Effects Of Alcohol Research Articles

Effects of alcohols and dissolved gases on sonochemical generation of hydrogen in a 300 kHz sonoreactor

The sonochemical generation of hydrogen (H2) was investigated using various water/alcohol solutions under argon (Ar) 100 % in a 300 kHz sonoreactor. Five types of alcohols–methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol–were used at various concentrations (0 – 100 % v/v). The H2 generation rate in water was 0.31 μmol/min in the absence of alcohols. The H2 generation rate increased, peaked, and then decreased as the alcohol concentration increased. The concentrations used for the peak H2 generation were 5 %, 1 %, 0.5 %, 0.5 %, and 0.1 % for methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol, respectively. The highest generation rate (5.46 μmol/min) was obtained for methanol 5 % among all conditions in this study, and no H2 was detected for 100 % alcohol concentrations. The reason for the enhancement of the sonochemical H2 generation by the addition of alcohols might be due to strong scavenging effect of alcohols for sonochemically generated oxidizing radicals and vigorous reactions of alcohol molecules and their derivatives with H radicals. No significant correlations were found between the H2 generation rates and physicochemical properties of the alcohols in any of the data in this study. As alcohol concentration increased, the calorimetric power decreased. This indicates that the calorimetric power does not represent the degree of sonochemical reactions in the water/alcohol mixtures. The effect of oxygen (O2) content in the dissolved gases on the generation of H2O2 (representing sonochemical oxidation activity) and H2 (representing sonochemical reduction activity) was investigated using Ar/O2 mixtures for water, methanol 5 % and n-propanol 0.5 %. In water, the highest H2O2 generation was obtained for Ar/O2 (50:50), which is similar to previous research results. However, the H2O2 generation increased as the O2 content increased. In addition, H2 generation decreased as the O2 content increased under all liquid conditions (water, methanol, and n-propanol).

Sex and Gender Differences in Simultaneous Alcohol and Cannabis Use: a Narrative Review.

The aim is to review recent literature on sex and gender differences in patterns of use, motives, pharmacological effects, and consequences of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (SAC). Men engage in SAC more frequently than women. Women may have more substance-specific motives for use, while men tend to consistently endorse social/enhancement motives for both alcohol and cannabis. Regarding pharmacological effects, women experience the same subjective effects as men do at lower levels of use, with some evidence that women modulate cannabis use during simultaneous use episodes to avoid greater subjective intoxication. Finally, women appear more vulnerable to experiencing a range of positive and negative consequences from SAC relative to men. Research has identified several important sex/gender differences in SAC and its correlates and consequences. However, research has primarily focused on white and cisgender populations, with a need for more research among racial/ethnic and gender minorities.

Alcohol increases treatment failure for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Asian populations

Background and AimWhether alcohol intake is associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication failure remains controversial, and this meta-analysis was aimed at investigating the effect of alcohol on the risk of H. pylori eradication failure.MethodsRelevant studies were systematically screened for and retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science (updated to January 2022), and relevant references were manually reviewed. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Subgroup, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses were also conducted.ResultsA total of 40 studies were included in the meta-analysis. No significant association was found between alcohol consumption and the risk of H. pylori eradication failure (OR = 1.09, 95% CI, 0.94–1.26). However, in subgroup analyses stratified by region, a positive association was found in Asian patients (OR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.03–1.47). In Asian patients, alcohol consumption was associated with the risk of H. pylori eradication failure when the duration of therapy was > 7 days (OR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.10–1.25), when the treatment regimen included nitroimidazoles (OR = 1.16, 95% CI, 1.09–1.24), and when patients were treated with bismuth-containing quadruple therapy (OR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.10–1.25). Alcohol intake > 40 g/day was associated with H. pylori eradication failure (OR = 3.17, 95% CI, 1.56–6.41). Moreover, in Asian patients who were administered a vonoprazan (VPZ)-based therapy regimen, alcohol consumption had no effect on H. pylori eradication rates (OR = 1.73, 95% CI, 0.98–3.05).ConclusionOur meta-analysis clearly showed that a higher daily alcohol intake was associated with a higher risk of H. pylori eradication failure in Asian populations. Moreover, a VPZ-based treatment regimen can prevent this effect.

The Association of Alcohol Use and Child-to-Parent Violence in Mexican Adolescents

Background: Addictions can modify the dynamics, communication, and establishment of assertive relationships in the family nucleus, situations that can cause different types of family violence. A phenomenon of special interest is child-to-parent violence or children’s violence toward their parents. This type of violence can be exercised physically (hitting, kicking, shoving), verbally (shouting, blackmailing and insulting) and economically (using a card, stealing money or belongings from the parents). Although is generally supported that child-to-parent violence may be associated with alcohol-induced aggressiveness and lack of control, there is less evidence of a possible differentiation regarding the sex of the parents. Objective: Analyze the relationship and effect of alcohol on child-to-parent violence according to the parents’ sex. Methods: This was a predictive study of 265 adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age. Data were collected from social networks using two self-applied instruments (the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Conflict Tactics Scale: Parent-Child Version) programmed with the Survey Monkey® digital platform. Results: Of the adolescents studied, 66.8% had consumed alcohol at some time in their lives; of these, 6.6% had harmful consumption. A positive relationship was found between alcohol involvement scores and economic violence toward the mother and father. The former was supported by regression models where alcohol involvement predicted child-to-parent economic violence directed toward mothers and fathers. Conclusions: It is important to develop activities to prevent alcohol consumption as a risk factor for violence and to promote family integration in adolescents and their families.

Pharmacological correction of neurological disorders in the relief of alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Among the existing addictions, the greatest medical and social problems are created by chemical dependencies associated with the use of alcohol, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Neurological disorders in alcoholism are distinguished by the multifactorial nature of their genesis. Pharmacological correction of potential neurological disorders in alcohol users should be considered from the perspective of prescribing drugs with polymodal effects, which justifies the search for the most promising and effective means of pharmacological correction of mental and somatoneurological consequences of alcoholism. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of neurological symptoms under the control of laboratory indicators of toxic liver damage to assess the effectiveness of complex pharmacotherapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. 40 patients (average age 43.2±7.2 years) who are being treated for alcohol withdrawal syndrome were examined. A neurological examination and a study of blood biochemical parameters were carried out to assess the functional state of the liver. Neurological organic symptom complex was detected in all observed patients and was a diffuse focal symptomatology associated with cerebral and polyneuritic disorders. Laboratory indicators of the functional state of the liver in patients taking morpholinium- methyl-triazolyl-thioacetate orally showed a statistically significant difference before and after therapy, in the absolute majority of cases positive hemodynamic dynamics and regression of neurological symptoms were observed. Morpholinium-methyl-triazolyl-thioacetate has polymodal effects and can be used not only for alcoholic hepatitis, but also for the correction of cardiological and neurological disorders associated with alcoholic liver damage. It is advisable to consider Thiotriazoline® as a means of choice in the complex therapy of alcoholic liver damage in the outpatient unit.

Effects of combined exposure to ethanol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol during adolescence on synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex of Long Evans rats

Significant exposure to alcohol or cannabis during adolescence can induce lasting disruptions of neuronal signaling in brain regions that are later to mature, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Considerably less is known about the effects of alcohol and cannabis co-use, despite its common occurrence. Here, we used male and female Long-Evans rats to investigate the effects of early-life exposure to ethanol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or their combination on high frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced plasticity in the prelimbic region of the mPFC. Animals were injected daily from postnatal days 30–45 with vehicle or THC (escalating doses, 3–20 mg/kg) and allowed to drink vehicle (0.1% saccharin) or 10% ethanol immediately after each injection. In vitro brain slice electrophysiology was then used to record population responses of layer V neurons following HFS in layer II/III after 3–4 weeks of abstinence. We found that THC exposure reduced body weight gains observed in ad libitum fed rats, and reduced intake of saccharin and ethanol. Compared to controls, there was a significant reduction in HFS-induced long-term depression (LTD) in rats exposed to either drug alone, and an absence of LTD in rats exposed to the drug combination. Bath application of indiplon or AR-A014418, which enhance GABAA receptor function or inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), respectively, suggested the effects of ethanol, THC or their combination were due in part to lasting adaptations in GABA and GSK3β signaling. These results suggest the potential for long-lasting adaptations in mPFC output following co-exposure to alcohol and THC.

Interpersonal Communication Channels and Alcohol Consumption among Students in Government Tertiary Medical Colleges in Kenya

The study sought to evaluate how interpersonal communication channels influenced the consumption of alcohol among college students. Specifically, the study focused on public tertiary colleges in Kenya. The study was motivated by the increased cases of dropout, ill-health, poor performance, and other related effects of alcohol among college students. This is despite the continued efforts to curb alcohol abuse among students by agencies such as the United Nations Office for Drug and Crime, the National Authority for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse, and the school management, among other agencies. The study was anchored on social cognitive theory. Through a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. The findings revealed that alcohol consumption among college students was significantly influenced by interpersonal communication channels (t = 14.381, p<0.05). The study recommended the need for stakeholders, including the government and other agencies, to spearhead campaigns to sensitize the students on the ills of alcohol consumption and uphold measures that reduce the encouragement of alcohol consumption through interpersonal communication channels.

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. as a potential raw material in the treatment of negative effects of alcohol consumption

An alcohol hangover is a complex set of adverse symptoms that occur after excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Hangovers are not solely caused by ethanol, but mainly by its toxic metabolites, such as acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Most of the negative symptoms occur when the concentration of alcohol in the blood decreases after drinking. Given that a large percentage of people consume alcohol and experience negative effects from its consumption, potential supplementation to help eliminate these adverse effects has been proposed. One promising ingredient is ginseng, which has been used in Eastern culture and traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years. The aim of this study was to present the potential of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. as an aid for the adverse effects of alcohol consumption and its protective effect on liver function. The literature analysis was based on data indexed in medical databases PubMed, Scopus, and Medline since 2010, using keywords such as "Panax ginseng," "hangover," "alcohol consumption," and "metabolism," connected by the logical conjuction “and.” The analysis confirmed the effectiveness of P. ginseng in the treatment and prevention of hangovers. Preparations containing P. ginseng can support ethanol metabolism by inducing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 system. An additional advantage of using P. ginseng may be its hepatoprotective effect.

Effect of alcohol on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) blood levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a vital protein involved in neuronal development, survival, and plasticity. Alcohol consumption has been implicated in various neurocognitive deficits and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the impact of alcohol on BDNF blood levels remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on BDNF blood levels. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed, and methodological quality was assessed using appropriate tools. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall effect size of alcohol consumption on BDNF levels. A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Alcohol use and BDNF blood levels were significantly correlated, according to the meta-analysis (p = 0.008). Overall, it was discovered that drinking alcohol significantly decreased BDNF levels (SMD: − 0.39; 95% CI: − 0.68 to − 0.10; I2: 93%). There was a non-significant trend suggesting that alcohol withdrawal might increase BDNF levels, with an SMD of 0.26 (95% CI: − 0.09 to 0.62; I2: 86%; p = 0.14). Subgroup analysis based on the source of BDNF demonstrated significant differences between the subgroups (p = 0.0008). No significant publication bias was observed. This study showed that alcohol consumption is associated with a significant decrease in BDNF blood levels. The findings suggest a negative impact of alcohol on BDNF levels regardless of alcohol dosage. Further studies are needed to strengthen the evidence and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Effects of Maternal HIV Infection and Alcohol Use in Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes in Uganda.

Alcohol use and HIV infection are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA), and both are associated with low birth weight. Yet, few studies have evaluated the combined effects of maternal HIV infection and alcohol use on birth outcomes. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study of HIV-related placental changes in Ugandan women. We defined alcohol use as self-reported alcohol use within the last year, using the AUDIT questionnaire and used linear and logistic regression to measure associations between maternal alcohol use, HIV serostatus, and birth weight. In a subsample, we measured alcohol exposure using phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in neonatal heelstick dried blood spots to confirm maternal alcohol use. Of 352 participants, 176 (50%) were women with HIV (WHIV). Three of 176 (2%) HIVuninfected women and 17/176 (10%) of WHIV self-reported alcohol use (P = 0.002). Maternal HIV infection was associated with lower birth weight (β = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.20, -0.02], P = 0.02), but self-reported alcohol use was not (β = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.26], P = 0.54), and the interaction between HIV serostatus and alcohol use was not significant (P = 0.13). Among the PEth subsample, neither HIV status nor PEthconfirmed alcohol use were associated with low birth weight. Maternal HIV infection was associated with lower birth weight, but alcohol use was not, and there was no significant interaction between maternal HIV infection and alcohol use. Alcohol use was more prevalent in WHIV and under-reporting was common. A larger study of the effects of laboratory-confirmed alcohol and HIV exposure on birth outcomes is warranted.

Home cage voluntary alcohol consumption increases binge drinking without affecting abstinence-related depressive-like behaviors or operant responding in crossed high alcohol-preferring mice (cHAPs)

Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to tolerance and escalation of drinking in humans and animals, but mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully characterized. Preclinical models can delineate which mechanisms are involved. The chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (CIE) procedure uses forced exposure to vaporized alcohol that elicits withdrawal and increased responding for alcohol in operant tasks in C57BL/6J inbred mice. Chronic two-bottle choice (2BC) drinking in the same strain elicits abstinent-related depression-like behavior, suggestive of allostatic changes. Selected lines such as crossed High Alcohol Preferring (cHAP) mice voluntarily drink to blood alcohol concentrations comparable to those attained in CIE and could be used to assess how alcohol affects these same endpoints without the confounds of involuntary vapor inhalation. In three experiments, we assess how 2BC drinking in cHAP mice affects abstinence-related depressive- and anxiety-like behavior, operant responding for alcohol, and binge consumption using drinking-in-the-dark (DID). We hypothesized that cHAPs with home-cage drinking experience would exhibit more depressive behavior after abstinence, increased responding for alcohol in the operant box, and increased DID intake. Of these, a drinking history increased DID intake in female cHAPs only and increased sucrose preference and intake following abstinence, but had no effects on operant responding or NSFT latency and FST immobility following forced abstinence. These results are consistent with recent findings using slice electrophysiology showing tolerance to alcohol's actions on the dorsolateral striatum following 2BC drinking in female, but not male cHAP mice. Overall, these data suggest that cHAPs may require procedures allowing rapid intoxication, such as DID, to demonstrate changes in alcohol's rewarding effects.

Effect of PVA latex powder and PP fiber on property of self-compacting alkali-activated slag repair mortar

Alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement shows the characteristics of fast hardening and high early strength, which is particularly suitable for repair materials. However, its high brittleness, poor toughness and poor workability hinder its application. The effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) latex powder and polypropylene (PP) fiber on the fluidity, mechanical properties including toughness and adhesive property of self-compacting alkali-activated slag repair mortar (SCARM) were studied. Their effects on the microstructure of SCARM were also studied. The results show that the addition of PVA is helpful to improve the workability. With the increase of PVA content, the 30 min fluidity increases greatly. The addition of PP reduces the fluidity of SCARM. The incorporation of PVA and PP can improve the mechanical property, toughness and adhesive property, especially when mixed together. PVA increases the compactness of SCARM. In addition, it also enhances the interface combination of PP and SCARM. The addition of PVA does not change the hydration products of AAS cement, but slightly increases the hydration degree.

Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Patients with Mental Illness in South Korea: The Mediating Effect of Alcohol Drinking.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of alcohol drinking on the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation inpatients with mental illness. A survey was conducted among 163 individuals with various major mental disorders using a self-reported questionnaire. Data were collected from July to September 2020. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using a t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficients, hierarchical multiple linear regression, and a Sobel test. Significant relationships were found between alcohol depression and drinking (r = 0.26, p < 0.001), depression and suicidal ideation (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), and alcohol use and suicidal ideation (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). In addition, alcohol drinking was found to partially mediate the association between depression and suicidal ideation (Z = 3.63, p < 0.001). These results indicated that patients with mental illness who are concerned about drinking alcohol might be able to reduce suicidal thoughts by consulting with a healthcare professional or taking informed actions with the support of a counselor or support group.

Dysregulated Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Alcohol-Associated Steatohepatitis: Implications for Novel Targeted Therapies.

Cyclic nucleotides are second messengers, which play significant roles in numerous biological processes. Previous work has shown that cAMP and cGMP signaling regulates various pathways in liver cells, including Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and cellular components of hepatic sinusoids. Importantly, it has been shown that cAMP levels and enzymes involved in cAMP homeostasis are affected by alcohol. Although the role of cyclic nucleotide signaling is strongly implicated in several pathological pathways in liver diseases, studies describing the changes in genes regulating cyclic nucleotide metabolism in ALD are lacking. Male C57B/6 mice were used in an intragastric model of alcohol-associated steatohepatitis (ASH). Liver injury, inflammation, and fibrogenesis were evaluated by measuring plasma levels of injury markers, liver tissue cytokines, and gene expression analyses. Liver transcriptome analysis was performed to examine the effects of alcohol on regulators of cyclic AMP and GMP levels and signaling. cAMP and cGMP levels were measured in mouse livers as well as in livers from healthy human donors and patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH). Our results show significant changes in several phosphodiesterases (PDEs) with specificity to degrade cAMP (Pde4a, Pde4d, and Pde8a) and cGMP (Pde5a, Pde6d, and Pde9a), as well as dual-specificity PDEs (Pde1a and Pde10a) in ASH mouse livers. Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) 7 and 9, which are responsible for cAMP generation, were also affected by alcohol. Importantly, adenosine receptor 1, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, was significantly increased by alcohol. Adrenoceptors 1 and 3 (Adrb), which couple with stimulatory G protein to regulate cAMP and cGMP signaling, were significantly decreased. Additionally, beta arrestin 2, which interacts with cAMP-specific PDE4D to desensitize G-protein-coupled receptor to generate cAMP, was significantly increased by alcohol. Notably, we observed that cAMP levels are much higher than cGMP levels in the livers of humans and mice; however, alcohol affected them differently. Specifically, cGMP levels were higher in patients with AH and ASH mice livers compared with controls. As expected, these changes in liver cyclic nucleotide signaling were associated with increased inflammation, steatosis, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis. These data strongly implicate dysregulated cAMP and cGMP signaling in the pathogenesis of ASH. Future studies to identify changes in these regulators in a cell-specific manner could lead to the development of novel targeted therapies for ASH.

Climate Changes and Cancer

With estimates ranging from 30% to 40%, addressing noncommunicable disease risk factors, such as cancer, industrialized countries has the potential to considerably lower premature mortality. The need to battle climate change has also become more urgent, with recent accords calling for a 45% decrease in CO2 emissions by 2030 and the achievement of net-zero emissions by 2050. The current article shows how cancer prevention and mitigating climate change may work well together. The power of this approach's capacity to produce both short-term climate improvements and long-term health benefits through well-coordinated intersectoral policies. A growing body of evidence indicates that several variables, including environmental factors, affect cancer. Extreme weather conditions and rising global temperatures have increased exposure to environmental carcinogens and lowered air and water quality. Higher cancer risks can result from discharging pollutants and harmful materials into the environment. In addition, skin cancer occurrences have been related to varying weather patterns and continuous exposure to UV light. In addition to producing dietary imbalances and reducing the availability of nutrient-dense food, climate change has also disturbed ecosystems, which may be another factor in cancer development. In addition to the effects of climate change, alcohol, and cigarette use continue to be major contributors to the rise in cancer cases in recent years. Smoking tobacco is a significant risk factor for lung cancer and has been related to many other cancers, such as the mouth, throat, oesophagus, and bladder. Similarly, drinking too much alcohol raises your chance of getting many cancers, including those of the liver, breast, colon, and oesophagus. Alcohol and cigarette usage together can increase the chance of developing cancer. This review focuses on environmental carcinogens, the processing of food, an epidemic of skin cancer, photocarcinogenesis, global warming, air pollution, and methods of mitigating cancer.

The trajectory of maternal perinatal depressive symptoms predicts executive function in early childhood.

Perinatal maternal depression may affect fetal neurodevelopment directly or indirectly via exposures such as smoking, alcohol, or antidepressant use. The relative contribution of these risk factors on child executive function (EF) has not been explored systematically. A prospective pregnancy cohort of 197 women and their children was studied to determine whether maternal depression diagnosis and the trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms (MDSs) from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum predicts child EF at age 4 (measured using the preschool age psychiatric assessment, NEPSY-II, and Shape School task) using latent growth curve modeling. Indirect effects of smoking, alcohol, and antidepressant use were also formally tested. Increasing maternal perinatal depressive symptoms over time predicted more inattentive symptoms, poorer switching, and motor inhibition, but not cognitive inhibition. When adjusted for multiple comparison, and after accounting for maternal cognition and education, the association with child inattentive symptoms remained significant. However, diagnosed depression did not predict child EF outcomes. Prenatal exposure to smoking, alcohol, and antidepressants also did not mediate pathways from depressive symptoms to EF outcomes. Our findings were limited by sample size and statistical power to detect outcome effects of smaller effect size. This study suggests that increasing MDSs over the perinatal period is associated with poorer EF outcomes in children at age 4 - independent of prenatal smoking, drinking, or antidepressant use. Depressive chronicity, severity, and postpartum influences may play crucial roles in determining childhood outcomes of EF.

A preliminary investigation of salivary α-amylase as a novel biomarker of subjective response to alcohol: A brief report.

Alcohol misuse represents a universal public health concern that spans multiple demographics. As such, understanding shared, biological indicators of alcohol-related risk is vital to implementing targeted prevention and intervention efforts. Self-report measures of subjective response to alcohol (SR) capture both psychological and pharmacological effects of alcohol and robustly predict patterns of alcohol use, negative consequences, and the development of alcohol use disorders. Importantly, several biological markers of alcohol's sedating effects, including cortisol, have been identified and complement subjective response assessments. However, biological markers of alcohol's stimulating effects are less understood. Studies have implicated alcohol-induced changes in heart rate as a viable marker, but heart rate measurements are susceptible to measurement error. Salivary α-amylase, a reliable indicator of sympathetic nervous system activation, represents a promising alternative biomarker of alcohol-induced stimulation. Using data from a large, placebo-controlled alcohol administration study (N = 448), the present study examined the extent to which α-amylase is a viable marker of alcohol-induced stimulation. To test this, a measurement model was estimated in which baseline and ascending limb subjective stimulation latent variables were created using two validated measures of subjective response. Ascending self-reports of stimulation and levels of α-amylase were then regressed onto beverage conditions and allowed to correlate with each other. Findings indicated that α-amylase is sensitive to acute alcohol consumption and is positively, but not statistically reliably, related to the ascending limb stimulant SR. Future studies should consider including salivary α-amylase as a noninvasive physiological indicator of alcohol's stimulating effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Relationship between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk and alcohol-related ALDH2 and ADH1B polymorphisms: Evidence from a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis.

Previous studies have shown that ALDH2 and ADH1B genes may be associated with alcohol metabolism and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), with inconsistent results. This meta-analysis aimed at comprehensively assessing the associations between ALDH2 and ADH1B polymorphisms and the risk of ESCC to synthesize and clarify the evidence. We calculated summary estimates of the associations between four genetic variants (rs671 and rs674 in ALDH2, and rs1229984 and rs1042026 in ADH1B) and the ESCC risk across 23 publications in the additive model and allelic model. Venice criteria, Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP), and false-positive reporting probability (FPRP) were used to assess the strength of epidemiological evidence. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated by using the Higgin's I2 statistic, and publication bias was assessed by using funnel plots and Begg's test. A Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to determine the causal association between alcohol intake and esophageal cancer risk. Data from the HaploReg v4.1 and PolyPhen-2 were analyzed for functional annotations. Of the four genetic variants, rs671 of ALDH2 was associated with a significantly reduced risk of ESCC (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.50-0.73), whereas rs1229984 of ADH1B was associated with a significantly increased risk (2.50, 95% CI: 1.70-3.69) in the additive model. In the allelic model, the variant rs1229984 of ADH1B also increased the risk of ESCC (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.21-1.87). The result for the variant rs671 was considered as strong epidemiological evidence. Functional annotations identified that the four variants were related to the enhancer histone marks and motif changes. The other two variants were not associated with the ESCC risk (rs674 of ALDH2 OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.71-2.12; rs1042026 of ADH1B OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.52-3.14) in the additive model. The MR analysis did not find a causal effect of alcohol on the esophageal cancer risk. The results showed that ADH1B rs1229984 was significantly associated with an increased the risk of ESCC.

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Concentration and Stirring Time on The Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Plastic from Kepok Banana Peel Starch

One solution is to use bioplastics, which can replace synthetic plastics that are difficult to decompose. Starch is one of the materials used in the manufacture of bioplastics because it is naturally degradable. However, bioplastics made from starch tend to be brittle and easily damaged, so additional materials are needed to overcome this problem. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the materials used in the manufacture of bioplastics because it has properties that can be degraded naturally, is non-toxic, and is able to form good quality plastic films. This study aims to examine the effect of PVA concentration and stirring time on the mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic derived from kepok banana peels. This study used a completely randomized design with three variations of PVA concentration (3%, 4%, and 5%) and three variations of stirring time (25 minutes, 35 minutes, and 45 minutes). The results showed that at a PVA concentration of 5% with a stirring time of 45 minutes, bioplastics showed the best quality with a tensile strength value of 2.25 MPa, the best elongation at break was 416%, and the best elasticity was 0.541. In biodegradation, all samples were completely degraded within 7 days. It can be included that the addition of PVA concentration and the length of stirring effecth the mechanical properties of bioplastics but not on the biodegradation test.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ СМЕРТНОСТИ РАБОТОСПОСОБНОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЧЕЛЯБИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ОТ ОТРАВЛЕНИЙ АЛКОГОЛЕМ

The article’s authors present a study of trends the active workable population mortality in the Chelyabinsk region (18-65 years) from the toxic effects of alcohol for the period 2010-2021. Criteria were analyzed, such as the dynamics of mortality from the studied cause, taking into account the territorial distribution (rural area - Chelyabinsk region, urban area - Chelyabinsk city) in absolute terms, as well as the share of the studied mortality in the overall structure of mortality in the region's population. The frequency of confirmed diagnoses (final) according to the T51 code was studied in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases of the Xth revision (hereinafter - ICD-10) from all those assumed for this diagnosis (preliminary). The mortality rate of the working-age population in the region from ethanol poisoning was also analyzed, taking into account gender differences in absolute and relative terms. The studied indicators were correlated with each other, which made it possible to identify specific correlations and draw appropriate conclusions about the need to develop new organizational technologies for the prevention of alcohol abuse.