Effect of Ammonium Chloride on the Efficiency with Which Copper Sulfate Activates Marmatite: Change in Solution Composition and Regulation of Surface Composition

Zinc sulfide minerals are the primary choice for zinc extraction and marmatite is one of the two most common zinc sulphide minerals (sphalerite and marmatite), therefore it is of great significance to study and optimize the flotation of marmatite. To improve the activation of copper sulfate on marmatite, a method involving the addition of ammonium chloride is devised. The method has been proven to be an effective way of improving the activation efficiency of copper sulfate towards marmatite under alkaline conditions. The strengthening mechanism was studied using micro-flotation, adsorption test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and by analyzing changes in solution composition. Flotation test results show that the activation effect of the copper sulfate towards marmatite is enhanced with the addition of ammonium chloride. According to the results of the adsorption measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, when the marmatite surface is activated using copper sulfate with added ammonia chloride, it adsorbs more copper sulfide and less copper hydroxide and zinc hydroxide. These changes in surface composition are believed to occur via the following process: NH3(aq) promotes the dissolution of zinc hydroxide and then facilitates the conversion of surface copper hydroxide to copper sulfide. In addition, the occurrence of Cu(NH3)n2+ can promote the adsorption of copper ions (Cu2+ can be stored as Cu(NH3)n2+ via complexation, and then, when the concentration of copper ions decreases, Cu2+ can be released through the decompositionof Cu(NH3)n2+. Hence, the copper ion concentration can be maintained and this can facilitate the adsorption of Cu2+ on marmatite). Based on a comprehensive analysis of all our results, we propose that adding ammonium chloride to the copper sulfate changes the solution components (i.e., the presence of NH3(aq) and Cu(NH3)n2+) and then regulates the surface composition of marmatite. The change in surface composition improves the hydrophobicity of mineral surface and this leads to an improvement in activation of marmatite.

Effect of Ammonium Chloride in Plating Baths on Soft Magnetic Properties of Electroplated Fe–Ni Films

We electroplated Fe–Ni films in plating baths with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and evaluated the magnetic properties of the films. The amount of NH4Cl did not affect the current efficiency of the plating process and the Fe content in the film. The obtained current efficiency of approximately 95% is much higher than our previous study. The coercivity dramatically decreased with increasing NH4Cl from 0 to 15 g/L, and we obtained Fe22Ni78 films with very low coercivity (10 A/m). The Cl− concentration in the plating bath affected the coercivity, and we found that a plating bath with moderate low concentration of Cl− is preferred for obtaining the Fe22Ni78 films with low coercivity.

Effect of ammonium chloride on corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys and stainless steel in supercritical water gasification process

The corrosion behavior of 316 SS and three Ni-based alloys 625, 600 and 800 was evaluated by exposing in SCW at 400 °C and 24 MPa with 6000 ppm NH4Cl for 70 h. Various of analytical techniques were used for corrosion analysis. 316 SS underwent severe corrosion attack for general corrosion, pitting corrosion and intergranular attack. Inconel 625 showed the best corrosion resistance in the test environment. Fe oxides and spinel were identified by XRD on all of the SCW-exposed samples. Trace amounts of NiO was also identified on the surface of samples, however, Ni was selectively dissolved and depleted in oxide films, and nickel ammine may form at the relatively low temperature during the heating and cooling process.

A neuronal disruption in redox homeostasis elicited by ammonia alters the glycine/glutamate (GABA) cycle and contributes to MMA-induced excitability.

Hyperammonemia is a common finding in children with methylmalonic acidemia. However, its contribution to methylmalonate-induced excitotoxicty is poorly understood.The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms by which ammonia influences in the neurotoxicity induced by methylmalonate (MMA) in mice. The effects of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl 3, 6, and 12mmol/kg; s.c.) on electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral convulsions induced by MMA (0.3, 0.66, and 1µmol/2 µL, i.c.v.) were observed in mice. After, ammonia, TNF-α, IL1β, IL-6, nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels, mitochondrial potential(ΔΨ), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, Methyl-Tetrazolium (MTT) reduction, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity levels were measured in the cerebral cortex. The binding of [(3)H]flunitrazepam, release of glutamate-GABA; glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and neuronal damage [opening of blood brain barrier (BBB)permeability and cellular death volume] were also measured. EEG recordings showed that an intermediate dose of NH4Cl (6mmol/kg) increased the duration of convulsive episodes induced by MMA (0.66μmol/2μL i.c.v). NH4Cl (6mmol/kg) administration also induced neuronal ammonia and NOx increase, as well as mitochondrial ROS generation throughout oxidation of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to DCF-RS, followed by GS and GAD inhibition. The NH4Cl plus MMA administration did not alter cytokine levels, plasma fluorescein extravasation, or neuronal damage. However, it potentiated DCF-RS levels, decreased the ΔΨ potential, reduced MTT, inhibited SDH activity, and increased Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. NH4Cl also altered the GABA cycle characterized by GS and GAD activity inhibition, [(3)H]flunitrazepambinding, and GABA release after MMA injection. On the basis of our findings, the changes in ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) levelselicited by ammonia alter the glycine/glutamate (GABA) cycle and contribute to MMA-induced excitability.

Effect of ammonium chloride on microstructure, super-hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of nickel coatings

Abstract Nickel coatings were prepared at different concentrations of NH 4 Cl as a crystal modifier in the electrodeposition bath. Surface morphology, wettability and the preferred orientation of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, optical contact angle meter and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. The results showed that NH 4 Cl considerably affected the microstructure of the coatings; NH 4 Cl modified surface morphology towards an appropriate micro-nano cones structure. The contact angle of water droplets on the nickel coatings increased over time, eventually approaching a super-hydrophobic surface. Indeed, the super-hydrophobic surface showed a good long-term durability in air. XRD results indicated that NH 4 Cl changed the preferred orientation from (220) to (111) by a complex growth mode. The role of NH 4 Cl was studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. It was found that NH 4 Cl inhibited the nucleation of nickel deposits by increasing charge transfer resistance. Electrochemical measurements at long-term immersions indicated that the super-hydrophobic nickel coatings greatly enhanced the corrosion resistance of copper substrate in the neutral 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results revealed that super-hydrophobicity considerably increased the polarization resistance from 21 to 272 kΩ · cm 2 . After decay of hydrophobic property, the passive oxide layer played the major role to protect the coatings in the corrosive solution.

Assessment of erythroid dysplasia by "difference from normal" in routine clinical flow cytometry workup.

While multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) has great utility in diagnostic workups of patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), only the myeloid lineage has demonstrated reproducible abnormalities from multiple laboratories. With the effects of ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) lysis on erythroid progenitors previously described, we applied this protocol to a patient cohort with diagnosed MDS to investigate phenotypic abnormalities that indicate erythroid dysplasia. Bone marrow specimens [39 MDS, 9 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 7 JAK2(V617F) positive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and 5 nutritional deficiencies] were processed by NH4 Cl lysis and Ficoll preparation and evaluated by MDF using a difference from normal algorithm. For the MDS cohort, phenotypic abnormalities on the mature erythroid progenitors were frequent for CD71 and CD36 (36% for each antigen); abnormalities for CD235a (8%) were observed. Among immature erythroid progenitors, abnormal maturation patterns (≤5%), and increased CD105 intensity (9%) were seen. Increased frequency of CD105 bright cells was observed (18%). While antigenic abnormalities correlated between NH4 Cl lysis and Ficoll preparation, the lysis method demonstrated the most consistent quantitative antigen intensities. Mean erythroid phenotypic abnormalities and prognostic cytogenetic subgroups correlated strongly. Morphologic and erythroid phenotypic abnormalities correlated, as did increasing FCSS and number of erythroid abnormalities, albeit without further increase for AML patients. These data expand the understanding of erythropoiesis and define immunophenotypic abnormalities that indicate dyserythropoiesis in MDS using a lysis protocol practical for routine implementation in clinical flow cytometric workup. Preliminary studies also indicate strong correlation between phenotypic erythroid dysplasia and poor prognosis, as classified cytogenetically.

Assessment of erythroid dysplasia by "difference from normal" in routine clinical flow cytometry work-up.

Introduction: While multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) has great utility in diagnostic work-ups of patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), only the myeloid lineage has demonstrated reproducible abnormalities from multiple laboratories. With the effects of ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) lysis on erythroid progenitors previously described, we applied this protocol to a patient cohort with diagnosed MDS to investigate phenotypic abnormalities that indicate erythroid dysplasia. Method: Bone marrow specimens [39 MDS, 9 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 7 JAK2V617F positive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), 5 nutritional deficiencies] were processed by NH4 Cl lysis and Ficoll preparation and evaluated by MDF using a difference from normal algorithm. Results: For the MDS cohort, phenotypic abnormalities on the mature erythroid progenitors were frequent for CD71 and CD36 (36% for each antigen); abnormalities for CD235a (8%) were observed. Among immature erythroid progenitors, abnormal maturation patterns (≤5%) and increased CD105 intensity (9%) were seen. Increased frequency of CD105 bright cells was observed (18%). While antigenic abnormalities correlated between NH4 Cl lysis and Ficoll preparation, the lysis method demonstrated the most consistent quantitative antigen intensities. Mean erythroid phenotypic abnormalities and prognostic cytogenetic subgroups correlated strongly. Morphologic and erythroid phenotypic abnormalities correlated, as did increasing FCSS and number of erythroid abnormalities, albeit without further increase for AML patients. Discussion: These data expand the understanding of erythropoiesis and define immunophenotypic abnormalities that indicate dyserythropoiesis in MDS utilizing a lysis protocol practical for routine implementation in clinical flow cytometric work-up. Preliminary studies also indicate strong correlation between phenotypic erythroid dysplasia and poor prognosis, as classified cytogenetically. © 2014 Clinical Cytometry Society.

Effects of common ammonium salt on the thermal behavior of reconstituted tobacco sheet

Understanding the role of chemical burn additives on modifying the toxic gaseous constituents and thermal behavior of reconstituted tobacco sheet (RTS) has recently taken center stage through a number of initiatives. In this current study, the effects of ammonium chloride (AC), ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, and monoammonium phosphate on the formation of evolved gaseous products, specifically carbonyl compounds and thermal behavior were investigated. Results on cigarette smoking tests revealed that ammonium salt was a potential burn additive to reduce carbonyl compounds delivery in the cigarette mainstream smoke of RTS. The yield per puff of carbonyl compounds of pure RTS was decreased from 247.8 µg to 133.30 µg with the incorporation of AC. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the thermal decomposition of RTS. TG results revealed that the incorporation of ammonium salt into RTS could improve the thermal stability of RTS. The DSC results showed that the maximum exothermic peak was drastically decreased with the addition of ammonium salt, for example, from 14.8 mW mg−1 of pure RTS to 10.27 mW mg−1 of AC-RTS. Results on Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) which was employed to investigate the generation of evolved volatile products showed that these four ammonium salts as burn additives were efficiently high enough to decrease the formation of gaseous products. From our findings, compared with the virgin RTS and other three modified RTS, AC-RTS could significantly decrease the yields of nicotine and phenolic compounds in the cigarette mainstream smoke of RTS.

The Effect of Ammonium Chloride on the Apoptosis Induced by Cisplatin in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and mechanism of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the apoptosis induced by cisplatin in human lung cancer A549 cells. MTT assay was used to detect the state of cell growth. The expressions of apoptosis related proteins were detected by Laser scanning confocal microscopy and western blot. MTT tests showed that the non-toxic dose of NH4Cl could increase the inhibition rate of A549 cells induced by cisplatin. The expression of active caspase-3 in cells treated with non-toxic dose of NH4Cl combined with cisplatin was higher than that in cells treated with cisplatin alone. Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of apoptosis related proteins were significantly increased in the combination group. These results indicate that NH4Cl can enhance the cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin in A549 cells.