Effect Of Aluminum Hydroxide Research Articles

Effect of aluminum hydroxide on serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations in young adult cats with surgically induced chronic kidney disease.

To describe serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) concentrations in young adult cats with remnant kidney model-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to evaluate the effects of orally administered aluminum hydroxide (ALOH) on serum phosphate and FGF-23 concentrations in these cats. 17 adult, purpose-bred cats with induced CKD and 13 healthy, age-matched cats. A prospective, randomized study. Cats with induced CKD fed a wet renal diet received treatment with ALOH (90 mg/kg/d, PO) on days 0 to 42 and no treatment on days 43 to 84 (treatment group, n = 9) or no treatment on days 0 to 84 (control group, n = 8). Standard serum and urine biochemical analyses and several parameters reflective of calcium-phosphate balance, including serum parathyroid hormone and FGF-23 concentrations, were evaluated at baseline and various time points, including days 42 and 84. Age-matched, healthy, community-owned cats underwent similar evaluations at a single time point. Baseline data from CKD cats were compared to those of healthy cats. Longitudinal data from CKD cats were compared over time. Serum phosphate, total and ionized calcium, and FGF-23 concentrations were significantly higher in CKD cats at baseline relative to healthy cats (all P ≤ .009). Serum phosphate concentration did not change significantly over time in either CKD group; however, FGF-23 concentrations significantly increased over time in the control group (P < .02) but not the treatment group (P = .059). Aluminum hydroxide did not reduce serum phosphate or FGF-23 concentrations in this small study of cats with induced CKD chronically eating a phosphate-restricted diet.

Effects of aluminum hydroxide on mechanical, water resistance, and thermal properties of starch-based fiber-reinforced composites with foam structures

Despite the large demand, the current biomass composites still exhibit problems of low mechanical properties, strong hydrophilicity, and poor thermal resistance, which limit biomass composites' application fields. Facing these problems, starch-based fiber-reinforced composites with foam structures were fabricated by hot pressing and foaming process, for the first time. In these composites, the corn starch serves as matrix while the sisal fiber acts as skeleton. Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) has been added to alter microstructures. To identify microstructure and material composition changes induced by ATH, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been performed. Experimental results show that an appropriate ATH content can improve composite's ultimate tensile strength by as much as 37%. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to understand ATH effects on tensile properties at an atomic level. In addition to tensile properties, the addition of ATH is also beneficial to improve the compressive properties, water resistance and thermal stability of starch-based fiber-reinforced composites, making the composite a potential candidate to replace traditional packaging materials. Therefore, this investigation will benefit the current packaging industry in that sustainable utilization of packaging materials can be realized.

Effect of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) content on free volumes and water barrier property of silicone rubber

Effect of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) content on free volumes and water barrier property of silicone rubber

Partial replacement of OPC with CSA cements – effects on hydration, fresh and hardened properties

The effects of replacing OPC with three types of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements (40 wt%, 20 wt%) were studied. The results were broadly consistent with previously published data, with a few notable exceptions. Because of the production of ettringite, setting times were decreased. The maximal hydration temperature increased in concretes containing 40 wt% CSA but dropped in concretes with 20 wt% replacement. The drop was caused by a lack of accessible sulfates, which limited the synthesis of ettringite. In comparison to OPC concretes, the inclusion of additional anhydrite and calcium oxide was related with a delayed formation of the second temperature peak. Their excess slowed the calcium aluminate and belite reactions and reactivated the synthesis of ettringite, C–S–H, and portlandite. The effects of aluminum hydroxide were also indicated as potentially significant, although this was not proven experimentally in this study. The slightly lower compressive strength reported for mixes containing 40 wt% CSA was associated with better-formed ettringite. The same was identified as the key to lowering total shrinkage in mixtures containing 40 wt% CSA and increasing for lower CSA replacement levels. In that case, the insufficient amount of ettringite generated resulted in expansion that was insufficient to alleviate or compensate for the developed shrinkage.

Effect of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) on flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of SBS-modified asphalt

In this study, ATH-modified asphalt of different compositions (0wt%, 5wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, and 20wt%) were prepared for testing. Its flame-retardant performance and dynamic smoke release characteristics were investigated by using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and TG-FTIR technology. After pyrolysis, the carbon layer's structure, morphology, and element distribution were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Adding ATH increased the LOI value of the base asphalt by up to 23.1%. The TG-FTIR results showed that ATH significantly improved the flame-retardant performance of asphalt through three physical effects: cooling, dilution, and heat insulation. Adding ATH to asphalt affected adsorption and blocking, thus reducing smoke, promoting carbon formation, and improving its smoke suppression. Observations of the microscopic carbon layer showed that incorporating ATH improved the integrity and strength of its structure. Based on these results, a mechanistic model of the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of ATH-modified asphalt was established.

Pathological effect of Aluminium hydroxide compared with polymer-based nanoparticles on neonatal mice brain

Pathological effect of Aluminium hydroxide compared with polymer-based nanoparticles on neonatal mice brain

Effect of aluminum hydroxide on the fireproofing properties of ammonium polyphosphate–pentaerythritol-based intumescent coating

A fireproof composition based on ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol with a number of functional additives was developed and studied. The additives are able to form a protective char during fire exposure below the thermal decomposition temperature of the polymer composites. The decrease in the char formation temperature of the fire-protective coating provides a molar excess of ammonium polyphosphate with respect to the mole fractions of pentaerythritol and aluminum hydroxide. Introducing the latter in the composition of the flame-retardant coating also contributes to the decrease in the char formation temperature. The fire-protection coating can be used to protect various combustible materials, e.g., wood, laminates, plastics, etc.

Analysis of the Effect of Hydromass Acidity on the Process of Filtration and Precipitation of Aluminum Oxide in Short-Fiber Basalt Heat Insulation

This article is about one of the most important and current problems of mechanical engineering development, i.e., production of a lightweight, flameproof, sustainable, and heat-insulating material made of superthin basalt fiber. It has been shown that the acidity (pH) of hydromass had a significant effect on the filtration process during the creation of heat-insulating articles operating at 420–445°C. The “slip” effect of aluminum hydroxide was studied, and experiments for precipitation of aluminum hydroxide into hydromass with basalt fiber were made. It was found that, during the process of filtering precipitation of fibers, it was required to maintain strict control over the acidity value; on this case, the estimated amount of the aluminum oxide in the heat insulation material may be provided with retention of a high filtration rate. The recommended pH value for the filtering precipitation of the basalt fiber and nonorganic binder of Al2O3 was determined.

Effects of Aluminum Hydroxide and Layered Double Hydroxide on Asphalt Fire Resistance.

When a fire occurs in a tunnel, the instantaneous high temperature and smoke cause great danger to people. Therefore, the asphalt pavement material in the tunnel must have sufficient fire resistance. In this study, the effects of aluminum hydroxide and layered double hydroxide on the fire resistance of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer-modified asphalt was investigated. The fire resistance of the asphalt was evaluated by using a limiting oxygen index (LOI). The impact of aluminum hydroxide (ATH), layered double hydroxide (LDHs), and mixed flame retardant (MFR) on LOI was studied. The synergistic fire resistance mechanism of ATH and LDHs in asphalt binder was analyzed by using an integrated thermal analyzer‒mass spectrometry combined system (TG-DSC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The experimental results indicated that the main active temperature range of these flame retardants was 221–483 °C. The main components of smoke were methane, hydroxyl, water, carbon monoxide, aldehyde, carbon dioxide, etc. The addition of flame retardants could inhibit the production of methane, carbon monoxide, and aldehyde. Moreover, due to the good synergistic effects of ATH and LDHs, 20 wt % MFR had the best fire resistance.

Effect of Organoclays on Fire Resistance of Siloxane Rubbers

The technological progress constantly raises standards for items operated in rough conditions in order to improve their reliability in a wide range of operating temperatures, fire resistance and sustainability. Researches aimed at discovering flame retardant agents that would help to develop siloxane rubbers with increased fire-resistance are of great scientific interest and have a practical significance. We have studied the effect of aluminium hydroxide on the physical and mechanical properties and fire-resistance of siloxane rubbers. The study has shown that the aluminium hydroxide acts as an effective fire retardant at its content in the rubber over 40 % (wt.), however, it significantly decreases the physical and mechanical properties of the siloxane rubbers and causes difficulties in processing of the rubber mix. The research has shown that the additional introduction of organoclays (5 pts. wt.) improves the fire-resistance of such rubbers, the most effective being montmorillonites modified with alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride.

Fabrication of Oil Palm Fibre Polymer Composite Panel: Impact of Hybridized Flame Retardant Formulations on Thermo-Mechanical Properties

Various oil palm fibre reinforced polyester composite (OPFPC) panels has been fabricated with different FR formulations at increasing percentage loading using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. The effects of aluminium hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), their hybridization and synergism with carbon black (CB) on the mechanical and thermal properties have been investigated. The results obtained showed that 12% ATH inclusion in the OPFC enhanced the tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM) and flexural strength (FS) relative to 0%OPFC panel by 16.2%, 5.9% and 71.2%, respectively. The inclusion of 15%APP-GAP/CB decreased in TS and FS by 18.8% and 20.8% respectively while 18%ATH/APP-GAP/CB hybrid formulation decreased the most by 28.1% in TM showing poor performance in the presence of CB. TGA results reveals that the inclusion of 12%ATH and 15%APP-GAP/CB improved the thermal degradation relative to the 0%OPFC by 5.1°C and 20.48°C respectively while other FR formulations exhibited a decrease. Char residue at 900°C which signifies the end of the test increased significantly for all the FR formulations with 15%APP-GAP/CB observed as the highest at 17.47% and 12%APP-GAP as the least at 10.53%. The inclusion of 12%ATH in the OPFC panel suggest a better mechanical and thermal stability while the inclusion of 15%APP-GAP/CB suggest a better flame retardancy owing to the highest char formation.

The effects of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical property of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams

Ammonium polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide were added simultaneously to polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams as flame retardants. The effects of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate on the fire retardancy and mechanical property of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams were investigated. Thermogravimetric and thermogravimetric–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the thermal stability and decomposition of the foams. Cone calorimeter tests, the limiting oxygen index, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the fire performance of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate. The results show that the compressive strength of the foams increases upon the addition of both aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate. The flame retardancy of the polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams can be significantly improved under the effect of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate. After the addition of 5-phr aluminum hydroxide and 15-phr ammonium polyphosphate, the limiting oxygen index value increases from 21.2% for the reference sample to 28.0%, while the peak heat release rate reduces from 159.8 kW/m2 for the reference sample to 76.8 kW/m2. The effects between aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate occur in the condensed phase. Spherical projections with “villi-like” particles are formed covering the surface of char to hinder flame and energy transmission.

The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide (ATH) on the Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistivity of Palm-Based Fibreboard Prepared by Pre-Polymerization Method

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties and fire resistivity of medium density fibreboards (MDF) made from renewable biomass namely empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB) and palm-based pre-PU as the binder. Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) was added in the mixture of EFB at size of 300 to 500 μm. The ratio of EFB to PU matrix was 35:65 with ATH at varying amount of 5, 10, and 15 wt% of the overall mass of the resin. The results showed that MDF-EFB has higher mechanical properties than MDF-EFB/ATH. However, the fire test indicated lower burning rate (from 0.15 mm/s to 0.27 mm/s) as the percentage loading of ATH increased.

The Effects of Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide on the Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Materials

Thermoplastic polyurethane materials are widely used in automotive, clothing, electrical and electronics, medical, construction, machine industry due to excellent physical and chemical properties. Thermoplastic polyurethane materials combustion and resistance to high temperature characteristics are poor. Additives and fillers are added into the polyurethane matrix to improve those properties. Particularly adding these agents as a flame retardant are affect mechanical properties of polyurethane materials. Therefore, it is important to determinate the mechanical properties of these materials. In this study, 5% by weight of the thermoplastic polyurethane material, aluminium tri hydroxide (ATH, (Al2O3 3H2O)) and magnesium hydroxide (MgOH, (Mg(OH)2)) were added. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an intumescent flame retardant with inorganic flame retardants were added to increase the flame resistance of produced composite structure. Tensile test, tear test, hardness and Izod impact tests were made and compared of those produced composites. As a result of experiments the addition of ATH has lowered the tensile strength and tear strength contrast to this the addition of MgOH has improved those properties. Hardness and Izod impact test results were showed that both of the additives have no negative effect.

An Optimization Study on the Inclusion of Aluminium Hydroxide into Natural Rubber Latex as Deproteinization Agent

A preliminary study was conducted to investigate the effect of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as a deproteinizing agent in commercial natural rubber latex (NRL) onto the physicochemical properties of the NRL. The loading of ATH in NRL was varied at 0.05 parts per hundred rubbers (phr), 0.10 phr, 0.15 phr and 0.20 phr. The optimum amount of ATH in NRL was determined from pH value, mechanical strength time (MST), protein content and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The addition of ATH in NRL reduced the protein content of NRL (3.52%) to the lowest (1.19%) at 0.15 phr ATH. Protein-aluminate complex was detected from the FTIR spectra through peak at 3498 cm-1, referred to as C-N-H functional group.

Commenting on the effects of surface treated- and non-surface treated TiO2 in the Caco-2 cell model

In a recent work published in Particle and Fibre Toxicology by Fisichella and coworkers investigating surface-modified TiO2 nanoparticle exposure in a model human intestinal epithelium (Caco-2), albeit degraded to mimic conditions in the gut and exposure to natural sunlight, purportedly resulted in no toxic effects. The authors (Fisichella et al.) claim to have confirmed the results of a 2010 report by Koeneman et al. However, the study by Koeneman and colleagues revealed significant effects of unmodified TiO2 nanoparticles. These contradicting data warrant further investigation into the possible effects of aluminum hydroxide, as these nanoparticles appear to have resulted in an abnormal apical surface in Caco-2 cells.This is a comment on http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/pdf/1743-8977-9-18.pdf.

Effect of aluminium hydroxide, chlorinated polyethylene, decabromo biphenyl oxide and expanded graphite on thermal, mechanical and sorption properties of oil-extended ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer rubber

Oil-extended EPDM composites with different flame retardant fillers like aluminium hydroxide (ATH), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), decabromobiphenyl oxide (DBBO) and expanded graphite (EG) were prepared by conventional mill mixing. Thermal, mechanical and sorption characteristics of the vulcanizates were studied. The effect of different fillers on the flammability of the composites was measured using Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and UL-94 HB tests. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies of the composites were also conducted. ATH and CPE improve the thermal stability of the composite substantially. Among the four fillers ATH has the highest reinforcing effect on the EPDM rubber. Sorption studies of the composite showed that ATH reduced the swelling rate of the microcomposite considerably. All the four fillers were effective in improving the flame retardant property. Filler dispersion studies and SEM images point to a uniform dispersion of filler in the matrix which is in good agreement with significant improvement in mechanical properties.

Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide on “Raft-Forming” Antacids

Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide on “Raft-Forming” Antacids

Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Flame-Retardant Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites: The Effect of Aluminum Hydroxide (ATH) and Nanoclays

This work reports the effects of nanoclays and aluminium hydroxide (ATH) on the thermomechanical properties of an unsaturated polyester resin. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis in the temperature range from 25 to 150 °C has indicated the formation of different structures for the different clay (1, 5 and 10 wt. %) and ATH loadings (50 and 100 wt. %) investigated. The rubbery modulus increases with nanoclay and ATH content which indicates that both nanoclays and ATH act positively on the final network density and consequently lead to systems showing higher stiffness at higher temperatures. The mechanical loss peak value decreases with either nanoclay or ATH content which seems to indicate that both nanoclays and ATH improve network density. The glass transition temperature and the mechanical loss peak value changes linearly with ATH content.

Activation of dendritic cells and induction of CD4 + T cell differentiation by aluminum-containing adjuvants

Aluminum-containing adjuvants are widely used in licensed human and veterinary vaccines. However, the mechanism by which these adjuvants enhance the immune response and predominantly stimulate a T H2 humoral immune response is not well understood. In this study, the effects of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate adjuvants on antigen presentation, expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines by mouse dendritic cells (DCs) and the ability of DCs to induce T helper cell differentiation were investigated. Dendritic cells pulsed with ovalbumin (OVA) adsorbed to aluminum-containing adjuvants activated antigen-specific T cells more effectively than DCs pulsed with OVA alone. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant had a significantly stronger effect than aluminum phosphate adjuvant. Both aluminum-containing adjuvants significantly increased the expression of CD86 on DCs but only aluminum hydroxide adjuvant also induced moderate expression of CD80. Aluminum-containing adjuvants stimulated the release of IL-1β and IL-18 from DCs via caspase-1 activation. DCs incubated with LPS and OVA induced T H1 differentiation of naïve CD4 + T cells. In contrast, DCs incubated with aluminum/OVA activated CD4 + T cells to secrete IL-4 and IL-5 as well as IFN-γ. Addition of neutralizing anti-IL-1β antibodies decreased IL-5 production and addition of anti-IL-18 antibodies decreased both IL-4 and IL-5 production. Inhibition of IL-1β and IL-18 secretion by DCs via inhibition of caspase-1 also led to a marked decrease of IL-4 and IL-5 by CD4 + T cells. These results indicate that aluminum-containing adjuvants activate DCs and influence their ability to direct T H1 and T H2 responses through the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18.