Effect Of Air Polishing Research Articles

Effect of Air Polishing on the Treatment of Peri-Implant Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Peri-implant diseases have become one of the notable biological complications of postrehabilitation with implant-supported restorations. Effective modalities for decontamination of biofilm deposits around implant surfaces are critical for resolution of the inflammation. Air polishing is one of the recommended clinical methods for treating peri-implant diseases. This systematic review assessed clinical evidence on efficacy of using air polishing technology for the management of peri-implant diseases, including peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Four electronic databases from January 1990 to December 2022 were searched to identify the relative human randomized clinical trials that applied air polishing for nonsurgical and surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Twelve articles were selected. For treating peri-implant mucositis, air polishing showed a comparable effect to ultrasonic scaling in the reduction of bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD). The nonsurgical approach of air polishing in treating peri-implantitis varied in the reduction of BOP, PPD, and clinical attachment level (CAL) in evaluated studies. Air polishing in the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis was comparable to mechanical cleaning, implantoplasty, and the use of Ti-brush, in regards to the significant reduction of BOP, PPD, and CAL, as well as the improvement of the bone level between baseline and follow-ups. The standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval of the studied parameters was estimated using the random effect model; however, statistical differences were not detected between air polishing and comparative modalities in the treatment of peri-implantitis. Within the limitations of this review, the application of air polishing did not result in more favorable outcomes in the treatment of peri-implant diseases compared to other modalities.

Effect of Air-Polishing and Different Post-Polishing Methods on Surface Roughness of Nanofill and Microhybrid Resin Composites.

Air-abrasion is a popular prophylactic procedure to maintain oral hygiene. However, depending on the applied air-abrasive powder, it can damage the surface of the tooth and restorations, making it susceptible to plaque accumulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 5 s and 10 s air-abrasion of calcium carbonate on surface roughness (Ra) of enamel, nanofill, and microhybrid resin-composites and the effect of post-polishing with two-step rubber- (RP) or one-step brush polisher (BP) to re-establish the surface smoothness. Surface topography was visualized by scanning-electron-microscopy. The quantitative measurement of the Ra was carried out with atomic-force-microscopy. Air-abrasion for 10 s decreased the Ra of enamel as a result of abrasion of the natural surface texture. Post-polishing with RP after 10 s air-abrasion did not change the Ra or BP; however, Ra was increased significantly by scratching the surface. Air-abrasion increased the Ra of resin composites significantly, irrespective of the application time. While RP provided a similarly smooth surface to the control in the case of microhybrid resin composite, BP increased the Ra significantly. The Ra for the control group of the nanofill-resin composite was initially high, which was further increased by air-abrasion. RP and BP re-established the initial Ra with deeper and shallower scratches after BP. Both the material and treatment type showed a large effect on Ra.

Effect of air-polishing on surface roughness of composite dental restorative material \u2013 comparison of three different air-polishing powders

BackgroundIncreased composite roughness enhances bacterial adhesion and discoloration, thus increasing the risk of gingival inflammation and secondary caries. Concerns about detrimental effects of sodium bicarbonate on surface roughness influenced the development of less abrasive powders: a glycine-based powder and an erythritol-based powder, additionally - sodium bicarbonate-based powder of reduced grain size. However, there is limited evidence on effects of these materials on the surface of dental fillings. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of three air-polishing powders (of a reduced abrasiveness) on surface roughness of microhybrid restorative composite material.Material and methodsMicrohybrid light-cure resin composite samples were placed on 64 plaster cubes and light-cured through polyester strips. Surface roughness was measured using laser confocal microscope (magnification 2160x). The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20, 20 and 24) and air-polished with: sodium bicarbonate (40 μm), glycine (25 μm) and erythritol (14 μm), respectively. Then surface roughness was remeasured, keeping the same field of observation. Specialized 3D analysis software was used for data processing. Parameters according to ISO 25178: Sa, Sq, Sku, Sp, Sv, Sz, Ssk were used to describe surface roughness.ResultsSa, Sq, Sp, Sv, Sz increased significantly following air polishing. Ssk was significantly higher, whereas Sku was significantly lower in sodium bicarbonate and erythritol groups than before air polishing. Comparison between the three powders revealed that Sa was significantly higher in sodium bicarbonate group than in glycine group. Sku was significantly higher in glycine and erythritol groups than in sodium bicarbonate group.ConclusionsSodium bicarbonate has a stronger detrimental effect on composite surface than glycine or erythritol. No advantage of erythritol comparing to glycine could be found.

The use of a Novel Bioactive Glass in Air Polishing for Subgingival Root Debridement

To determine the abrasiveness of using a novel bioactive glass (BioMinâ„¢ F) in air polishing for subgingival root debridement by measuring dentine loss and compare this value to the reference powders. Furthermore, to confirm the tubular occlusion effect of air polishing with the bioactive glass using Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques.

Effect of air-polishing on properties of nanocomposite submitted to coffee, red wine and cigarette smoke

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and the color stability of nanocomposite exposed to the sodium bicarbonate air-polishing (SBAP) followed by red wine, coffee and cigarette smoke exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 64 nanocomposite specimens were prepared and allocated in 8 groups: G1 (SBAP + distilled water), G2 (SBAP + coffee), G3 (SBAP + red wine), G4 (SBAP + cigarette smoke), G5 (distilled water), G6 (coffee), G7 (red wine) and G8 (cigarette smoke). The surface roughness was evaluated in three periods: before and after SBAP and after exposuring to agents tested. The color was evaluated according to CIEL*a*b* parameters using reflection spectrophotometer in two moments: initial and 30 days after the exposure to staining agents. Data were subjected to three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s test (5%). RESULTS: The results showed a higher surface roughness of the nanocomposite submitted only to the SBAP and those exposed to the SBAP followed by exposure to the coffee or wine solution. The previous application of SBAP followed by cigarette smoke exposure did not increase the roughness of nanocomposite. The SBAP procedure just increased the staining for cigarette smoke group. CONCLUSION: The SBAP increases resin surface roughness, which worsens when there is exposure to coffee and red wine solution. In addition, SBAP may also provide increased staining of nanocomposites exposed to cigarette smoke.

Comparative Evaluation of Root Surface Changes by Air-Polishing using Glycine and Chlorhexidine Acetate Powder: An in-vitro Study

Background: Biofilm removal is the central part of the etiotropic and maintenance phase of periodontal therapy. Commercially available injection water jets such as Prophy-Jet allows an efficient and convenient biofilm removal as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy. But, due to the abrasive nature of traditionally used air polishing powders such as sodium bicarbonate, there is a continuous research going on for less abrasive materials.
 Aims: To compare the effectiveness of air polishing using glycine powder and chlorhexidine acetate powder on tooth surface as compared to ultrasonic scaling and also to evaluate the time taken for stain removal.
 Materials and Methods: Thirty fully erupted, single rooted teeth extracted due to poor periodontal prognosis were used in this in-vitro study. The sample teeth were divided into 3 equal groups and stained in coffee solution. The test Groups A and B underwent air-polishing with glycine powder and chlorhexidine acetate powder respectively. Group C was control group and underwent ultrasonic scaling. Time taken for stain removal was recorded. The sample teeth were also evaluated under a stereo-microscope and digital micrometer preprocedurally and post-procedurally to measure surface changes.
 Results: The study showed statistically significant results (p<0.05) when measurements of changes in surface roughness of samples treated with glycine powder air-polishing were compared with ultrasonic scaling and chlorhexidine acetate powder air-polishing were compared with ultrasonic scaling. Surface texture loss as well as time taken for stain removal was minimum with glycine powder and maximum with ultrasonic scaling.
 Conclusion: Air-polishing with glycine powder was least abrasive on root surface followed by chlorhexidine acetate powder air-polishing. This is because of the lower particle size of glycine which also covers larger area in lesser time.

Effects of air polishing and an amino acid buffered hypochlorite solution to dentin surfaces and periodontal ligament cell survival, attachment, and spreading.

The aim of this study is to examine morphological changes of dentin surfaces following air polishing or amino acid buffered hypochlorite solution application and to assess their influence on periodontal ligament (PDL) cell survival, attachment, and spreading to dentin discs in vitro. Bovine dentin discs were treated with either (i) Classic, (ii) Plus, or (iii) Perio powder (EMS). Furthermore, Perisolv® a hypochlorite solution buffered with various amino acids was investigated. Untreated dentin discs served as controls. Morphological changes to dentin discs were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human PDL cells were seeded onto the respectively treated discs, and samples were then investigated for PDL cell survival, attachment, and spreading using a live/dead assay, adhesion assay, and SEM imaging, respectively. Both control and Perisolv®-rinsed dentin discs demonstrated smooth surfaces at low and high magnifications. The Classic powders demonstrated the thickest coating followed by the Powder Plus. The Perio powder demonstrated marked alterations of dentin discs by revealing the potential to open dentinal tubules even before rinsing. Seeding of PDL cells demonstrated an almost 100% survival rate on all samples demonstrating very high biocompatibility for all materials. Significantly higher PDL cell numbers were observed on samples treated with the Perio powder and the Perisolv® solution (approximately 40% more cells; p<0.05). SEM imaging revealed the potential for PDL cells to attach and spread on all surfaces. The results from the present study demonstrate that cell survival and spreading of PDL cells on root surfaces is possible following either air polishing or application with Perisolv®. Future in vitro and animal testing is necessary to further characterize the beneficial effects of either system in a clinical setting. The use of air polishing or application with Perisolv amino acid buffered hypochlorite solution was effective in treating root surfaces and allowed for near 100% PDL cell survival, attachment, and spreading onto all root surfaces.

Effect of Air-Polishing on Titanium Surfaces, Biofilm Removal, and Biocompatibility: A Pilot Study.

Purpose. The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate morphological changes induced by glycine powder air-polishing on titanium surfaces, biofilm removal, and biocompatibility. Material and Methods. Titanium grade IV discs were allocated into two groups: (1) discs without biofilm and (2) discs for Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Discs in each group were further subdivided into (a) no treatment and (b) air-polishing treatment with glycine powder. Discs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and confocal microscopy. Bacterial biofilms were quantified using a crystal violet dye-binding assay. Biocompatibility was evaluated by measuring the coverage and viability of L929 fibroblast cells cultured on the discs. Results. Air-polishing increased the roughness of treated discs (P < 0.05). EDS analysis did not show significant differences in the chemical composition of treated and nontreated discs. The amount of residual biofilm on treated discs was 8.6-fold lower than untreated controls (P < 0.05). Coverage of treated discs by fibroblasts was half that of untreated discs (P < 0.05) although both groups had the same cell viability. Conclusions. Air-polishing removed a significant amount of biofilm from titanium surfaces. The “polishing” was accompanied by increased surface roughness, but there were no changes in chemical and elemental compositions, nor the biocompatibility.

Effects of air polishing on the resin composite–dentin interface

The aim of this study was to examine defect depths and volumes at the resin composite-dentin (R/D) interface after air polishing with different particles and spray angles. Samples were 54 dentin specimens that were formed in saucer-shaped cavities filled with resin composite. Each specimen was air polished with either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or one of two glycine (Gly) powders. The air polisher was set at angles of 90° to the interface and at 45° to the interface from both the dentin and resin composite sides. Air polishing with Gly powder produced defects with less depth and volume than NaHCO3 powder (p < 0.05). Air polishing with a spray angle of 45° to the interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects (p < 0.05) than polishing from the dentin side. Air polishing to the R/D interface from the resin composite side produced fewer defects to the interface because the hardness of the resin composite was higher than that of dentin.

Effect of air polishing with glycine powder on titanium abutment surfaces

The aim of the present study was to evaluate morphological changes induced by glycine powder air polishing on titanium surfaces and its effect on bacteria recolonization in comparison with sodium bicarbonate powder. 5mm wide and 1mm thick titanium grade II disks were divided into three groups of treatments: (i) no treatment; (ii) air polishing with glycine powder; (iii) air polishing with sodium bicarbonate powder. Specimens were characterized by laser profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then installed onto removable appliances worn for 24h by healthy volunteers. Surface contamination was evaluated using SEM and counting the number of colony forming units (CFU). SEM observation revealed an increased roughness with the formation of craters on samples treated with sodium bicarbonate powder, while not in glycine ones. Statistical analysis failed to show significant differences of both Ra and Rmax parameters in treated groups. SEM observation of specimens surfaces, after 24h of permanence in the oral cavity, showed a higher contamination of the disks treated with sodium bicarbonate compared with those not treated (P<0.05). Conversely, the group treated with glycine showed the lower contamination if compared with bicarbonate-treated group (P<0.05). Air polishing with glycine powder may be considered as a better method to remove plaque from dental implant because glycine is less aggressive than sodium bicarbonate powder. Moreover, the use of glycine powder seems to have an active role on the inhibition of bacterial recolonization of implants in a short test period (24 h). Further studies are needed to demonstrate the bacteriostatic properties of glycine, envisaged on the basis of reduced contamination of the disks polished with glycine compared with those not treated.

Effects of air polishing on surface roughness of dental porcelains

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different air polishing powders on the surface roughness of different types of porcelain materials. Thirty specimens were prepared for each of four porcelain materials. All specimens were polished with a series of aluminium oxide polishing discs (Sof-Lex). Specimens of each of the porcelains were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 per group): Group-C for control, and two groups with different air-powder applications (Group-CP, Cavitron Prophy-Jet and Group-PS, Sirona ProSmile prophylaxis powder). A standard air polishing unit (ProSmileHandly) was used. Surface roughness measurements (Ra) were performed using a profilometer. The data were analysed with a two-way ANOVA, and mean values were compared by the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=0·05). For all porcelain material groups, no significant difference was observed among Group-PS, Group-CP and Group C (p<0·05). Vita MarkII demonstrated statistically significantly less Ra values than the other porcelains tested. The highest Ra value was observed in Vita VMK95. Air polishing applications were not increased the surface roughness for porcelain materials tested.

Effect of air polishing on the fluoride release of (resin-modified) glass ionomer cements and of a polyacid-modified composite resin

Eight different conventional and resin-modified glass ionomers as well as a polyacid-modified composite were air polished and their fluoride release was determined in comparison to untreated controls. The air polishing was done with two different devices at medium and maximum setting for powder and water. Ninety discs of 1.5 mm thickness and 7.0 mm diameter were produced from each cement. These discs were stored in 5 ml deionized water at 37 degrees C. After 1 day and 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, the specimens were transferred into new vials with fresh deionized water. From the 4th week onward, the specimens (except for the untreated controls) were air polished on half of their upper and lower surfaces for 2 s each before being put into a new vial. After 20 weeks the fluoride released during the previous 4 weeks was determined with a fluoride ion-sensitive electrode. With the exception of Ketac-Cem, all cements released significantly more fluoride ions after air polishing, irrespective of the devices' settings. The differences in the amount of fluoride released among the investigated materials were greater than the changes in fluoride release patterns caused by air polishing. Air polishing increased the fluoride release by 20-60% in most of the materials investigated.

Effects of Airpolishing on Dental Plaque Removal and Hard Tissues as Evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy

The effect of an air-powder abrasive system on dental hard tissues was tested on 20 volunteers. Impressions of 150 randomly selected areas were taken before and after airpolishing and positive replicas were prepared for scanning electron microscopic examination (SEM). The amount of dental plaque on tooth surfaces was reduced by the treatment (P less than 0.001). The abrasive changes caused by airpolishing on enamel were greater on the surfaces covered by dental plaque before the airpolishing compared to the surfaces without plaque (P less than 0.01). The enamel and cemental surfaces were more abraded after the treatment compared with the initial condition. Despite the effectiveness of the dental airpolishing technique, the negative aspects should be considered in the decision to use airpolishing in routine prophylaxis, especially in patients with root surfaces exposed to the oral cavity.