Effect Of Active Substances Research Articles

The short-term and long-term effects of Dendrobium officinale leaves polysaccharides on the gut microbiota differ

The effect of active substances on the gut microbiota is not immediate, especially for some chronic diseases. This study used an in vitro continuous fermentation system to monitor the changes of gut microbiota in three different colon regions under long-term/short-term DOLP treatment. The results showed that the microbial diversity reached peak on 5th day and remained stable thereafter. Beta diversity analysis showed that the gut microbiota structures of the three regions gradually approached during fermentation. The contents of propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid first increased and then decreased, while isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid first decreased and then increased. Alistipes and Oscillibacter were the key genera in regulating the gut microbiota structure. In summary, Long-term consumption of DOLP has varying effects on the gut microbiota over time, and for the purpose of adjusting the gut microbiota, the most effective duration appears to be continuous consumption for 5 days.

The Effect of Active Substance X on Skin Affected by Cellulite

Increased fat cell accumulation due to overweight creates an aesthetic problem, resulting in cellulite. Active substance X penetrates into the deeper layers of the skin affected by cellulite, activates microcirculation, optimizes the effect of active substances, and reduces cellulite in affected areas of the body.
 The aim. Assessing the effect of active substance X on cellulite-damaged thigh skin.
 The research method. Two study participants were selected by targeted screening, meeting the study criteria: female gender, aged 20-25, having stage II-III cellulite, without any contraindications that would prevent procedures with X active substance. A course of 6 procedures is planned. According to the procedure protocol, the frequency of the procedures is performed every 2-3 days depending on the stage of cellulite. During the research stages, the following tools are used: a client card,a measuring tape, a calliper, and photogrammetry. The obtained data is archived and analysed.
 The results and conclusions. Positive changes in the signs of the two-component X active substance were observed in both study participants after a course of six procedures. The cellulite of the T1 study participant progressed from stage III liposclerosis with hardening to stage II fibrous cellulite. The T2 study participant progressed from stage II fibrous cellulite to stage I oedematous cellulite.

Hydrogen-rich syngas production by catalytic cracking of polypropylene over activated carbon based monometallic and bimetallic Fe/Ni catalysts

The aim of this study is to efficiently produce hydrogen-rich syngas. The thermal conversion experiment of polypropylene was carried out in a two-stage pyrolytic-catalytic device. Activated carbon based catalyst was developed, the catalytic performance of monomial and bimetallic catalysts was explored, and the influence of metal addition ratio in bimetallic catalysts on hydrogen production performance was analyzed. The microscopic morphology and structural characterization of the unreacted and spent catalyst were analyzed, and the effect of active substance in catalyst on the reaction performance was described. Under optimized reaction conditions, bimetallic catalyst 5Fe–10Ni had excellent catalytic activity, large hydrogen yield (136.32 mmol/gPP) and high carbon deposition quality. For this high performance catalyst, the catalyst stability was verified by 10 cycles of recycling experiments. The method of hydrogen production from waste plastic cracking in this paper will provide new ideas for high value utilization of plastic and hydrogen production.

Effectiveness of sanitation regime in a milking parlour to control microbial contamination of teats and surfaces teat cups'.

The major sources of bacterial contamination of raw milk are post-harvest manipulation; therefore the disinfection of teat and teat cups which decrease the bacterial load has a positive impact on minimizing new infection rates. The aim of the study was determination of the incidence of pathogens on investigated surfaces, evaluation of the effectiveness of sanitation regime in the reduction of surface microbial load, and determination of the effectiveness of mechanical cleaning of teats in a milking parlour for dairy cows. Samples from surfaces were taken by microbiological swabs using a sterile cotton swab from area of 5×2cm2. Sanitation regime was evaluated based on the effectiveness of active substances - lactic acid and sodium hypochlorite. From a total of 105 swab, 44 samples were found positive for Staphylococcus aureus, 16 samples for E. coli, 15 samples for Micrococcus spp., 8 samples for Staphylococcus xylosus, 9 samples for Staphylococcus cohni urealyticum, 1 sample for Enterococcus faecalis. Among isolates, S. aureus was the predominat species from teats - 19/45, teat cups, 15/45 and from wiping cloths 10/15. Sanitation regime was confirmed by a decrease in the number of coliform bacteria (CB) determined on teat and teat cups from 2.33-0.95 Log10 CFU/cm2 (p<0.001) and 0.90-0.62 Log10 CFU/cm2 (p<0.001), respectively, and in the number of total bacteria count (TBC) determined on teat and teat cups from 4.36-0.99 Log10CFU/cm2 (p<0.001), and 1.85-0.77 Log10 CFU/cm2 (p<0.001), respectively. Incidence of CB (2.53 Log10 CFU/cm2) and TBC (3.83 Log10 CFU/cm2) on wiping cloths after mechanical cleaning of udders stress the importance of this step. Results show that disinfectant with lactic acid as the main active ingredient is suitable for bacterial reduction. Post-milking disinfection of teat and teat cups reduces bacterial contamination and proves to be most effective against environmental bacteria.

The Novel Drug Discovery to Combat COVID-19 by Repressing Important Virus Proteins Involved in Pathogenesis Using Medicinal Herbal Compounds.

Background:The cause of COVID-19 global pandemic is SARS-CoV-2. Given the outbreak of this disease, it is so important to find a treatment. One strategy to cope with COVID-19 is to use the active ingredients of medicinal plants. In this study, the effect of active substances was surveyed in inhibiting four important druggable targets, including S protein, 3CLpro, RdRp, and N protein. RdRp controls the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and is crucial for its life cycle. 3CLpro is the main protease of the virus and could be another therapeutic target. Moreover, N protein and S protein are responsible for SARS-CoV-2 assembly and attaching, respectively.Methods:The 3D structures of herbal active ingredients were prepared and docked with the mentioned SARS-CoV-2 proteins to obtain their affinity. Then, available antiviral drugs introduced in other investigations were docked using similar tools and compared with the results of this study. Finally, other properties of natural compounds were uncovered for drug designing.Results:The outcomes of the study revealed that Linarin, Amentoflavone, (−)-Catechin Gallate and Hypericin from Chrysanthemum morifolium, Hypericum perforatum, Humulus lupulus, and Hibiscus sabdariffa had the highest affinity for these basic proteins and in some cases, their affinity was much higher than antiviral medicines.Conclusion:In addition to having high affinity, these herb active ingredients have antioxidant, vasoprotective, anticarcinogenic, and antiviral properties. Therefore, they can be used as extremely safe therapeutic compounds in drug design studies to control COVID-19.

Обзор современных многофункциональных присадок к бензину. Рынок, ключевые компоненты и методы оценки их эффективности

The article provides an analysis of scientific and technical publications (articles and patents) on the components of multifunctional additives for gasoline, their chemistry and development companies. According to the detergent component, for the first time, based on the analysis of these documents, an integral assessment of the effectiveness of active substances on various elements of the fuel system is given. The article summarizes the current requirements for the content of detergent additives in gasoline of the leading manufacturers, provides standards and currently used methods for evaluating the effectiveness of detergent components. The issues of the market of multifunctional additives are considered by summarizing the marketing statements of the leading Russian and world oil companies, which allows us to draw conclusions about the principal component composition of additives used in commercial branded gasoline. The cost and quantitative assessment of the market of multifunctional additives and branded gasoline is given. The relevance of the topic and this review is high because it given the almost complete absence of gasoline with domestic multifunctional additives on the Russian market. The review will be useful both for specialists involved in the development and testing of multifunctional additives and branded gasoline, and for employees of oil companies (regional sales departments) responsible for promoting new branded fuels to the market.

The effect of combinations of cyproconazole and fludioxonil on infestation of wheat and barley grains

The most popular and affordable means to protect plants from fungal diseases are fungicides. Development of new products is aimed at preparation of the composition of several substances to achieve the effect of mutual enhancement of action. We used the grains of wheat (Triticum sp. variety Julius) and barley (Hordeum sativum variety Gloria), they were significantly infected with phytopathogenic fungi, which allows us to get reliable data on the effectiveness of active substances of fungicides. All wheat grains treated with fungicides were infected less than the control ones. Analysis of the effect of individual fungicides demonstrated that the fungi were more sensitive to fludioxonil, especially at doses of CF 0: 2 (56.7% of infected grains) and CF 0:4 (36.7% of infected grains) 5.0 and 10.0 g/t. After the treatment of cyproconazole, the smallest number of infected grains was obtained when grains were treated at a dose 5.0 g/t (80.0 % of infected grains). The fungistatic effect of cyproconazole (C) and fludioxonil (F) was greatest when ratios of C : F were 2.5:10; 5:10; 10:2.5; 10:5; 10:10 g/t.

FEATURES OF DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF ETHNIC SOURDOUGHS AND WAYS OF USING THEM IN BAKING AND CATERING BUSINESS

The usage of various sourdoughs increases in order to expand the range and improve the quality, nutritional properties, and safety of bread products. Spontaneous sourdoughs with different formulas and preparation parameters are used in technologies of popular ethnic products. This paper is devoted to the study of wheat spontaneous sourdoughs, such as hop, pea-anise, and wine yeast sourdough. The effect of the grade and baking properties of flour, the inclusion of additional ingredients that can act as enrichers of the nutrient medium, carriers of additional fermentation microorganisms, as well as controllers of the species composition of the microflora, on their quality has been studied. The basic scheme of preparing spontaneous wheat sourdough is developed; the basic stages and parameters of the dilution and production cycles are noted. The methods of controlling the process and quality of sourdough are described, the recommended values of the lifting force and titrated acidity are presented, as well as sensory characteristics. It has been established, that the required fermentation ability and acid accumulation rate of sourdough are obtained in different time: 24 hours for wine yeast sourdough, 7–8 days for hop sourdough, and up to 15 days of a dilution cycle for pea-anise sourdough. The stabilizing effect of active substances of hop and anise on the quality of sourdough has been proven. Hop and pea-anise sourdough retain the necessary biotechnological properties for 90 days of propagation, but wine yeast sourdough loses its quality after 30 days, sourdough without additives loses it after 9 days. The results of the research have theoretical and practical use, since the proposed scheme and approaches to developing the wheat sourdough technology and controlling their quality can be used to study various ethnic sourdoughs and technology of bread based on them. The experimental data on the quality of selected sourdoughs can be used to develop the technology of bread products with improved quality, nutritional value, and safety, ethnic products, and products "made according to old technologies".

Electrospraying method for fabrication of essential oil loaded-chitosan nanoparticle delivery systems characterized by molecular, thermal, morphological and antifungal properties

Abstract Fabrication of essential oil loaded-chitosan nanoparticles using electrospraying technique appears to be a novel strategy to develop thermally stable nanoparticles possessing higher encapsulation efficiency and particle stability. This study aims to fabricate chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO, Origanum vulgare L.) at different proportions (OEO/CH proportions of 0:1, 0.0625:1, 0.125:1, 0.25:1 and 0.5:1 mL/g) using electrospraying technique. The CNPs were characterized in term of their particle size and stability (dynamic light scattering), encapsulation efficiency (spectrophotometry), and molecular (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis), morphological (scanning electron microscopy) and antifungal (agar dilution method) and fungistatic activity properties. The average particle sizes of the CNPs ranged between 290 and 483 nm with a spherical morphology. Positively charged surface characteristics were observed to increase with the increment of OEO concentration in CNPs. The encapsulation efficiency values were determined in the range of 70.1 and 79.6%. The molecular and thermal analyses exposed very decent encapsulation of OEO into thermally stable chitosan nanoparticles. Morphological analysis verified the spherical shapes of these nanoparticles. Above all, the antifungal effectiveness of OEO against the Alternaria alternata AY1 could be significantly (p Industrial relevance The fungal agents such as Alternaria alternata cause great damages on post-harvest fresh fruits and vegetables, thus leading to a great economical lose. Therefore, a great variety of methods in struggling with disease have been previously proposed. Nowadays, the most effective leading methods to struggle against plant diseases are those applied with synthetic fungicides to minimize such lose in post-harvest fruit and vegetables. However, intensive and unconscious use of the fungicides leads the pathogens to develop resistance against these agents as well as to accumulation of chemical residues in soil, water and air and finally to formation of carcinogenic effects on human health. Nowadays, a great effort is being exerted to develop novel biodegradable and natural antimicrobial agents for struggling fungal spoilage in postharvest products. Essential oils are among the most widely used natural struggling methods. Essential oils obtained from plants have been extensively used since they are natural antimicrobial agents. However, they cannot be effectively used in spite of their extensive applications. Recently, some researches in the field of nanotechnology have demonstrated that the effectiveness of active substances could be increased by using some techniques. In this respect, we aimed at developing essential-oil-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticle delivery systems using an electrospraying deposition system to prevent fungal colonization on food and plant materials. By increasing antifungal effectiveness of essential oils by their encapsulation into nanoparticles, it will be possible to decrease the levels of regularly applied dose and reflect the obtained outcomes to the food and agriculture industry. This study is the first example of production of essential oil loaded nanoparticles using the electrospraying-hydrodynamic process and showed that encapsulation of oregano essential oil into chitosan based nanoparticles (CNPs) by using the electrospraying deposition technique considerably increased the antifungal effectiveness of the Origanum vulgare essential oil. Our results highlight the potential use of the chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with different amounts of Origanum vulgare in food and agriculture industry as an effective fungicidal material against Alternaria alternata, suggesting that the CNPs can be promising tools to compete with synthetic fungicide counterparts and limit use of synthetic ones for struggling of food and plant pathogens. Therefore, the results of this study should be of great importance to industrial applications in terms of development of natural, but effective preservatives as alternative to synthetic ones. In this respect, the CNPs would find a great industrial application area in the food and agriculture industry which seek natural preservatives due to the recent health concerns.

Removal of gaseous elemental mercury by modified diatomite

Novel adsorbents with low cost and high efficiency that do not produce secondary pollutants are vital for removing gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) from coal-fired power plants. In this study, eight diatomite-based adsorbents were developed and used to remove Hg0 in a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of active substances, reaction temperature, and gas components on the Hg0 removal performance of diatomite (Dia) and the mechanisms were investigated. After modification, the specific surface area of diatomite increased by 2-to-12 fold, and the Hg0 removal performance was greatly improved. The Hg0 removal efficiencies of the adsorbents decreased in the following order: I-Dia > Br-Dia > Cl-Dia. The Hg0 removal efficiency of CuBr2-Dia reached 91% in the simulated flue gas at the optimal reaction temperature (140 °C). The simultaneous presence of O2 and HCl promoted the Hg0 removal by CuBr2-Dia. NO alone also played a significant role in Hg0 removal. However, SO2 exhibited clear inhibitory effect. The average Hg0 removal efficiencies of CuBr2-Dia were 60% under 1200 ppm SO2, 87% under 1200 ppm SO2 + 300 ppm NO, and 93% under 4% O2 + 1200 ppm SO2 + 300 ppm NO. The changes in the active adsorption sites caused by NO, and those caused by NO + SO2 were different and irreversible. During the Hg0 removal process, Hg0 was oxidized to the Hg2+ or Hg+ species, while Cu2+ and Br radicals were reduced to Cu+ and Br−, respectively.

Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Leaves of Common Tropical Green Plants on Nitrification in Soils

An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of 32 common tropical green plant species from 24 families on nitrification. The results indicated that the nitrification inhibitory effects of Calliandra haematocephala belonging to Mimosaceae, Dracaena cambodiana belonging to Liliaceae, Duranta repens belonging to Verbenaceae, Alstonia scholaris belonging to Apocynacea, Terminalia mantaly belonging to Combretaceae and Polyalthia longifolia belonging to Annonaceae were better than DCD, which had more obvious potential applications than other plants inhibited nitrification. The inhibitory effects of active substances in plants were affected by extract temperature causing by solubility and thermal stability of active substances. Duranta repens had the most potential for development in this study as a fertilizer additive. The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Duranta repens leaves on nitrification increased with increasing concentration of aqueous extracts, the strongest inhibitory effect on nitrification occurred after 14 d of incubation.

Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Tropical Forest Plants on Urea Hydrolysis and Nitrification in Soil

Tropical forest plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites, and plant aqueous extracts can be used as urease and nitrification inhibitors to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the negative environmental effects. An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of 60 tropical forest plant species from 16 families on urea hydrolysis and nitrification. The results indicated that the aqueous extracts from 3 of the tropical forest plants (Aphanamixis polystachya, Toona sinensis, Vatica mangachapoi) belonging to meliaceae and dipterocarpaceae showed good inhibitory effects on urease, and the aqueous extracts from 5 of the tropical forest plants (Cryptocarya chinensis, Cryptocarya hainanensis, Toona sinensis, Khaya senegalensis, Hopea hainanensis) belonging to lauraceae, meliaceae and ipterocarpaceae showed good inhibitory effects on nitrification. The inhibitory effects of active substances in plants were affected by extract temperature, and the plants can be divided into three types by solubility and thermal stability. Toona sinensis had the most potential for development in this study as urea additive. The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Toona sinensis leaves on urea hydrolysis and nitrification increased with increasing concentration of aqueous extracts, the strongest inhibitory effect on urease occurred after 2-3 d of incubation, and the strongest inhibitory effect on nitrification occurred after 2-3 weeks of incubation.

Effects of Active Substances in Dentifrices on Force Degradation of Elastomeric Chain Elastics

Effects of Active Substances in Dentifrices on Force Degradation of Elastomeric Chain Elastics

Effects of Active Substances in Dentifrices on Force Degradation of Elastomeric Chain Elastics

Objective: Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of active substances in dentifrices on force degradation of elastomeric chains and verify the hypothesis that different toothpastes favor distinct behaviors of chain elastics. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty-six chain elastic segments with five links each were randomly divided into seven groups. They were maintained stretched to a distance of 23.5 mm and submersed in artificial saliva at a temperature of 37°C for a period of 28 days. Every day the elastics were brushed with different toothpastes. Brushing was performed three times a day. Force was evaluated at time intervals of (0), 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results: The results demonstrated statistical differences between groups 1 and 5 (p = 0.035) in the time interval of 14 days of the experiment. No statistical differences were observed in the other comparisons. From the 7th day up to the 28th day, no statistical differences were found among the groups evaluated (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the hypothesis was not confirmed since the elastics behaved in an equal manner irrespective of the substance used to brush them.

The Effect of Active substance in the crude oil on the Interfacial Tension

The effect of active substance on the interfacial tension of an alkali/inorganic salt/synthetic surfactants/ crude oil system was studied, through the ways of contact time, infrared scan and mass analysis. This system consisted of heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydrate and Daqing crude oil. The result of the experiment indicate that active substance diffusion from oil/aqueous interface to aqueous phase and finally the process of diffusion has a equilibrium in the system with the prolonging of the contact time. At the same time,the value of the minimum IFT and the value of equilibrium IFT rises with the prolonging of the contact time and has a linear relationship between IFT and t-1/2 when IFT value approaching the minimum and after the minimum, the process is diffusion controlled. The oil and aqueous phase had been analysed by infrared scan and mass analysis, and then the phenomenon have been found that the content of active substance in the oil decreased and the content of active substance in the aqueous increased after alkali had a reaction with compound system. It is proved that the active substances in the oil play a very important role for reducing the IFT. Key words: contact time; diffusion action; alkali; interfacial tension

Effects of active substances fromStaphylococcus aureus (protein a and peptidoglycan) on neurotransmitter-induced contractions of smooth muscles

Modulatory effects of protein A (PA) and peptidoglycan (PG) fromStaphylococcus aureus on the smooth muscle contractions elicited by neurotransmitters were studied. PA and PG were found to suppress the myometrium smooth muscle contractions elicited by acetylcholine applications. The effects of the substances on the contractions were due to non-competitive inhibition through an enhancement of the potassium-dependent conductance of the smooth muscle cell membrane. PA and PG did not affect the myometrium contractions elicited by oxytocin, or the contractions of the coronary arteries elicited by acetylcholine or noradrenaline.

Rubber Solvents and Substances Which Lower the Viscosity of Rubber Cements

Abstract 1. The greatest effect in reducing the viscosity of rubber solutions is produced by alcohols. This effectiveness increases in the following order: isopropyl, butyl, ethyl propyl, isoamyl, and methyl alcohol. Of these the most active is methyl alcohol and the least active isopropyl alcohol; all other alcohols are closely similar in action. Acetophenol, pyridine, and acetone also reduce considerably the viscosity of rubber solutions, but are greatly inferior in their effectiveness to the alcohols. Ethyleneglycol and dichloroethane reduce the viscosity very little. The addition of 1 to 5 per cent of water greatly increases the viscosity, which contradicts the observations of Messenger and Porritt. However the concentration of water in our experiments was considerably higher than that used by these authors. 2. With higher concentrations of active liquids, the degree of reduction of viscosity increases, but there is a definite limit of concentration above which further reduction of viscosity is very small. With alcohols this limiting concentration is at 2–3 per cent. 3. The effect of active substances in the reduction of viscosity depends on the concentration of the cement and on the preliminary mechanical treatment of the rubber, i. e., the greater the concentration of cement and the less the rubber is subjected to preliminary mechanical treatment, the greater the reduction of the viscosity; in other words the higher the original viscosity the greater is the reduction in the viscosity by active substances. 4. The viscosity of a rubber cement increases during storage, regardless of the presence of an alcohol. During short periods of storage (up to 1 day) the effectiveness of time alcohol is maintained, but during prolonged storage its action decreases and with methyl alcohol the viscosity actually increases. 5. The rate of gelation of a self-curing cement depends on the nature of the viscosity-reducing agent. Methyl alcohol causes more rapid gelation than ethyl alcohol. In conclusion, for reducing the viscosity of self-curing cements the addition of 3 parts of ethyl alcohol to 100 parts by weight of a cement it is recommended as the lest procedure for industrial requirements.