Effect Of Adrenal Cortical Hormones Research Articles

Regulation of adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate levels in rat anterior pituitary by adrenal corticoids

The effect of adrenal cortical hormones on basal and prostaglandin-E 2 (PGE 2)-stimulated levels of cAMP was studied in incubated rat anterior pituitaries. It was found that oral administration of dexamethasone (DEX) at the concentration of 10 μg/mL of drinking saline to adrenalectomized (ADX) rats for four days decreases basal and PGE 2-stimulated cAMP levels in the pituitary but not in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, a time-course study demonstrated that acute intraperitoneally (IP) DEX treatment had no effect; whereas, after one day of oral DEX, PGE 2-stimulated levels, but not basal, were already reduced. The effect of DEX was also obtained with two natural rat adrenal hormones like corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone, whereas, progesterone and testosterone, which share with the corticoids a ring A-unsaturated-three-ketone structure but are devoid of corticoid activity, did not modify at physiological doses the levels of cAMP. More physiological validation of these results was given by experimental procedures that modified endogenous adrenal secretion. Thus, reduction of plasma corticoids by ADX significantly increased basal and PGE 2-stimulated cAMP levels in the pituitary, whereas, increments of plasma corticosterone produced by ACTH had the reverse effect in intact rats. It is suggested that adrenal gland regulation of cAMP may reflect involvement of the nucleotide in the mechanism of action of corticoids at the pituitary level.

Characteristics of adrenocortical function, gastrin release and gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer etiology

Measurements of serum cortisol and gastrin along with gastric acid-pepsin secretion in the resting state were carried out in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients. Increased basal corticosteroid concentrations were observed in patients with duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Higher concentrations of the hormone were observed in the former group (P less than 0.05 for the latter). Fasting gastrin levels were significantly higher in gastric ulcer patients where gastric secretion is low than those in duodenal ulcer patients (P less than 0.001). These results suggest that the effect of adrenal cortical hormone on lowering the threshold of oxyntic gland cell reactivity against gastrin is an important factor in duodenal ulcer etiology. Extra-antral control mechanism(s) of gastric acid-pepsin secretion should not be overlooked.

Effects of adrenal cortical hormones on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

Effects of adrenal cortical hormones on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

Mode of action of adrenal cortical hormones. 3. Stimulation of 14C incorporation from 14CO2 and 14C-pyruvate into glucose by triamcinolone in the presence of ethanol in rat liver slices.

1. The effect of triamcinolone on the incorporation of 14C from 14CO2 and 14C-pyruvate into glucose and on the incorporation of pyruvate carbon into fatty acids and CO2 in rat liver slices was studied in the presence of sufficient amount of ethanol which inhibits gluconeogensis. 2. Ethanol is known to inhibit gluconeogenesis and the oxidation of pyruvate, glucose, and various amino acids in the liver by increasing the generation of NADH2. In fact, ethanol inhibition to the 14C incorporation from 14CO2 and 14C-pyruvate into glucose in rat liver slices was observed in the present investigation. The incorporation of 14C from 14C-pyruvate into fatty acids and CO2was also inhibited by ethanol. 3. Triamcinolone stimulated the 14C incorporation from 14CO2and 14C-pyruvate into glucose, but not the 14C incorporation into CO2and fatty acids. 4. Methylene blue, which is a redox dye capable of oxidizing NADH2, restored all these ethanol inhibitions. Triamcinolone counteracted the ethanol inhibition of 14C incorporation from 14CO2and 14C-pyruvate into glucose, but triamcinolone did not affect the ethanol inhibition of 14C incorporation from 14C-pyruvate into CO2 and fatty acids. Therefore, it is unlikely that the effect of adrenal cortical hormones to stimulate gluconeogenesis is primarily on the NADH2/NAD system.

Effect of adrenal cortical hormones and insulin on the alkaline phosphatase activity of alveolar bone in scorbutic guinea pigs

Effect of adrenal cortical hormones and insulin on the alkaline phosphatase activity of alveolar bone in scorbutic guinea pigs

Effects of adrenal cortical hormones and thyroxine on phosphorylase activity in muscle.

The open-chest rat preparation was used to investigate the interaction between corticosterone and thyroxine in regulating myo-cardial phosphorylase activity; measurements were also made of heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Corticosterone, but not thyroxine, caused an increase in total heart phos-phorylase which was due to a specific increase in the enzyme rather than a general increase in cellular protein. Both corticosterone and thyroxine increased cardiac phosphorylase a activity n i normal rats. The enzymatic and positive chronotropic effects of thyroxine were markedly diminished in adrenalectomized rats; simultaneous administration of corticosterone with thyroxine restored the responses to normal. In thy-roidectomized animals, corticosterone produced less stimulation of heart phosphorylase a than in control rats. When both thyroxine and corti-costerone were given to thyroidectomized animals, the level of phosphorylase a approximated that seen when these hormones were injected into normal ra...

Effect of adrenalcortical hormones on release of triglycerides and glucose by liver.

ARTICLESEffect of adrenalcortical hormones on release of triglycerides and glucose by liverH Klausner, and M HeimbergH Klausner, and M HeimbergPublished Online:01 Jun 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.6.1236MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHepatocyte-specific glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency disturbs platelet aggregation and decreases blood monocytes upon fasting-induced hypoglycemiaMolecular Metabolism, Vol. 53Variation in glucocorticoid levels in relation to direct and third-party interactions in a social cichlid fishPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 151Glucocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency causes hypertension and attenuates hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and blood pressure adaptions to high‐fat diet12 August 2008 | The FASEB Journal, Vol. 22, No. 11Metabolic action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism in rats with exogenous hypercorticosteronemia19 June 2007 | International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 31, No. 1111β-HSD1 inhibition improves triglyceridemia through reduced liver VLDL secretion and partitions lipids toward oxidative tissuesMagalie Berthiaume, Mathieu Laplante, William T. 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Mecanismo de açãoArquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, Vol. 26, No. 4Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats exposed before the operation to the stress stimulusExperientia, Vol. 24, No. 11Effects of a corticoid on lipid metabolism and on urea formation in isolated rat liverMetabolism, Vol. 17, No. 9 More from this issue > Volume 212Issue 6June 1967Pages 1236-1246 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1967 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.6.1236PubMed4952109History Published online 1 June 1967 Published in print 1 June 1967 Metrics

Effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the incorporation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate

The effect of various steroid hormones in vitro—testosterone, progesterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 2α-methyl-9α-fluorocortisol, and triamcinolone—on the incorporation of CO2 into carbohydrate was studied in slices of rat liver.At the dose level of 8·10−5M, progesterone, testosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, and deoxycorticosterone did not affect the incorporation of 14C, from 14CO2 and [1−14C]pyruvate or [2−14C]pyruvate, into carbohydrate; however, glucocorticoids such as 2α-methyl-9α-fluorocortisol and triamcinolone enhanced the incorporation of 14C from 14CO2 and [1−14C]pyruvate. Corticosterone which is the principal natural glucocorticoid in rats, at dose levels higher than 1.4·10−4M, enhanced the incorporation of CO2 into carbohydrate. When [2−14C]pyruvate was used as added substrate, twice as much 14C appeared in the glucose than when [1−14C]pyruvate was used, and this metabolic pattern was maintained under the stimulation of 14C incorporation from pyruvate carbon by adrenal cortical steroids, suggesting that the adrenal cortical steroids stimulate the fixation of CO2 by pyruvate.

Effect of adrenal cortical hormones on I131 absorption by the thyroid and on the respiration of its parenchyma

The influence of cortisone-acetate and desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on absorption and excretion of I131 by the thyroid gland depends on the dose and the length of action of the hormonal preparations. The action of DOCA (1.5 mg per 100 gm of body weight) and of cortisone (1.5 mg per 100 gm of body weight) varies; this is manifested in different periods of appearance of the maximal iron radioactivity (in experiments with DOCA−3 days, with cortisone−5), its value (in DOCA more, than in cortisone), and in the nature of action (on the 3rd day DOCA increases, and cortisone reduces the isotope absorption as compared to control). In experiments in vitro carried out in a Warburg apparatus cortisone-acetate and DOCA changed the respiration of the thyroid gland tissue. A rise in the cortisone dose (0.4-1.0-4.7 mg) caused a parallel rise in the oxygen intake by the thyroid gland, whereas DOCA intensified the respiration of the thyroid parenchyma only in a medium dose (1.5 mg).

Factors that Influence the Acetylating Activity of Blood 3. Effect of Adrenal‐Cortical Hormone on Acetylating of PABA

Factors that Influence the Acetylating Activity of Blood 3. Effect of Adrenal‐Cortical Hormone on Acetylating of PABA

Studies on Rat Adipose Tissue in Vitro: VII. EFFECTS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES

Studies on Rat Adipose Tissue in Vitro: VII. EFFECTS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES

Experimental Studies on Cryptococcal Meningitis, Especially Effect of Adrenal Cortical Hormones on the Infection.

Experimental Studies on Cryptococcal Meningitis, Especially Effect of Adrenal Cortical Hormones on the Infection.

The physiologic basis for vasopressor therapy during shock.

Excerpt INTRODUCTION The therapeutic usefulness of vasopressor agents, although employed many years for correction of various shock syndromes, remains highly controversial. Some investigators disap...

Effect of body weight and sex on activity of enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism.

The total body activities of four transaminases and two oxidases concerned with aromatic amino acid metabolism were studied in five species of mammals of varying size to test for correlations between total body enzyme activity and body weight. It was found that as a general rule the following expression was obeyed: enzyme x weight k = constant (the weight parity expression), where k varied numerically from –0.25 to –0.73 depending on the enzyme. The two oxidases had values which varied from –0.71 to –0.73 which are very close to the value –0.73 established for total oxygen utilization as a function of body weight. The use of the weight parity expression permitted the analysis within a given species of enzyme activities in animals with different body weights. Such an analysis proved useful in distinguishing an enzyme, tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase, whose level showed a true sex difference from others whose levels showed apparent sex differences which were actually referable to the smaller body weights of the females. Direct experimentation involving castration and hormone treatment substantiated this conclusion and identified testosterone as the important controlling factor. This sex difference was explicable by the known effects of adrenal cortical hormones on the level of this enzyme and by the reported differences in the rate of hepatic metabolism of adrenal cortical hormone in male and female animals.

STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE REGULATION OF TISSUE TRANSAMINASES

1) The effect of adrenal cortical hormones on transaminase activities in rat liver and kidney was investigated.2) Cortisone induced an increase of GPT and GOT in the liver which was more striking in the case of GPT. Renal enzymes did not change significantly.3) Adrenalectomy caused a successive lowering in hepatic GPT and this fall was restored by subsequent cortisone treatment. Hepatic GOT and renal enzymes were not affected consistently.4) DCA was without influence on transaminase activities.5) Dietary restriction of pyridoxine suppressed and supplementary treatment with pyridoxal phosphate reactivated both GPT and GOT in the liver concomitantly.6) Cortisone was found to exert the enhancing effect on hepatic GPT even in pyridoxine dedficiency. On the contrary, pyridoxal phosphate had no stimulating effect on adrenalectomized animals.7) The significance of these findings was discussed.

FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH NITROGEN-CONTAINING STEROIDS FROM AQUEOUS ADRENAL EXTRACTS

Abstract Nitrogen-containing steroids were isolated from aqueous adrenal cortical extracts. After fractionation by paper electrophoresis and counter-current distribution 17 bands fulfill the criteria for nitrogen and steroid (Voigt & Schroeder, Acta endocrinol. 21, 343, 1956). The original substances are partially active in maintaining adrenalectomized animals, but the final fractions with a Δ4,3-one configuration are partly inactive in this test. Therefore further biological assays were performed: the life-maintaining activity and the influence on the metabolism of electrolytes, nitrogen and lipids in the adrenalectomized golden hamster and dog. Other experiments concern the effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the metabolism of the liver.

Interrelationships of anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex in the rat ovarian hyperemia reaction.

THE ovarian hyperemia response to chorionic gonadotropin in the immature rat is sufficiently reproducible to be widely used as an accurate, standard test for pregnancy. Albert (1951) has made the response the basis of a quantitative assay for chorionic gonadotropin. However, the function of the response in ovarian physiology is not well understood. In investigating the interrelationships between ovary and adrenal cortex, and of the effects of adrenal cortical hormones upon the response of the ovary to gonadotropin, it was noted that cortisone interfered with the hyperemia response to chorionic gonadotropin. This finding suggested the possibility that the wide-spread use of cortisone as a therapeutic agent might render the “Rapid Rat” test for pregnancy unreliable under certain conditions. Soon after inaugurating the studies, Payne (1951) published a report indicating that the adrenal cortex or its hormone (s) is essential for the ovarian hyperemia response to chorionic gonadotropin. More recently

The incorporation of 32P into the nucleic acids of lymphatic cells in vitro. effect of adrenal cortical hormones (compound F)

Addition of 32P to suspensions of lymphatic cells of normal and tumor tissues produced its incorporation into the organic acid-soluble phosphorus compounds and into ribonucleic and desoxy-ribonucleic acids. Lack of oxygen inhibited the incorporation of 32P in the cells of appendix, whereas it had little effect in the tumor cells of lymphosarcoma. Fluoride had no effect on the synthesis of organic acid-soluble phosphorus compounds, whereas it inhibited the synthesis of nucleic acids. Dinitrophenol, at concentrations which increased respiration had little effect on nucleic acid synthesis. The relative specific activity of the esterified acid-soluble-P fraction was the same in all three kinds of cells (appendix, spleen, lymphosarcoma), whereas the activity of the nucleic acids was greater in the cells of the appendix. Compound F inhibited the uptake of 32P into the three fractions of phosphorus compounds.

The effect of oral and intravenous glucose administration on the adrenal response to cold exposure.

The important relation between adrenal cortical hormones and the metabolism of carbohydrate has occasioned some interest in the effect of glucose on the function of the adrenal gland itself. Dohan and Lukens (1948) found that intraperitoneal injections of glucose result in a significant decrease in adrenal cholesterol. A 25% reduction in adrenal cholesterol values after oral administration of glucose has been reported by Abelin (1945), a finding in substantial agreement with the results of Steeples and Jensen (1949). Elmadjian, Freeman and Pincus (1946) also reported adrenal activation after oral glucose administration. These reports would seem to indicate that oral or intraperitoneal glucose administration results in increased adrenal activity. Other evidence suggests that carbohydrate administration by intravenous injection or by feeding exerts an inhibitory action on the metabolic effects of adrenal cortical hormones or an adrenal cortical activity itself. Constantinides (1950) has reported less adrena...

The influence of adrenal cortical extract on antibody formation, including the nonspecific anamnestic reaction in the rabbit.

There have been many attempts to determine the effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the resistance of the host to various noxious and infectious agents.1 These studies generally have shown a beneficial effect of these hormones on the host's reactivity to harmful agents,1-2 but have not provided an understanding of the mechanisms involved. In 1945, Dougherty and White reported the results of studies on the physiological functions of these hormones.3-5 They noted that the injection of adrenal cortical steroids or pituitary ACTH into mice, rats, and rabbits was followed in several hours by a reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, presumably as a result of the dissolution of these cells in the lymphoid organs. A similar effect could be produced upon subjection of these animals to various stressful stimuli which caused increased adrenal cortical secretion. During the destruction of the lymphocytes portions of their cytoplasm were shed into the blood, producing an in-