Effects Of Acute Resistance Exercise Research Articles

The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Strength-trained Men

Previous studies examining the effects of acute resistance exercise on central arterial stiffness have reported mixed results. Previous investigations have not included men with a history of resistance exercise training. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness and central blood pressure indices in strength-trained men. METHODS: Nine men (age 24 ± 6.2 yrs; training age 10.7 ± 6.8 yrs) completed a control (CS) and exercise testing session (ES). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and radial artery pulse wave analysis derivatives [central systolic blood pressure (SBP) and augmentation index (AIx75)] were assessed using the SphygmoCor device and software at baseline, immediately post, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after a standard breakfast (440 kcal; 43% carbohydrate, 45% fat, 12% protein). In ES, RE (4 X 5 repetitions of back squat, bench press, deadlift, barbell row at 75-80% 1-RM) was performed two hours after the standard breakfast. In CS, participants rested for the entire period. A 2 X 6 ANOVA with repeated measures was computed (α < 0.05). RESULTS: Heart rate (HR) was higher at hour 3 (75.2 ± 13.5 bpm, p = 0.002) and hour 4 (59.7 ± 8.5 bpm, p = 0.01) in ES compared to CS (53.8 ± 8.1 and 51.0 ± 9.0 bpm, respectively). Central SBP was higher at hour 3 (96.4 ± 8.3 mmH, p = 0.05) in ES when compared to CS (91.3 ± 5.1 mmHg). AIx75 was greater at hour 3 (66 ± 2.8%, p = 0.003) during ES when compared to CS (-10.8 ± 9.1%). There were no differences in AIx75 between the ES and CS at hour 4 (p > 0.05). There were no differences in cfPWV between ES and CS at any time point (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Acute resistance exercise does not increase central arterial stiffness as assessed by the carotid-femoral PWV, but may temporarily increase augmentation index, in strength-trained young men.

Effect of Acute Resistance Exercise on Arterial Stiffness Indices in Obese Young Men

This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute resistance exercise on arterial stiffness related indices in obese young males. Twenty young college students were recruited for this study, and divided into obesity (BMI ≥ 27, n = 10) and control (BMI ＜ 24, n = 10) groups. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), systolic arterial pressure (SBP), ankle-brachial index (ABI), plasma nitric oxide (NO) and one repetition maximal test (1 RM) were measured prior to the experiment. On the day of experiment, all subjects performed an acute bout of moderate resistance exercise (6 sessions, 60% 1 RM, 8 repetitions for 3 sets), and then arterial stiffness variables, including CAVI, SBP, ABI and NO were measured immediately (P0) and 30 minutes after (post, P30) resistance exercise. Results indicated that CAVI of both groups were significantly decreased at P0 compared to pre-exercise, but returned to base level at P30. Plasma NO level in obesity group was significantly higher than that of control group, and significantly increased at P30. In addition, there were no significant differences of ABI between preand post-exercise in both groups. The results suggest that an acute bout of resistance exercise was unable to raise the arterial stiffness levels in obese young males, but increased the NO concentrations to promote the function of vascular endothelial cell.

Acute effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability in cardiopathic patients: cross-sectional study

Background: Resistance exercise is used in clinical practice to improve muscle strength and resistance of patients with heart disease. However, it lacks studies regarding its acute effects on cardiac autonomic modulation. This cross-sectional study has aimed to evaluate the acute effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability (HRV) in cardiopathic patients. Methods: We investigated 15 volunteers (63.8 ± 10.7 years old; 29.9 ± 4.32 Kg/m 2 ), which were submitted to one maximal repetition (1RM) of knee extension and to the acute interventions with of 40% and 80% of 1RM, with minimal intervals of 48 hours. HRV was analyzed in the SDNN, RMSSD, Poincare Plot, HF, LF, and LF/HF ratio indexes. We evaluated HRV in the periods of rest (10 min) and recovery (60 minutes, divided into 6 windows). Findings: No differences were observed between the immediate recovery and rest periods for all indexes. We observed increase in all indexes after 20 minutes of recovery. No differences were verified between the different protocols. Conclusion: a single acute session of resistance exercise in different intensities did not change the cardiac autonomic modulation.

Resistance Exercise Attenuates High-Fructose, High-Fat-Induced Postprandial Lipemia.

INTRODUCTIONMeals rich in both fructose and fat are commonly consumed by many Americans, especially young men, which can produce a significant postprandial lipemic response. Increasing evidence suggests that aerobic exercise can attenuate the postprandial increase in plasma triacylglycerols (TAGs) in response to a high-fat or a high-fructose meal. However, it is unknown if resistance exercise can dampen the postprandial lipemic response to a meal rich in both fructose and fat.METHODSEight apparently healthy men (Mean ± SEM; age = 27 ± 2 years) participated in a crossover study to examine the effects of acute resistance exercise on next-day postprandial lipemia resulting from a high-fructose, high-fat meal. Participants completed three separate two-day conditions in a random order: (1) EX-COMP: a full-body weightlifting workout with the provision of additional kilocalories to compensate for the estimated net energy cost of exercise on day 1, followed by the consumption of a high-fructose, high-fat liquid test meal the next morning (day 2) (~600 kcal) and the determination of the plasma glucose, lactate, insulin, and TAG responses during a six-hour postprandial period; (2) EX-DEF: same condition as EX-COMP but without exercise energy compensation on day 1; and (3) CON: no exercise control.RESULTSThe six-hour postprandial plasma insulin and lactate responses did not differ between conditions. However, the postprandial plasma TAG concentrations were 16.5% and 24.4% lower for EX-COMP (551.0 ± 80.5 mg/dL × 360 minutes) and EX-DEF (499.4 ± 73.5 mg/dL × 360 minutes), respectively, compared to CON (660.2 ± 95.0 mg/dL × 360 minutes) (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSA single resistance exercise bout, performed ~15 hours prior to a high-fructose, high-fat meal, attenuated the postprandial TAG response, as compared to a no-exercise control condition, in healthy, resistance-trained men.

The acute effect of neuromuscular activation in resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle with the interpolated twitch technique

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to perform a quantitative assessment of neuromechanical adaptation in skeletal muscles and to propose the scientific underpinnings of the acute effects induced by resistance exercise. [Subjects] The subjects in this study were 11 healthy adult men in their 20s who had no orthopedic history at the time of the study. To examine any signs of resistance exercise-induced changes in the ankle plantar flexor, the subjects were directed to perform a standing barbell calf raise routine. [Methods] Subjects were to carry a load equal to their weights and to perform five sets of ten repetitions. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, resting twitch torque, muscle inhibition, root mean square of muscular activation, contraction time, and half relaxation time were analyzed by synchronizing a dynamometer, an electrical stimulator, and an electromyography system. [Results] The maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque appeared to decline, but the change was not statistically significant. The decline of resting twitch torque, on the other hand, was found to be statistically significant. Muscle inhibition and root mean square of muscular activation were both reduced, but both changes were not statistically significant. Lastly, contraction time and half relaxation time both statistically decreased significantly after resistance exercise. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the acute effects of resistance exercise have a greater impact on the peripheral mechanical system itself, rather than on neurological factors, in terms of the generation of muscle force.

A session of resistance exercise increases vasodilation in intermittent claudication patients.

No study has shown the effects of acute resistance exercise on vasodilatory capacity of patients with peripheral artery disease. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a single session of resistance exercise on blood flow, reactive hyperemia, plasma nitrite, and plasma malondialdehyde in patients with peripheral artery disease. Fourteen peripheral artery disease patients underwent, in a random order, 2 experimental sessions: control (rest for 30 min) and resistance exercise (8 exercises, 2 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 5-7 in the OMNI Resistance Exercise Scale). Blood flow, reactive hyperemia, plasma nitrite, and malondialdehyde were measured before and 40 min after the interventions in both sessions. Data were compared between sessions by analysis of covariance, using pre-intervention values as covariates. The increases in blood flow, reactive hyperemia, and log plasma nitrite were greater (p ≤ 0.05) after resistance exercise than the control session (3.2 ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1 mL · 100 mL(-1) tissue · min(-1), 8.0 ± 0.1 vs. 5.7 ± 0.1 AU, and 1.36 ± 0.01 vs. 1.26 ± 0.01 μmol ∙ L(-1), respectively). On the other hand, malondialdehyde was similar between sessions (p > 0.05). In peripheral arterial disease patients, a single session of resistance exercise increases blood flow and reactive hyperemia, which seems to be mediated, in part, by increases in nitric oxide release.

Effect of acute resistance exercise in different intensities and body segments on cardiovascular variables

Background: An acute session of resistance exercise changes cardiovascular parameters according to the type of prescription. The objective this study to evaluate the heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and myocardial oxygen consumption behaviors during execution of resistance exercise applied in acute and isolated way, with different intensities and body segments. Methods: 52 healthy and active young performed the experimental protocol with five stages. In the first stage, it was carried out the one-repetition maximum test (1RM) for knee extension (LL) and elbow flexion (UL) and, in the following phases, four resistance exercise protocols were applied, on different days with random order execution: endurance protocol (2 series, 20 reps and 40% of 1RM) and strength protocol (2 series, 8 reps and 80% of 1RM) for upper and lower limbs. Heart rate (HR) was monitored by Polar S810i heart rate monitor, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured by auscultation in the left arm, and MVO 2 was calculated from SBP and HR. All t hese measurements were measured immediately after the execution of the first (M1) and second (M2) series. Finding: There were significant increases in M1 and M2 in comparison to their respective rest in HR (p <0.001), SBP (p <0.05) and MVO 2 (p <0.001) in all protocols applied. For PAD there were significant decreases in M1 of endurance (p = 0.028) and force lower limbs (p = 0.022) protocols compared to the resting values. There are no significant changes among the proposed protocols. Conclusion: Strength and endurance protocols, run with upper and lower limbs, applied in acute and isolated way, were able to promote changes in cardiovascular variables in relation to their respective resting value. However, lower limbs endurance protocol stands out in their differences among them, due to the longer execution period and larger muscle group.

Executive function and endocrinological responses to acute resistance exercise.

This study had the following two aims: First, to explore the effects of acute resistance exercise (RE, i.e., using exercise machines to contract and stretch muscles) on behavioral and electrophysiological performance when performing a cognitive task involving executive functioning in young male adults; Second, to investigate the potential biochemical mechanisms of such facilitative effects using two neurotrophic factors [i.e., growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)] and the cortisol levels elicited by such an exercise intervention mode with two different exercise intensities. Sixty young male adults were recruited and randomly assigned to a high-intensity (HI) exercise group, moderate-intensity (MI) exercise group, and non-exercise-intervention (NEI) group. Blood samples were taken, and the behavioral and electrophysiological indices were simultaneously measured when individuals performed a Go/No-Go task combined with the Erikson Flanker paradigm at baseline and after either an acute bout of 30 min of moderate- or high-intensity RE or a control period. The results showed that the acute RE could not only benefit the subjects' behavioral (i.e., RTs and accuracy) performance, as found in previous studies, but also increase the P3 amplitude. Although the serum GH and IGF-1 levels were significantly increased via moderate or high intensity RE in both the MI and HI groups, the increased serum levels of neurotrophic factors were significantly decreased about 20 min after exercise. In addition, such changes were not correlated with the changes in cognitive (i.e., behavioral and electrophysiological) performance. In contrast, the serum levels of cortisol in the HI and MI groups were significantly lower after acute RE, and the changes in cortisol levels were significantly associated with the changes in electrophysiological (i.e., P3 amplitude) performance. The findings suggest the beneficial effects of acute RE on executive functioning could be due to changes in arousal, possibly modulated by the serum cortisol levels.

The acute response of apoptosis and migration to resistance exercise is protocol-dependent.

The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of resistance exercise (RE) designed for hypertrophy or local muscle endurance (LME) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell apoptosis and migration. 14 untrained subjects (age 20.5±0.8 years, body mass 70.0±12.8 kg, body mass index 24.0±3.2 kg/m(2)), women (N=11) and men (N=3) completed 2 RE sessions (3 sets of 9 exercises) designed for hypertrophy at 10 repetitions maximum (RM) and LME at 60% of 10RM with 1-min rest-intervals between sets and exercises. The investigated lymphocytes were: CD4+, CD4+/CD69RA+, CD8+ and CD8+/CD69RA+ with cell surface markers annexin V and CX3CR1 analyzed by flow cytometry. Percentage of CD4+ positive for annexin V+ were higher immediately following and 24 h after the hypertrophy protocol as compared with LME, while CD4+ positive for CX3CR1 were higher immediately after and lower at the 24 h time point after LME as compared with the hypertrophy session. CD8+ lymphocytes responded similarly to the hypertrophy and LME protocols with elevations in both cellular migration and cell death immediately following and 24 h after the bouts (p≤0.05). Considering that the acute response of CD4+ lymphocytes to RE is protocol-dependent, a gradual adaptation to a hypertrophy program could minimize the effect on CD4+ lymphocytes and reduce the potential susceptibility to antigens during this timeframe. This would also be interesting for a RE program designed for LME based on the observed CD8+ lymphocyte response.

Effect of acute resistance exercise on carotid artery stiffness and cerebral blood flow pulsatility

Arterial stiffness is associated with cerebral flow pulsatility. Arterial stiffness increases following acute resistance exercise (RE). Whether this acute RE-induced vascular stiffening affects cerebral pulsatility remains unknown. Purpose: To investigate the effects of acute RE on common carotid artery (CCA) stiffness and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) pulsatility. Methods: Eighteen healthy men (22 ± 1 yr; 23.7 ± 0.5 kg·m−2) underwent acute RE (5 sets, 5-RM bench press, 5 sets 10-RM bicep curls with 90 s rest intervals) or a time control condition (seated rest) in a randomized order. CCA stiffness (β-stiffness, Elastic Modulus (Ep)) and hemodynamics (pulsatility index, forward wave intensity, and reflected wave intensity) were assessed using a combination of Doppler ultrasound, wave intensity analysis and applanation tonometry at baseline and 3 times post-RE. CBFv pulsatility index was measured with transcranial Doppler at the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Results: CCA β-stiffness, Ep and CCA pulse pressure significantly increased post-RE and remained elevated throughout post-testing (p < 0.05). No changes in MCA or CCA pulsatility index were observed (p > 0.05). There were significant increases in forward wave intensity post-RE (p < 0.05) but not reflected wave intensity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although acute RE increases CCA stiffness and pressure pulsatility, it does not affect CCA or MCA flow pulsatility. Increases in pressure pulsatility may be due to increased forward wave intensity and not pressure from wave reflections.

Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Muscle Damage and Perceptual Measures Between Men Who Are Lean and Obese

The purpose of this investigation was to assess indices of muscle damage and psychological stress between young, untrained, lean, and obese men. Using a between-subject design, 19 young men (9 lean men [age, 20.1 ± 2.1 years; body mass, 71.7 ± 5.8 kg; height, 177.8 ± 8.7 cm; body fat (BF), 14.7 ± 3.5%], 5 World Health Organization [WHO] class 1 obese men [age, 21.6 ± 2.5 years; body mass, 97.8 ± 8.6 kg; height, 176.3 ± 3.7 cm; BF, 34.7 ± 3.0%], and 5 WHO class 2 or 3 men [age, 20.0 ± 1.4 years; body mass, 120.8 ± 10.5 kg; height, 177.7 ± 5.2 cm; BF, 40.5 ± 5.8%]) volunteered and completed an acute resistance exercise (RE) protocol (6 exercises performed for 3 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 85-95% of a 10 repetition maximum). Plasma myoglobin and serum creatine kinase were obtained before and immediately after exercise, and in recovery (at +110 minutes and +24 hours). Perceptual measures including rating of perceived exertion, pain and soreness, fatigue, and general soreness were assessed at different time points (during exercise for rating of perceived exertion, and for the fatigue and soreness measures before, immediately after, and at 24 hours of recovery from exercise). The primary findings of this investigation were that lean and obese, sedentary, young men do not significantly differ from each other in terms of indirect, humoral measures of muscle damage, or perceptual scales in response to a moderate-intensity acute RE bout, despite using significantly more exercise volume relative to fat mass (FM). We conclude that excess FM during daily activities of life provides a protective effect for muscle damage. When strength training individuals who are obese, practitioners should be aware of how excess FM affects muscle damage and total volume. But these considerations do not preclude individuals who are obese from using well-designed RE workouts which use free-weight, multijoint movements that stimulate all of the major muscle groups.

Resistance exercise leading to failure versus not to failure: effects on cardiovascular control

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of resistance exercise (RE) leading to failure and RE that was not to failure on 24 h blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in sedentary normotensive adult women.MethodsTen women (33.2 ± 5.8 years; 159.3 ± 9.4 cm; 58.0 ±6.4 kg; body fat 28.4 ± 2.8%) randomly underwent three experimental sessions: control (40 minutes of seated rest), RE leading to failure with 3 sets of 10 repetitions maximum (10-RM), and RE not to failure at 60% of 10-RM with 3 sets of 10 repetitions. Immediately post session BP and HRV were measured for 24 h.ResultsRatings of perceived exertion and heart rate were higher during the 10-RM session when compared with 60% of 10-RM (6.4 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.8 and 123.7 ± 13.9 vs 104.5 ± 7.3 bpm, respectively). The systolic, diastolic and mean BP decreased at 07:00 a.m. after the 10-RM session when compared with the control session (−9.0 ± 7.8 mmHg, -16.0 ± 12.9 mmHg and −14.3 ± 11.2 mmHg, respectively). The root mean square of the squared differences between R-R intervals decreased after both the 60% of 10-RM and 10-RM sessions compared with the control session.ConclusionsAn acute RE session leading to failure induced a higher drop of BP upon awakening, while both RE sessions reduced cardiac parasympathetic modulation. RE may be an interesting training strategy to acutely decrease BP in adult women.

Effects of acute resistance exercise on cognition in late middle-aged adults: General or specific cognitive improvement?

To evaluate the effect of acute resistance exercise on multiple cognitive measures in late middle-aged adults and to address the question of whether general or selective cognitive improvements occur. A counterbalanced repeated-measures experimental design. Thirty adults (mean age=58.1 ± 3.0 years) were administered five different Stroop test conditions before and after a single bout of resistance exercise and after a no-treatment control. The resistance exercise protocol involved two sets of seven exercises performed at 70% of a 10-repetition maximum, with 30 and 60 s between each set and each exercise, respectively. The exercise treatment resulted in significantly enhanced performance across all Stroop conditions when compared with the control (p<.001). Furthermore, the effect of the exercise treatment on Stroop incongruent performance corresponded to the largest positive influence compared to the performance observed under the other four Stroop test conditions. These findings extend the current knowledge base by demonstrating that acute resistance exercise facilitates general cognition but has a more beneficial effect on cognition that involves executive control.

The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Macro and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults

The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Macro and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults

Acute effects of resistance exercise and intermittent intense aerobic exercise on blood cell count and oxidative stress in trained middle-aged women

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an intermittent intense aerobic exercise session and a resistance exercise session on blood cell counts and oxidative stress parameters in middle-aged women. Thirty-four women were selected and divided into three groups: RE group (performing 60 min of resistance exercises, N = 12), spinning group (performing 60 min of spinning, N = 12), and control group (not exercising regularly, N = 10). In both exercise groups, lymphocytes and monocytes decreased after 1-h recuperation (post-exercise) compared to immediately after exercise (P < 0.05). Immediately after exercise, in both exercised groups, a significant increase in TBARS (from 16.5 ± 2 to 25 ± 2 for the spinning group and from 18.6 ± 1 to 28.2 ± 3 nmol MDA/mL serum for the RE group) and protein carbonyl (from 1.0 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.2 for the spinning group and from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg protein for the RE group) was observed (P < 0.05). A decrease in antioxidant activities (non-protein sulfhydryl, superoxide dismutase, catalase) was also demonstrated with a negative correlation between damage markers and antioxidant body defenses (P < 0.05). These results indicate that an acute bout of intermittent or anaerobic exercise induces immune suppression and increases the production of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress in middle-aged and trained women. Furthermore, we demonstrated that trained women show improved antioxidant capacity and lower oxidative damage than sedentary ones, demonstrating the benefits of chronic regular physical activity.

Skeletal Muscle Autophagy and Protein Breakdown Following Resistance Exercise are Similar in Younger and Older Adults

The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength during aging, sarcopenia, increases the risk for falls and dependency. Resistance exercise (RE) training is effective at improving muscle mass and strength in older adults; however, aging is associated with reduced training-induced hypertrophy. Recent research has illustrated an impaired muscle protein synthetic response following an acute bout of RE in older adults but much less is known regarding the effect of acute RE on muscle protein breakdown (MPB). We hypothesize that the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagosomal-lysosomal system may regulate the overall rate of MPB during postexercise recovery. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were sampled from 16 older (age = 70±2 years) and 16 younger (age = 27±2 years) participants at baseline and at 3, 6, and 24 hours following an acute bout of RE. In conjunction with stable isotopic techniques to measure MPB, we utilized immunoblotting and RT-PCR to examine protein and mRNA expression for key signaling molecules in both the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagosomal-lysosomal system. MuRF1 mRNA expression increased, whereas GABARAP mRNA decreased after RE in both younger and older adults (p < .05). The LC3B-II/LC3B-I protein ratio decreased in both groups after RE (p < .05), but MPB was not different 24 hour post-RE in either group (p > .05). Aging does not influence skeletal MPB, autophagy, or the ubiquitin proteasome system following an acute bout of RE. Therefore, targeting the muscle protein synthesis response to exercise may hold more promise in the prevention of sarcopenia.

Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise on 24-h Blood Pressure in Middle Aged Overweight and Obese Women

This investigation was designed to evaluate responses of blood pressure (BP) following an acute resistance exercise (RE) session. Middle-aged women (N=13) who were classified as overweight (N=8) or obese (N=5) according to body mass index (BMI) participated in the investigation. Participants were randomly submitted to a control session (30-min seated rest) and a exercise session (3 sets, 10 repetitions at 60% 1RM of exercises for the upper and lower body) with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) obtained at rest and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60-min following exercise, and through 24 h. Acute RE decreased SBP at 10, 30, and 40-min compared with pre-exercise and control (P<0.05). DBP decreased at 10 and 40-min post-exercise compared with the control trial (P<0.05). Both SBP and DBP decreased in the nighttime period (-4.2 mmHg and -4.1 mmHg, respectively) and in the overall 24 h period (-3.6 mmHg and -4.5 mmHg, respectively) following the acute RE session when compared with the control trial. These findings indicate important benefits of acute RE on BP circadian rhythm, particularly at night as well as in the morning, which are critical periods associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events.

Blood Glucose Control for Individuals with Type-2 Diabetes

This study compared the effects of resistance exercise (RE) intensities on blood glucose (GLUC) of individuals without (ND) and with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Nine individuals with T2D and 10 ND performed: (a) RE circuit at 23% of 1 maximal repetition (1RM) (RE_L); (b) RE circuit at 43% 1RM (RE_M); and (c) control (CON) session. Blood lactate (LAC) and GLUC were measured before, during, and postinterventions. Double product (DP) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. The area under the curve (AUC) revealed the effects of RE circuits in reducing GLUC in individuals with T2D (RE_L: 12,556 ± 3,269 vs. RE_M: 13,433 ± 3,054 vs. CON: 14,576 ± 3,922 mg.dl(-1).145 minutes; p < 0.05) with a lower AUC of GLUC in RE_L in comparison to RE_M. Similarly, for ND the RE_L reduced the AUC of GLUC when compared with RE_M and CON (RE_L: 10,943 ± 956 vs. RE_M: 12,156 ± 1,062 vs. CON: 11,498 ± 882 mg.dl(-1).145 minutes; p < 0.05). The AUC of GLUC was higher for T2D compared with ND on CON condition (p = 0.02). However, after RE circuits the difference between groups for AUC of GLUC was abolished. The RE_M for T2D was more stressful when compared with RE_L for LAC (CON: 1.3 ± 0.5 vs. RE_L: 5.5 ± 1.5 vs. RE_M: 6.8 ± 1.3 mmol·L(-1); p < 0.05), DP (CON: 8,415 ± 1,223 vs. RE_L: 15,980 ± 2,007 vs. RE_M: 18,047 ± 3,693 mmHg.bpm(-1); p < 0.05), and RPE (RE_L: 11 ± 2 vs. RE_M: 13 ± 2 Borg Scale; p < 0.05). We concluded that RE_L and RE_M were effective in reducing GLUC for individuals with T2D, with lower cardiovascular-metabolic and perceptual stress being observed for RE_L. These data suggest that acute RE sessions at light or moderate intensities are effective for controlling GLUC in individuals with T2D.

Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Late-Middle-Age Adults’ Goal Planning

We investigated the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on the planning component of executive function in late-middle-age adults. With a within-subjects design, 30 community-dwelling adults (mean age = 57.20 ± 2.93 yr, 16 females) experienced both resistance exercise and control treatment conditions. The exercise condition involved two sets of 10 repetitions of 70% of 10-repetition maximum of seven exercises, whereas the control condition consisted of reading. Planning was assessed before and immediately after each treatment via the Tower of London task. Acute resistance exercise facilitated Tower of London performances in terms of less total move scores, more total correct scores, and a longer total initial time compared with control and baseline. Our results expand the existing literature by demonstrating that resistance exercise has a positive effect on cognition and contributes to improved quality of planning, working memory, and inhibition aspects of executive function.

The Effect of Resistance Exercise on p53, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 in Trained and Untrained Men

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that has been demonstrated in human and animal studies and plays an essential role to remove injured cells after acute strenuous exercise. Protein p53 plays important roles in regulating apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the effects of acute resistance exercise (RE) on serum p53, caspase-9, and caspase-3, markers of apoptosis, and whether resistance training status influences the magnitude of the RE-induced apoptosis. Nine resistance-trained (RT) (age, 22.37 ± 1.99 years; height, 174 ± 5.04 cm; body weight, 71.32 ± 5.57 kg; and body mass index [BMI] 23.58 ± 2.05 kg·m(-2)) and 9 untrained (UT) college-age men (age, 22.25 ± 2.13 years; height, 171 ± 3.4 cm; body weight, 68.45 ± 3.23 kg; and BMI, 23.41 ± 1.08 kg·m(-2)) volunteered to participate in this study. Resistance-trained and UT men completed an RE bout consisting of 4 sets of 6 exercise at 80% of 1 repetition maximum until failure. Serum levels of p53, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were examined at preexercise (pre), immediately post (IP), 3 hours post (3 hours post), and 24 hours post RE (24 hours post). In UT, serum levels of p53, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were significantly increased at IP compared with RT. However, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 level was higher for RT compared with UT at IP. Collectively, our data suggest the role of p53 in regulating apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway as measured by caspase-9 and caspase-3 after acute RE in UT. Our results also revealed that regular RT alters apoptosis biomarkers, especially the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.