Effect Of Afferent Signals Research Articles

Facilitation of the swallowing reflex with bilateral afferent input from the superior laryngeal nerve

To determine the cooperative effect of laryngeal afferent signals on the swallowing reflex, we examined whether afferent signals originating from the left and right superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) modulates elicitation of the swallowing reflex in urethane-anesthetized rats. Mylohyoid electromyographic activity was recorded to quantify the swallowing reflex. The onset latency of the swallowing reflex and the time intervals between successive swallows were used to quantify and compare the effects of unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulations of the SLN. The mean latency of the first swallow and the mean time interval between swallows evoked with low frequency stimulation were both significantly different between unilateral and bilateral stimulations of the SLN. These findings suggest that facilitatory effect of afferent signals originating from the SLN bilaterally increase the motoneuronal activity in the medullary swallowing center and enhance the swallowing reflex.

Facilitation of adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve activity induced by mechanical stimulation of teeth in the rat

The effects of afferent signals from the periodontal mechanoreceptors and muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscles on adrenal nerve activity were examined using anesthetized rats. The adrenal nerve activity increased with pressure stimulation of the teeth and by biting a wooden stick. However, after denervation of the periodontal ligament, the facilitation due to the stick-biting was not observed. These results indicate that periodontal afferents facilitate adrenal nerve activity.

歯根膜感覚情報がラット副腎髄質機能に及ぼす影響

歯根膜感覚情報がラット副腎髄質機能に及ぼす影響

The effect of afferent signals from extraocular muscles on visual responses of cells in the optic tectum of the pigeon

Feedback signals from the muscles that move the eye in the orbit, the extraocular muscles, are generally assumed to play no important role either in visual processing or in oculomotor control. However, we have recently shown that these signals are involved in the vestibular control of eye movement, the vestibuloocular reflex. To investigate whether they might also be involved in visual processing, we have recorded from single units in the primary visual system of the pigeon, in the optic tectum. We demonstrate here that the visual responses of these units can be modified by extraocular muscle afferent signals induced by passive eye movement, and that information concerning the direction and amplitude of eye movement reaches the tectum and interacts with visually responsive units in a directionally selective manner. These results suggest that extraocular muscle afferent signals may be involved in the processing of visual information in the optic tectum of the pigeon.

Evidence for corrective effects of afferent signals from the extraocular muscles on single units in the pigeon vestibulo-oculomotor system.

The role of extraocular muscle (EOM) afferent feedback signals in the control of eye movement is still controversial. We recorded from 106 single units in the vestibular nuclei, oculomotor nuclei and reticular formation of 80 decerebrate, paralysed pigeons. EOM afferents were stimulated by passive eye movement (PEM) during vestibular stimulation by sinusoidal oscillation in the horizontal plane. We found that EOM afferent signals profoundly modified the vestibular responses of 91 (86%) of the single units recorded. As well as using PEM to simulate eye movements similar to saccades, we moved the eye in a manner which mimicked the slow phase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (artificial VOR, AVOR). We have found evidence that, as well as providing signals closely related to the parameters of eye movement, PEM alters the vestibular responses of cells during AVOR in a manner which suggests that EOM afferent signals may play a corrective role in the moment-to-moment control of eye movement in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Effects of afferent signals from the extraocular muscles upon units in the cerebellum, vestibular nuclear complex and oculomotor nucleus of the trout

The responses of single units in the cerebellum, the vestibular nuclear complex and adjacent regions of the brainstem and in the oculomotor nucleus were studied in decerebrate, paralysed rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri). Natural vestibular stimulation was provided by horizontal, sinusoidal oscillation of the fish and extraocular muscle afferents of the eye ipsilateral to the recording were activated either by passive eye-movement or by electrical stimulation of the trochlear (IV) nerve in the orbit. Unit responses to vestibular and/or orbital stimuli were examined in peristimulus-time histograms interleaved in time. In the cerebellum and brainstem, of 124 units exposed to both types of stimulus, 26 (21%) responded only to vestibular input, 26 (21%) were affected only by the orbital signal and 23 (18%) received both signals. The remaining 49 units (39%) responded to mechanical stimulation of the head or body or to vibration; they were labelled “polymodal” and discarded. The recording sites of 56 units were verified by histology; 30 were in the cerebellum and 26 in the brainstem. Input from the eye muscles had excitatory or inhibitory effects upon the vestibular responses. The effects of the orbital signal were usually phasic but rare tonic responses also occurred. About half (15 of 34) of the units which responded to passive eye-movement showed statistically significant differences in the magnitude of their responses to horizontal and to vertical eye-movement. More units preferred horizontal movement (11) than preferred vertical passive eye-movement (four). Note that the plane of vestibular stimulation was always horizontal. In the region of the oculomotor nucleus, of 19 units, five (26%) gave vestibular responses only and three (16%) were affected only by the orbital signal; three units (16%) with polymodal responses were discarded. Of the eight units carrying both signals, histological confirmation that the recording site lay in the column of cells forming the oculomotor/trochlear nuclei was obtained in four. The responses and interactions were similar to those found in the brainstem. The results present two principal points of interest. 1. They reinforce the accumulating body of evidence that, in species with widely different oculomotor and visual behaviour, signals from extraocular muscle proprioceptors reach the vestibulo-ocular system; this, in turn, suggests that these signals may play some rather fundamental role in the oculomotor system. 2. The hypothesis that extraocular muscle afferents are involved in oculomotor control requires that an effect of these signals be apparent at the output of the system—for example, in the oculomotor nucleus—though, if the action were to alter the characteristics of the system rather than to act from moment to moment, such effects might not be detected in acute experiments. In fact, the results reported here confirm that such a signal is found in the oculomotor nucleus of a bony fish in acute experiments and that it can alter the effect of vestibular drive to units in that nucleus. Thus, the evidence in this paper further supports the hypothesis that a proprioceptive signal from the receptors in the extrinsic ocular muscles plays a part in the control of eye-movement.

Absence of a stretch reflex in extraocular muscles of the monkey.

Absence of a stretch reflex in extraocular muscles of the monkey.E L Keller, and D A RobinsonE L Keller, and D A RobinsonPublished Online:01 Sep 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1971.34.5.908MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByShifts in the eye-centered frame of reference may underlie saccades, visual perception, and eye-hand coordinationLei Zhang, Shelia Guberman, and Anatol G. Feldman13 October 2022 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 128, No. 4Eye and head movements and vestibulo-ocular reflex in the context of indirect, referent control of motor actionsAnatol G. Feldman and Lei Zhang26 June 2020 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 124, No. 1Escape from homeostasis: spinal microcircuits and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisRobert M. 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Saccades and FixationChris R. S. Kaneko1 October 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 78, No. 4Control of rabbit nictitating membrane movementsBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 68, No. 2The anatomical substrate for cat extraocular muscle proprioceptionNeuroscience, Vol. 43, No. 2-3Directionally-specific effects of afferent signals from the extraocular muscles upon responses in the pigeon brainstem to horizontal vestibular stimulationNeuroscience, Vol. 38, No. 1Afferent signals from cat extraocular muscles in the medial vestibular nucleus, the Nucleus praepositus hypoglossi and adjacent brainstem structuresNeuroscience, Vol. 26, No. 1Proprioceptive knowledge of eye positionVision Research, Vol. 27, No. 10Behavior of neurons in the abducens nucleus of the alert cat—I. MotoneuronsNeuroscience, Vol. 17, No. 4Reconstruction of neural control signals for saccades based on an inverse methodVision Research, Vol. 25, No. 6Extraretinal information in corrective saccades and inflow vs outflow theories of visual direction constancyVision Research, Vol. 16, No. 6Absence of monosynaptic reflex in dorsal neck muscles of the catBrain Research, Vol. 92, No. 1The effect of cerebellectomy on the cat's vestibulo-ocular integratorBrain Research, Vol. 71, No. 2-3The current-to-frequency conversion of extraocular motoneuronsKybernetik, Vol. 15, No. 1Accommodative vergence in the alert monkey. Motor unit analysisVision Research, Vol. 13, No. 8Resection des nerfs faciaux et de la musculature perioculaire chez le Papio papio photosensibleElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 35, No. 1Models of the saccadic eye movement control systemKybernetik, Vol. 14, No. 2Eye muscle motor neurons with different functional characteristicsBrain Research, Vol. 45, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 34Issue 5September 1971Pages 908-19 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1971.34.5.908PubMed4255469History Published online 1 September 1971 Published in print 1 September 1971 Metrics