Effect Of Alternative Fuels Research Articles

Effect of alternative fuels on the emissions of a passenger car under real-world driving conditions: a comparison of biodiesel, gas-to-liquid, coal to liquid.

Fossil fuel energy crisis and environmental pollution have initiated the scientific research on alternative fuels. Biodiesel (B100), gas to liquid (G100), and coal to liquid (C100) are superb selections to be substitutes for conventional diesel. To better investigate the emission characteristics of the alternative fuels mentioned above, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to carry out this study under real-world driving conditions. Results showed that the driving conditions had a notable effect on the vehicle emissions, the CO, THC, and CO2 emissions were higher under urban condition, and the NOx, PM (particle mass), and PN (particle number) emissions were higher under suburban condition. The expressway condition resulted in lower emissions except for PN due to more nucleation particles emitted. The use of B100, G100, and C100 fuels led to a reduction of more than 50% in the CO emission, especially for the C100, but the reduction effects for the THC were not obvious, and among them, G100 is the most prominent. Higher NOx emission was emitted after using the three fuels, especially for the B100; meanwhile, B100 increased the CO2, but G100 and C100 decreased the CO2 emission compared with D100. The PN emissions reduced by 1-2 orders of magnitude in comparison with those from D100 after using the three alternative fuels, and more than 50% of the PM could be reduced. B100 has the most significant particle reduction effect due to its oxygen-containing property, and it produced an evidently higher proportion of nucleation particles than D100, followed by G100 and C100.

The effects of alternative fuels, cruising duration and variable generators combination on exhaust emissions, energy efficiency existing ship index (EEXI) and carbon intensity rating (CII)

The aim of this study is to parametrically investigate the effects of varying alternative fuel usage, ship cruising duration and parallel generator combinations on exhaust emissions, EEXI and CII values in the cargo ships. In the study the generators were parallelized to provide 48% load for each combination and parametric studies were performed for the 75% load condition of the main engine. Flue gas products for each fuel were determined by the chemical kinetics method. It has been observed that emissions in the case of single generator use decrease compared to the parallel generator use case. Increasing ship cruising duration caused the EEXI value and CII index to decrease by approximately 2.5%. It has been determined that CII is at C rating for the most widely utilized medium term alternative fuels and A rating for ammonia and hydrogen for long-term net-zero targets. In conclusion, the study provides critical data to inform the current debate on the potential use of alternative fuels in relation to IMO's current strategies to reduce carbon emissions from ships in the long and medium term.

Numerical Modeling of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Tires as Fuels for Cement Clinker Production

This article presents the numerical modeling of the thermochemical conversion of biomass and tires as alternative fuels in kilns dedicated to the production of cement. The study seeks to understand and control the phenomena that occur when heavy fuel oil (traditional fuel) is partially replaced by biomass and tires. These are thoroughly mixed with meal at the entrance to the rotary kiln and form the bed of solids. The mathematical model developed takes into account both chemical reactions of meal and alternative fuels. At the entrance, the meal is made up of species such as CaCO3, MgCO3, Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, C2S, C3A, C4AF and C3S, some of which form along the kiln. The article focuses specifically on the influence of alternative fuels on the clinker or cement obtained. The properties (moisture, organic matter, composition, energy value, etc.) of the biomass and the tires, which are associated with the operating parameters of the kiln, greatly influence the production of clinker. In order to understand and control the behavior of each material and the operating parameters in the clinker (cement) production process, the mathematical model follows the evolution of each species and parameters step-by-step, until the clinker is obtained. The effect of alternative fuels on clinker production was found for the kiln’s operational parameters, the dynamic angle of the bed (30°), the angle of inclination of the kiln (2°), rotation (2 rpm), the length and the inside diameter, respectively (80 m) and (4 m); the chemical and physical properties (humidity, organic, inorganic matter, C, H, O, N, S, Cl); the lower calorific value, raw material); and the numerical parameters (spatial discretization 30 and 120). Despite the high energy content of tire fuels, the results of the use of biomass give better characteristics of clinker/cement (52.36% C3S and 3.83% CaO).The results found show that biomass pyrolysis is endothermic, with the heat of reaction found to be ∆rHpyro=184.9 kJ/kg, whereas for tires, a heat of reaction of ∆rHpyro=−1296.3 kJ/kg was found, showing that the pyrolysis of this material is exothermic. Char production is higher in the case of tires than in the case of biomass, with rates of 0.261 kg/kgOrg.Mat. and 0.196 kg/kgOrg.Mat., respectively. In both cases, waste conversion was complete (100%). The cement obtained in the different cases meets the requirements of Portland cements (73.06% silicates and 18.76% aluminates), the conversion of alternative fuels is complete (100%), and the specific energy consumption is almost consistent with values from the literature.

Turbocharged spark-ignition engine performance prediction in various inlet charged air temperatures fueled with gasoline–ethanol blends

In this research, the effect of alternative fuels and the inlet charged air temperature is numerically investigated on the performance of a turbocharged spark-ignition engine. For this purpose, a one-dimensional engine and turbocharger model is created in an engine simulation and performance analysis software and validated with former experimental results. Then, the model is run with four fuel types, including two gasoline types with different octane numbers and two ethanol–gasoline blend fuels—E25 and E85. In each case, the inlet charged air temperature is changed from cold to hot condition and performance characteristics such as the spark advance timing, brake torque, brake-specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency, emissions and the ignition delay and combustion duration are obtained from simulation results. The results illustrate that by decreasing the inlet charged air temperature, the spark timing is more advanced due to less knock and the brake torque increases. Also, the brake-specific fuel consumption and the brake NOx and CO2 decrease and thermal efficiency increases in all fuel types. The results also demonstrate that in higher ethanol percent in blend fuels, all engine performance characteristics improve except brake-specific fuel consumption; as changing the fuel at constant fuel-to-air equivalence ratio from E25 to E85 in various revolutions per minute causes a 5.8% increase in the brake torque, 1.06% increase in the thermal efficiency, 43% and 3.9% decrease in the brake NOx and CO2 and 5.8 °CA decrease in the combustion duration, on average; while the brake-specific fuel consumption and the peak pressure increase 29% and 20%, respectively.

A detailed study of IC engines and a novel discussion with comprehensive view of alternative fuels used in petrol and diesel engines

The main focus of this manuscript is on to discuss the alternative fuels in IC engines. Important alternative fuels for spark ignition engines are CNG, LPG or propane, alcohols, and hydrogen. Alternative fuels are to be much lower than those of gasoline and diesel-fuelled engines [Dhaliwal, B., N. Yi, and D. Checkel. 2000. ‘Emissions Effects of Alternative Fuels in Light-duty and Heavy-duty Vehicles’, SAE paper 2000-01-0692]. If there are availability problems with crude oil, due to worldwide geopolitical problems, alternative fuels can also be used as replacements. As of the year 2020, the most commonly used alternative fuel for vehicles is propane, followed by natural gas, and methanol. A number of fuels can be used as an alternative for petroleum-based diesel fuels. One alternative is biodiesel, that is, methyl ester vegetable oils, such as soybean, castor, canola, sunflower, cotton, palm, coconut, Jatropha, and algae oils. Other diesel alternative fuels are dimethyl ether (DME), and Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) fuel. In this manuscript, we discuss the alternative fuel which is most suit for SI engine and CI engine.

The effect of alternative fuels on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission performance in an auxiliary power unit (APU)

ABSTRACTThere is a growing interest in the use of alternative fuels in gas turbine engines to reduce emissions. Testing of alternative fuels is expensive when done on a large-scale gas turbine engine. In this study, a re-commissioned small gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU) has been used to test various blends of Jet A-1, synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) and diesel with as well as eight other novel fuels. A detailed analysis of performance, gaseous emissions and particulate emissions has been presented in this study. It is observed that aromatic content in general as well as the particular chemical composition of the aromatic compound plays a vital role in particulate emissions generation. SPK fuel shows substantially lower particulate emissions with respect to Jet A. However, not all the species of aromatics negatively impact particulate emissions. Gaseous emissions measured are comparable for all the fuels tested in this study.

Experimental and artificial neural network approach of noise and vibration characteristic of an unmodified diesel engine fuelled with conventional diesel, and biodiesel blends with natural gas addition

Replacing conventional diesel fuel has gained great interest owing to environmental issues. Therefore all effect of alternative fuels must be well-known in order to forthcoming engine development concern. In this study acoustic and vibration effect of biodiesel and their blends were investigated on an unmodified diesel engine which enriched with natural gas. Throughout this work, experimental engine was fuelled with conventional diesel, sunflower and canola biodiesel blends with ratio of 20% and 40%, by volume. Furthermore, natural gas was inducted through intake manifold at various flow rates; 5L/min, 10L/min, and 15L/min with intake air. Experiments revealed that, compared to conventional diesel fuel, sunflower and canola biodiesels decreased sound pressure level and vibration of the test engine. Addition of natural gas decreased the values even more. Furthermore, exhaust emission of the engine has been evaluated. Beside experimental study, an artificial neural network model was developed in order to predict sound pressure level and vibration of the engine. Artificial neural network results showed that, generated models were capable of estimation of parameters with high accuracy.

Effect of alternative fuels on diesel low temperature combustion

<div> <p>A set of experiments have been carried out in a heavy duty single cylinder engine using high <em>EGR</em> rates and different start of injection angles (<em>SOI</em>). Three different fuels (conventional diesel fuel, a diesel-ethanol mixture (e-diesel) and a Fischer-Tropsch fuel (GTL)) have been tested in order to evaluate their potential to achieve Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) conditions. Diesel and e-diesel have shown poor repeatability for the most delayed angle (4 deg aTDC) due to significant cycle-to-cycle variations. GTL has shown a heat release rate pattern typical of conventional diesel combustion for all the <em>SOI</em> values, while diesel and e-diesel show fully premixed combustion for delayed <em>SOI </em>(from 4 deg bTDC). A delay of <em>SOI</em> causes a decrease in the brake thermal efficiency and an increase in THC and CO emissions, the latter being more important when e-diesel is used. While late injection seems to considerably improve NOx emissions, no benefits have been obtained for diesel particles, maybe due to the low engine torque tested (which causes the soot production rate to be more significant than the oxidation rate). The low autoignition tendency together with the high volatility of ethanol makes e-diesel as a promising fuel to achieve LTC conditions while keeping acceptable fuel consumption and CO/THC emissions.</p> </div> <p> </p>

Emission and Ignition Effects of Alternative Fuels at Conventional and Premixed Diesel Combustion

Emission and Ignition Effects of Alternative Fuels at Conventional and Premixed Diesel Combustion

Effect of alternative fuels on exhaust emissions during diesel engine operation with matched combustion phasing

The present work focuses on an experimental comparison of diesel emissions produced by three fuels: an ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (BP15), a pure soybean methyl-ester biodiesel fuel (B100), and a synthetic Fischer–Tropsch fuel (FT), practically free of sulfur and aromatic compounds, and produced in a gas-to-liquid process. The study was carried out using a 2.5 L direct injection common-rail turbodiesel engine operated at 2400 rpm and 64 N m torque (19% of maximum torque). The engine was tested with single and split (pilot and main) injections and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study has two objectives. The first objective is to investigate the impact of the start of injection (SOI) on performance and emissions of each fuel. The second objective is to study the isolated impacts of the test fuels on pollutant emissions by adjusting the injection parameters (SOI and fuel rail pressure) for each fuel, while producing practically the same combustion phasing. When the combustion phasing occurs similarly, this study has confirmed that the FT fuel can reduce all regulated diesel emissions under both single and split injection strategies. Finally, it has been confirmed that biodiesel can reduce particle mean diameter in comparison with BP15. However, higher PM mass emission for B100 has been observed under the condition of matched combustion phasing. The increase of the PM mass emission is probably due to the unburned or partially burned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions.

Alternative fuel spray behavior

The effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics of a liquid fuel spray are examined. Fuel properties are varied and the effects of these variations on the structure (drop histories, temperatures, and species concentrations) of the spray flame are calculated. Also, a comparison is made of the differences in two spray flames fueled by a standard NATO fuel and a proposed alternative fuel. The calculations are performed using a reacting, two-phase, two-dimensional flow code that utilizes a Lagrangian calculation of droplet trajectories and an Eulerian approach for the gas-phase flowfield. Interactions between the drops and the gas phase are accomplished through the particle-source-in-cell technique with exchange of mass, momentum, and energy between the two phases. A global reaction scheme is used with the reaction rate determined by the minimum of either an Arrhenius rate or mixing rate. Fuel property changes that affect droplet size and volatility are shown to have significant effects on droplet trjectory patterns. However, for the flowfield examined in this paper (where the fuel spray core is very rich and the mixing of air with the fuel occurs at a relatively slow rate), these trajectory changes only moderately modify the fuel vaporization pattern within the spray.more » 20 refs.« less

Effects of alternative fuels on ignition limits of the J85 annular combustor

Recent studies on ignition limits in gas-turbine engines have focused on alternative fuels and their effects. New tests reported here at the Naval Air Propulsion Center (NAPC) utilized five fuels and systematic increments of combustor inlet conditions to establish data for the General Electric J85-21 gas-turbine combustor. A characteristic time model for ignition was used to scale inlet conditions to those used by GE and to reduce the data. The resulting correlation, including both NAPC and GE data, is rearranged to predict loss in engine altitude for relight with a fuel more viscous than JP-4.